The document summarizes the evolution of biological classification systems from Linnaeus to the modern three domain system. It discusses:
1) Early systems classified organisms into two kingdoms: plants and animals. As new microorganisms were discovered, additional kingdoms were added.
2) The six kingdom system included Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plants, Animals. Molecular evidence later split Monera into bacteria and archaea.
3) The three domain system recognizes bacteria, archaea, and eukarya as the top-level domains based on genetic analysis. This system is now widely accepted.
Species delimitation - species limits and character evolutionRutger Vos
Lecture slides for the program orientation Evolutionary Biology at the Institute of Biology Leiden, the Netherlands. Thursday, September 7th, 2017.
Lecture notes are here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRIv5mKK1fjBby--u97emC7hrqXUbxFQZe63P1FpguuhHLG6xykbwXKeKXCUE5W-LSpakXYCI621xCK/pub
1.Definition and basic concepts of Biosystematics, , Historical perspectives of Biosystematics and Taxonomy, Stages of taxonomic procedures-alpha taxonomy, Beta taxonomy and Gamma taxonomy,
Neo taxonomy.
Species delimitation - species limits and character evolutionRutger Vos
Lecture slides for the program orientation Evolutionary Biology at the Institute of Biology Leiden, the Netherlands. Thursday, September 7th, 2017.
Lecture notes are here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRIv5mKK1fjBby--u97emC7hrqXUbxFQZe63P1FpguuhHLG6xykbwXKeKXCUE5W-LSpakXYCI621xCK/pub
1.Definition and basic concepts of Biosystematics, , Historical perspectives of Biosystematics and Taxonomy, Stages of taxonomic procedures-alpha taxonomy, Beta taxonomy and Gamma taxonomy,
Neo taxonomy.
One major challenge is the time consumed by the interplay between the taxonomist and the publisher in preparing taxonomic data and going to print. Breaking this bottleneck requires seamless integration between compilation of the descriptive taxonomic data and the publication upon which the data are based
Kinds of taxonomic publications,taxonomic review ,revision, monograph,atlas,s...Anand P P
kinds of taxonomic publication mainly deals with different types of taxonomic publications.the taxonomy deals with several types of publications mainly that help to over all exchange of taxonomic information,its is a world wide taxonomic communication.
Contribution to Systematic biology. KUSTKashif Obaid
Its all about general taxonomic characters and about the contribution to systematic biology...
Be ready dear KUSTIANS....
follow me and comment below in comment box to encourage me. thanks!
The naming of taxonomic groups of plants is determined by nomenclatural types.This PPT explores the basic principles of ICBN with species emphasis on the nomenclatural types used in plant taxonomy intended for UG & PG students of Botany.
This presentation was given by Dr. Avishek Bhattacharjee in Botanical Nomenclature Course held in Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong in November 2016. This may be helpful to the undergraduate and post graduate Botany students to understand different types of taxonomic literature, especially Flora, Revision and Monograph.
This pdf contains information about the various methods of documentation in plant taxonomy. It includes, floras, manuals, monographs, dictionaries, glosaries, indexes, icones, etc.
Microbial Taxonomy - Dr. R Subashkumar, Associate Professor in Biotechnology, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Coimbatore-641006
One major challenge is the time consumed by the interplay between the taxonomist and the publisher in preparing taxonomic data and going to print. Breaking this bottleneck requires seamless integration between compilation of the descriptive taxonomic data and the publication upon which the data are based
Kinds of taxonomic publications,taxonomic review ,revision, monograph,atlas,s...Anand P P
kinds of taxonomic publication mainly deals with different types of taxonomic publications.the taxonomy deals with several types of publications mainly that help to over all exchange of taxonomic information,its is a world wide taxonomic communication.
Contribution to Systematic biology. KUSTKashif Obaid
Its all about general taxonomic characters and about the contribution to systematic biology...
Be ready dear KUSTIANS....
follow me and comment below in comment box to encourage me. thanks!
The naming of taxonomic groups of plants is determined by nomenclatural types.This PPT explores the basic principles of ICBN with species emphasis on the nomenclatural types used in plant taxonomy intended for UG & PG students of Botany.
This presentation was given by Dr. Avishek Bhattacharjee in Botanical Nomenclature Course held in Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong in November 2016. This may be helpful to the undergraduate and post graduate Botany students to understand different types of taxonomic literature, especially Flora, Revision and Monograph.
This pdf contains information about the various methods of documentation in plant taxonomy. It includes, floras, manuals, monographs, dictionaries, glosaries, indexes, icones, etc.
Microbial Taxonomy - Dr. R Subashkumar, Associate Professor in Biotechnology, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Coimbatore-641006
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. 18 – 1 Finding Order in Diversity
• Evolution has lead to a staggering variety or organisms
• Biologists have identified and named about __________________________ species
so far
• They estimate anywhere between 2 and 100 million additional species have yet to be
discovered
Why Classify?
• To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name
organsisms and group them in a logical manner
Taxonomy - _____________________________________________________________
Assigning Scientific Names
• By the 18th century, European scientists recognized that referring to organisms by
common names was confusing
• Common names vary among regions within a country
Ex.)
• Scientists use Latin and Greek for scientific names
Early Efforts at Naming Organisms
• First attempts at standard scientific names often described physical characteristics
• As a result, these names could be 20 words long!
Ex.) The English translation of the scientific name of a particular tree might be “Oak with
deeply divided leaves that have no hairs on their undersides and no teeth around their
edges.”
