The document provides an overview of ten themes in the study of life, including that biology has historically been pursued by natural theologians seeking to understand God through nature. It discusses key figures like Pascal, Bacon, and Pasteur and describes how biological organization follows a hierarchy from atoms to molecules to cells to tissues and higher levels. Emergent properties arise at each new level of complexity in this biological hierarchy.

1. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: TEN THEMES IN THE STUDY OF LIFE Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2. Biology, the study of life, is rooted in the human spirit. Biology has been pursued for centuries by men of God as they attempted to learn about God as they studied nature—called: Natural Theology Introduction Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

3. Who were these “natural theologians?”

5. Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) Jansenist, a group of Calvinist French Catholic who emphasized salvation through God’s love and grace

7. Roger Bacon (1214-1294) English Monk used glass to magnify organisms

9. Louis Pasteur Experiments that demonstrated the cell theory—“all living things are made of cells and all cells come form pre-existing cells”

11. Lord Kelvin Opponent of Darwin Father of “Energetics”

13. Carolus Linnaeus 1701-1778 Father of Modern taxonomy Accepted the Biblical account of creations Concluded that created kinds never alter enough to form new and different kinds

14. The list goes on: Michael Farraday Johann Kepler Isaac Newton Gregor Mendel Leonardo da Vinci Joseph Lister

15. Biologists explore life form a global to a microscopic scale

25. Life’s basic characteristic is a high degree of order. Each level of biological organization has emergent properties Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 1.2(1) Fig. 1.2(2)

26. Biological organization is based on a hierarchy of structural levels, each building on the levels below. At the lowest level are atoms that are ordered into complex biological molecules. Many molecules are arranged into minute structures called organelles, which are the components of cells.

27. Cells are the subunits of organisms, the units of life. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 1.2(3)

28. Some organisms consist of a single cell, others are multicellular aggregates of specialized cells.

29. What is the upward hierarchy of biological complexity? Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems Organisms Populations Communities Ecosystems Biomes

30. Novel properties emerge at each step upward in the biological hierarchy. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

31. These emergent properties result from interactions between components. A cell is certainly much more than a bag of molecules.

32. This theme of emergent properties accents the importance of structural arrangement. The emergent properties of life are not supernatural, but simply reflect a hierarchy of structural organization.

33. Life resists a simple, one-sentence definition, yet we can recognize life by what living things do. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 1.3

34. Whether multicellular or unicellular, all organisms must accomplish the same functions:

36. Growth and development

39. Metabolism

41. Regulation

43. Respond to environment

45. Figure 1.3bx Reproduction

46. Reproduction

50. Living things exhibit order

52. Figure 1.3 Some properties of life

53. Figure 1.3ax Order

54. The complex organization of life presents a dilemma to scientists seeking to understand biological processes. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

55. We cannot fully explain a higher level of organization by breaking down to its parts. At the same time, it is futile to try to analyze something as complex as an organism or cell without taking it apart.

56. Reductionism , reducing complex systems to simpler components, is a powerful strategy in biology. Reductionism is balanced by the longer-range objective of understanding emergent properties .

57. Science is a process

58. Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena. The scope of science is limited to the study of structures and processes that we can observe and measure, either directly or indirectly.

59. Verifiable observations and measurements are the data of discovery science.

60. In some cases the observations entail a planned detailed dissection and description of a biological phenomenon, like the human genome. In other cases, curious and observant people make totally serendipitous discoveries. In 1928, Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered the antibacterial properties of Pencillium when this fungus contaminated some of his bacterial cultures.

61. Discovery science can lead to important conclusions via inductive reasoning. An inductive conclusion is a generalization that summarizes many concurrent observations.

62. Organizing Species

63. Linnaeus developed our system of organizing using 7 taxons Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species

64. The scientific name is made of the Genus and species name (hence binomial nomenclature) Examples: Homo sapiens Drosophila melanogaster Salmonella typhimurium

65. Linnaeus used 2 groups Plant Kingdom Animal Kingdom

66. Whitaker used 5 kingdoms Monerans Plants Animals Fungi Protists

67. Scientists have now added a new taxon, called a “domain” Current system uses 3 domains: Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Both are prokaryotic

68. Monerans are Prokaryotic

69. Smaller than eukaryotes No membrane bound organelles DNA is not contained in a nucleus

70. Plants, animals, fungi and protists are eukaryotes Larger Have membrane bound nucleus containing DNA Have membrane bound organelles that compartmentalize cells

71. Read Chapter One and complete the Learning Log!