The document summarizes key points about carbon chemistry and its importance in life. It notes that all of life is built on carbon, with cells composed of around 72% water and 25% carbon compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Organic chemistry studies carbon compounds, which are versatile building blocks that can form complex molecules through bonding. These molecules include hydrocarbons, isomers with different structures and properties, and functional groups that influence reactivity and solubility. Macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are formed from smaller organic molecules linking together in polymers through dehydration synthesis.

1. Chemistry of CarbonBuilding Blocks of Life

2. Why study Carbon?All of life is built on carbon Cells~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundscarbohydrateslipidsproteins nucleic acids~3% salts Na, Cl, K…

3. Chemistry of LifeOrganic chemistry is the study of carboncompoundsC atoms are versatile building blocksbonding properties4 stable covalent bondsHCHHH

4. Complex molecules assembled like TinkerToys

5. HydrocarbonsCombinations of C & Hnon-polarnot soluble in H2Ohydrophobicstablevery little attraction between moleculesa gas at room temperaturemethane(simplest HC)

6. Hydrocarbons can grow

7. IsomersMolecules with same molecular formula but different structures (shapes) different chemical propertiesdifferent biological functions6 carbons6 carbons6 carbons

8. Form affects functionStructural differences create important functional significanceamino acid alanineL-alanine used in proteinsbut not D-alaninemedicinesL-version activebut not D-versionsometimes withtragic results…stereoisomers

9. Form affects functionThalidomide prescribed to pregnant women in 50s & 60s reduced morning sickness, but…stereoisomer caused severe birth defects

10. Diversity of moleculesSubstitute other atoms or groups around the carbonethane vs. ethanolH replaced by an hydroxyl group (–OH)nonpolar vs. polargas vs. liquidbiological effects!ethanol (C2H5OH)ethane (C2H6)

11. Functional groupsParts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactionsgive organic molecules distinctive propertieshydroxylaminocarbonylsulfhydrylcarboxylphosphateAffect reactivitymakes hydrocarbonshydrophilicincrease solubility in water

12. Viva la difference!Basic structure of male & female hormones is identicalidentical carbon skeletonattachment of different functional groupsinteract with different targets in the bodydifferent effects

13. Hydroxyl–OHorganic compounds with OH = alcoholsnames typically end in -olethanol

14. CarbonylC=O O double bonded to Cif C=O at end molecule = aldehydeif C=O in middle of molecule = ketone

15. Carboxyl –COOH C double bonded to O & single bonded to OH groupcompounds with COOH = acidsfatty acidsamino acids

16. Amino-NH2N attached to 2 Hcompounds with NH2 = aminesamino acidsNH2 acts as baseammonia picks up H+ from solution

17. Sulfhydryl –SHS bonded to Hcompounds with SH = thiolsSH groups stabilize the structure of proteins

18. Phosphate –PO4P bound to 4 Oconnects to C through an Olots of O = lots of negative chargehighly reactivetransfers energy between organic molecules ATP, GTP, etc.

19. MacromoleculesBuilding Blocksof Life

20. MacromoleculesSmaller organic molecules join together to form larger moleculesmacromolecules4 major classes of macromolecules:carbohydrateslipidsproteinsnucleic acids

21. H2OHOHHHOHOH PolymersLong molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain monomersbuilding blocksrepeated small units covalent bondsDehydration synthesis

22. H2OHOHHHOenzymeHOH How to build a polymerYou gotta be open to“bonding!Synthesisjoins monomers by “taking” H2O outone monomer donates OH–other monomer donates H+together these form H2Orequires energy & enzymesDehydration synthesisCondensationreaction

23. H2OHOHenzymeHHOHHOHow to break down a polymerBreaking upis hard to do!Digestionuse H2O to breakdown polymers reverse of dehydration synthesiscleave off one monomer at a timeH2O is split into H+ and OH–H+ & OH– attach to endsrequires enzymesreleases energyHydrolysisDigestion

24. Any Questions??