Binomial Nomenclature
• Carolus Linnaeus (18th Century)
• Swedish Botanist
• Developed a system for naming organisms
Binomial Nomenclature - ___________________________________________________
3. Rules for Binomial Nomenclature
1.
2.
3.
Ex.) Genus species or Genus species or G. species
• The name often tells you something about the species
Ex.) Tyranosaurus Rex
Linnaeus’s System of Classification
Taxon (taxonomic category) - _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_
• Linnaeus’s system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories
4. Mnemonic Device
K______________________ K _______________________
P______________________ P________________________
C______________________ C________________________
O______________________ O________________________
F______________________ F________________________
G______________________ G________________________
s_______________________ s ________________________
5. Name _________________________________ Date _____________________ Per ____
18 -1 Section Review
1. How are living things organized for study?
2. Describe the system for naming species that Linnaeus developed.
3. What are the seven taxonomic categories of Linnaeus’s classification system?
4. Why do scientists avoid using common names when discussing organisms?
5. Which category has more biological meaning—all brown birds or all hawklike birds?
Why?
6. 18 -2 Modern Evolutionary Classification
• Back in Linneaus’s time when classifying organisms he compared structures and
details of anatomy
Problems with Traditional Classification
• Sometimes, due to convergent Evolution organisms that are quite different from each
other evolve similar body structures
• Ex.)
Evolutionary Classification
• Darwin’s theory of evolution changed the entire way that biologists thought about
classification
• Biologists now group organisms into categories that represent
______________________________________________________, not just physical
similarities
Classification Using Cladograms
• Many biologists now prefer a method called _________________________________
• This method of classification identifies and considers only those characteristics that
arise as lineages evolve over time
7. Derived characteristics - ___________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Cladogram - _____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_
_______________________________________________________________________
_
Similarities in DNA and RNA
• Suppose you were trying to compare diverse organisms such as yeast and humans
• It wouldn’t make sense to try to classify anatomical similarities
• The genes of many organisms show important similarities at the molecular level
• These similarities can be used as criteria to help determine classification
Ex.) Myosin in humans & yeast
8. Molecular Clocks
• Comparison of DNA can also be used to mark the passage of evolutionary time
Molecular clock - _________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
__
• Mutations happen all the time at about the same rate
• A comparison of DNA sequences in two species can reveal how dissimilar the genes
are
• The degree of dissimilarity is an indication of how long ago the two species shared a
common ancestor
9. Name _________________________________ Date _____________________ Per ____
18 -2 Section Review
1. How is information about evolutionary relationships useful in classification?
2. How are genes used to help scientists classify organisms?
10. 3. What is the principle behind cladistic analysis?
4. Describe the relationship between evolutionary time and the similarity of genes in two
species.
5. have new discoveries in molecular biology affected the way in which we classify
organisms compared with the system used by Linnaeus?
18 -3 Kingdoms and Domains
• In taxonomy, as in all areas of science, ideas and models change as new information
arises, some explanations have been discarded altogether, whereas others such as
Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, have been upheld
• So it should not be surprising that since the 1800’s, the tree of life has been revised
and edited since the discovery of all this new information
The Tree of Life Evolves
• Before Linnaeus’s time, the only two Kingdoms that existed were
_________________________________________________
• As scientists discovered new organisms that didn’t fit into the plant or animal
category, they made a new category
11. The Old 5 Kingdom System for Classification
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
• In recent years, as evidence about microorganisms continued to accumulate,
biologists come to recognize that the Monera were composed of two distinct groups
The New 6 Kingdom System for Classification
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
12. The Three Domain System
• Molecular analysis has given rise to a new taxonomic category that is now recognized
by many scientists
Domain - _______________________________________________________________
3 Domains
1.
o
2.
o
3.
o
Domain Bacteria
Important Characteristics
•
• Prokaryotic - __________________________________________________________
•
•
•
• Some photosynthesize
• Some need oxygen
o Aerobic - ______________________________________________________
• Some don’t need oxygen
o Anerobic - _____________________________________________________
Domain Archaea
Important Characteristics
•
•
•
• Live in extreme environments
Ex.)
13. Domain Eukarya
• Consists of all organisms that have a ___________________________
Protista
Important Characteristics
•
•
• eukaryotic - __________________________________________________________
• cannot be classified as animals, plants or fungi, but share many characteristics with
plants, animals and fungi
Plant Like Protists
•
• Photosynthetic - _______________________________________________________
Animal Like Protists
•
• heterotrophic - ________________________________________________________
Fungus Like Protists
•
•
Fungi
Important Characteristics
•
• Ex.) Mushrooms, Yeast
o
• heterotrophs
• feed on ________________________________________________
• secrete digestive enzymes into food source then absorb the food into their bodies
• some are parasites
• spread and reproduce by _________________________
• Many are used in medicine
o
14. o
o
Plantae
Important Characteristics
•
• Photosynthetic autotrophs - ______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_
•
•
Animalia
Important Characteristics
•
• heterotrophic
•
•
• incredible diversity
15.
16. Name _________________________________ Date _____________________ Per ____
18 -3 Section Review
1. What are the six kingdoms of life as they are now identified?
2. What are the three domains of life?
3. Why was the kingdom Monera divided into two separate kingdoms?
4. Why might kingdom Protista be thought of as the “odds and ends” kingdom?
5. Which kingdoms include only prokaryotes? Which kingdoms include only
heterotrophs?