Introduction Origin of biology Some branches of biology Properties of life

1. 1
Overview of Biological Concepts and Principles
By
M.S.C Farqad AL-Baidhani
Kerbala university
Engineering collage
Prosthetics and orthotics
engineering department

2. 2
Objective
 Introduction
 Origin of biology
 Some branches of biology
 Properties of life

3. Introduction
 Biology
 Bio: means life logy: study
 Biology: branch of science concerned with the study of living things, or organisms
 Biologist : person how studies biology
 A cell is the basic unit of life. According to the cell theory, nothing
smaller than a cell is considered to be a live.
 life have a set of properties
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4. Origin of biology
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Aristotle: Greek philosopher, first how
classified living things. Father of
biology , Aristotle's biology is the
theory of biology, based on systematic
observation and collection of data,
mainly zoological, The theory describes
five major biological processes, namely
metabolism, temperature regulation,
information processing, embryogenesis,
and inheritance. Each was defined in

5. Origin of biology
5
Galen
Greek physician, surgeon and
philosopher, first to dissect apes and
pigs; Father of Anatomy

6. Origin of biology
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Andreas Vesalius
First dissection on human anatomy,
discovered Comparative Anatomy

7. Origin of biology
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William Harvey
English physician who made influential
contributions in anatomy and physiology.
showed conclusively that the heart
pumps blood and the blood circulates.

8. Origin of biology
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Marcello Malpighi
Italian physician & anatomist,
founder of microscopic anatomy

9. Origin of biology
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Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
first to use microscope; discovered
microorganisms such as protests and
bacteria, "the Father of
Microbiology".

10. Origin of biology
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Charles Darwin
wrote the book On the Origin of
Species By Means of Natural Selection

11. Divided of biology
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The two main branches of biology are zoology and botany. There is
also a third major branch, which is microbiology.

12. Some branches of biology
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 Anatomy:
the study of structures of entire
organisms and their parts

13. Some branches of biology
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Physiology
The study of how the body and its
parts work.

14. Some branches of biology
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Histology
also known as microscopic anatomy or
microanatomy, studies the microscopic
anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is
the microscopic counterpart to gross
anatomy, which looks at larger structures
visible without a microscope focus on how
cells' structure and arrangement optimize
functions specific to each organ.

15. Some branches of biology
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 Ecology:
Study of how organism interact with their environment & with other
organisms
 Parasitology
the study of the organisms that live in or on other organisms that
caused diseases
 Taxonomy : the study of the classification and evolutionary
interrelationships among organisms

16. Some branches of biology
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 Embryology - study of the development & growth
of organisms.
 Cytology : Study of the structure and function of
the cell.
 Microbiology: the study of the microorganisms
such as virus and bacteria.

17. Some branches of biology
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 Genetics - study of how traits are inherited and passed on one
generation to the next.
 morphology : study of gross structure and form of organism.

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Properties of life
Biologists have identified various traits common to all the living
organisms:
1. Organization
Living things are highly organized, meaning they contain specialized,
coordinated parts. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells,
which are considered the fundamental units of life.
Even unicellular organisms are complex! Inside each cell, atoms make
up molecules, which make up cell organelles and structures. In
multicellular organisms, similar cells form tissues. Tissues, in turn,
collaborate to create organs (body structures with a distinct function).
Organs work together to form organ systems.

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Properties of life
Multicellular organisms—such as
humans—are made up of many cells.
The cells in multicellular organisms
may be specialized to do different
jobs and are organized into tissues,
such as connective tissue, epithelial
tissue, muscle, and nervous tissue.
Tissues make up organs, such as the
heart or lungs, which carry out
specific functions needed by the
organism as a whole.

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Properties of life
2. Metabolism
Life depends on an enormous number of overlapping chemical reactions.
These reactions make it possible for organisms to do work-life activities-
as well as growing, reproducing, and maintaining the structure of their
bodies. Living things must use energy and consume nutrients to carry
out the chemical reactions that sustain life. The sum total of the
biochemical reactions occurring in an organism is called its metabolism.
Metabolism can be subdivided into anabolism and catabolism.

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Properties of life
In anabolism, organisms make complex molecules from simpler ones,
while in catabolism, they do the reverse. Anabolic processes typically
consume energy, whereas catabolic processes can make stored energy
available.

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Properties of life
3. Homeostasis
Living organisms regulate their internal environment to maintain the
relatively narrow range of conditions needed for cell function. For
instance, human body temperature needs to be kept relatively close to 37.
This maintenance of a stable internal environment, even in the face of a
changing external environment.
How does fever affect homeostasis?

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Properties of life
4. Growth
Living organisms undergo regulated growth. Individual cells become
larger in size, and multicellular organisms accumulate many cells through
cell division. human started out as a single cell and later became tens of
trillions of cells.
Growth depends on anabolic pathways that build large, complex
molecules such as proteins and DNA, the genetic material.

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Properties of life
5. Reproduction
Living organisms can reproduce themselves to create new organisms.
Reproduction can be either asexual, involving a single parent organism, or
sexual, requiring two parents. Single-celled organisms, can reproduce
themselves simply by splitting in two.
In sexual reproduction by process, called fertilization

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Properties of life
6. Sensitivity or response to stimuli
Living organisms show “irritability” meaning that they respond to
stimuli or changes in their environment. For instance, plants can bend
toward a source of light or respond to touch.
Movement toward a stimulus is considered a positive
response, while movement away from a stimulus is
considered a negative response.

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Properties of life
6. Adaptation
Is the modification or
change in the organism's
body or behavior that helps
it to survive. Populations of
living organisms can
undergo evolution, meaning
that the genetic makeup of a
population may change over
time.

27. Any question?
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Thank you