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alevelbiology-3classificationandbiodiversitysample-150828165741-lva1-app6892 (1).pptx
1.
A Level Biology MAKING
SENSE OF Icons CC – The Pink Group Copyright © 2017 Henry Exham
2.
Copyright © 2015
Henry Exham • People have been classifying things since the time of Aristotle. However with new scientific technology we can now be more precise about how we classify organisms. • In this topic you will learn about how to classify organisms and also why. • You will also learn more about how the issues with classification and how scientists work to look at new evidence. • This leads into looking at how species have changed over time and therefore evolution will be covered. • Finally the global importance of biodiversity is discussed and how to measure it. 2 Classification and Biodiversity Introduction
3.
Classification and Biodiversity MAKING
SENSE OF 3.1 Classification 3.2 Natural Selection 3.3 Biodiversity 3
4.
Copyright © 2015
Henry Exham • Can you name all the taxonomic groups in the hierarchical classification system? • What are the issues with defining a species? • Why is it hard to assign organisms to a particular species? • How can gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing and bioinformatics be used to help with classification? • Do you understand how scientific journals, the peer review process and scientific conferences work in order to validate new scientific evidence for evolution? • What is the evidence for the three domain system over the five-kingdom model and how have the scientific community worked to validate this evidence? 4 3.1 Classification Objective Questions
5.
Copyright © 2015
Henry Exham • The variety of life on earth is simply phenomenal! • In this section you will learn about how exactly we classify all these living organisms and what methods we use to do it. • It is vital that we do this so that we have a catalogue of past and present species. • It needs to be internationally accepted so that scientists all over the world can work to together regardless of language. • Scientists can use classification to look at evolutionary patterns, monitor populations and biodiversity. 5 3.1 Classification Introduction
6.
Copyright © 2015
Henry Exham • Carl Linnaeus (1707-78)is the godfather of taxonomy (the science of classification). • He used the physical features (morphology) of organisms to put them into particular groups. • He devised a hierarchical structure for classification which is still used today but just slightly modified. • He also devised a clever way of naming organisms called the binomial system which is also still used. 6 3.1 Classification Carl Linnaeus
7.
Copyright © 2015
Henry Exham • Linnaeus took all of life and split it into smaller and smaller groups called taxonomic groups. • For example he noticed that animals and plants are different and so he put them into separate kingdoms, then within each group he split them up further into phylums. So for animals he split them up into vertebrates and invertebrates. • Each group is split into smaller groups until you reach the individual species. 7 3.1 Classification Taxonomic groups
8.
Copyright © 2015
Henry Exham 8 3.1 Classification Taxonomic groups KINGDOM (Animal – 1.5 million species) PHYLUM (Chordates – 40,000 species) CLASS (Mammals – 5,488 species) ORDER (Carnivorans – 280 species) FAMILY (Cat – 36 species) GENUS (Panthera – 5 species) DOMAIN (Eukaryota – 8.7 million) SPECIES (leo) How to classify the lion
9.
Copyright © 2015
Henry Exham • This is how to remember the groups! 9 3.1 Classification Taxonomic groups KING PRAWN CURRY OR FAT GREASY DELICIOUS SAUSAGES
10.
Copyright © 2015
Henry Exham • For a very long time life was classified into 5 kingdoms. • Animals, plants, fungi, protoctists and bacteria. • However using technology, such as DNA analysis discussed later in this topic, it was realised that actually there seemed to be two distinct groups of prokaryotes and one of them (Archaea bacteria) probably gave rise to the other 4 eukaryotic kingdoms. 10 3.1 Classification Three domains
11.
Copyright © 2015
Henry Exham • Therefore a new taxonomic group was added above the kingdom level called domain. • The three domain system of classification was introduced in 1977. • The three domains are: Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukaryota. 11 3.1 Classification Three domains
12.
Copyright © 2015
Henry Exham 12 3.1 Classification Three domains LIFE Bacteria Archaea Eukaryota • This is phylogenetic tree which shows how life evolved. • If you start at the bottom where it says life and move up it can be seen that life splits into two sections. • The blue ones are the Bacteria which consist of one kingdom called the Eubacteria. These are typical bacteria as we described them in topic 2. • The other half of life developed into the Archaea which is made of one kingdom the archaebacteria. These are ancient bacteria that we have discovered living in extreme environments. From analysis it seems that they gave rise to the eukaryota. • That is why they branch off from here shown in brown. They contain 4 kingdoms (animalia, plantae, fungi and protista). • So there are now 3 domains and 6 kingdoms.
13.
Copyright © 2015
Henry Exham • The evidence that lead to this theory being put forward included: – Differences in the sequences of nucleotides in the cell's ribosomal RNAs – Cell membrane lipid structure – Sensitivity to antibiotics and toxins • It was enough for the scientific community to accept that there are definitely two distinct groups of prokaryotes and one of eukaryotes and therefore there should be three domains. • There is still plenty of debate about how the initial life on Earth started and how these three initial cell types came into existence from it. 13 3.1 Classification Evidence for the three domains
14.
Copyright © 2015
Henry Exham 14 3.1 Classification Eukaryota kingdoms Autotrophs (make own food) Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis Cellulose cell walls Mostly saprophytic (live off dead organisms using extracellular digestion) Chitin cell wall Reproduce by spores Heterotrophs (Eat others for food) Capable of whole body movement No cell walls Strange set of microscopic organisms that can have features of the other kingdoms PLANTAE ANIMALIA PROTISTA FUNGI
15.
Copyright © 2015
Henry Exham • This is the system Carl Linnaeus devised for naming organisms. • Every organism is given two Latin names – Genus name – Species name 15 3.1 Classification Binomial system The Rules • The genus name has an upper-case first letter • The species name has a lower-case first letter • Italics should always be used unless hand written when they should be underlined. • After the first use the binomial names are abbreviated to the initial of the genus and the species name.
16.
Copyright © 2015
Henry Exham • What is the binomial name of the gorilla? 16 3.1 Classification Binomial system Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Genus: Gorilla Family: Pongidae Species: gorilla
17.
Copyright © 2015
Henry Exham 17 3.1 Classification Binomial system The answer is: Gorilla gorilla Or abbreviated to G. gorilla • The binomial name for humans is: Homo sapiens.
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