This document summarizes research on using switchgrass and perennial grasses for biofuel production. The main conclusion is that the US can displace over 30% of current petroleum consumption by 2030 using crop residues and biomass from perennial crops like switchgrass to produce cellulosic ethanol. Research has shown that switchgrass is well-suited as a biofuel feedstock because it is native, low-input, high-yielding, supports soil and wildlife conservation, and can be harvested with existing farm equipment. USDA and university researchers have made progress in improving switchgrass through breeding programs and optimizing its management through studies of harvest timing, nitrogen fertilization needs, and cultivar evaluations.
Irrigation performance and seasonal changes under permanent raised beds on Ve...Joanna Hicks
The document summarizes research on irrigation performance and seasonal changes under permanent raised beds on Vertisol soil in Queensland, Australia. It discusses major agricultural challenges related to land degradation, water scarcity, and inefficient irrigation systems. The objectives are to evaluate irrigation performance of existing permanent raised bed farming systems and identify potential for lateral wetting front infiltration. Data was collected on two farms to measure advance curves, runoff, and soil moisture movement across beds. Results show advance times varied between irrigations due to soil conditions. Irrigation management strategies were found to impact current performance and potential water savings were identified.
Mohamed Imam BAKARR "Sustainable land management in the Global Environment Fa...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
The document discusses the GEF Land Degradation Focal Area and its focus on sustainable land management to reverse land degradation and maintain ecosystem services. It provides examples of projects that employ integrated approaches across landscapes to deliver both environmental and development benefits. These include improved soil health, carbon sequestration, and more resilient production systems. Looking ahead, priorities include climate-smart agriculture, forest landscape restoration, and leveraging land degradation financing to improve food security through sustainable land management.
Smallholders’ agriculture at the tropical forest margin in cameroon opportuni...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses smallholder agriculture at the tropical forest margin in Cameroon and opportunities to promote agroforestry using a landscape approach. Smallholder farmers are a major driver of deforestation as they practice slash and burn agriculture and depend on forest resources. However, fallows and agroforests provide ecosystem services like carbon storage and biodiversity conservation. A landscape approach is needed to address production, ecosystem services, biodiversity, livelihoods, policies and institutions across scales in these complex landscapes. Research is analyzing the implications of land use change on environmental services and exploring entry points for agroforestry interventions.
Soil Degradation By Different Land Use Impacts In Tropical RainforestsChristina Parmionova
This document discusses soil degradation in tropical rainforests due to different land uses and the consequences for land rehabilitation. It finds that logging, slash-and-burn agriculture, annual crops and tree plantations can lead to decreases in biomass, soil organic matter, and plant-available nutrients as well as increases in erosion and leaching. Studies in Ecuador, Bolivia, and Ivory Coast examined changes in water and nutrient cycling from rainforest conversion to agroforestry systems like cocoa plantations. The research aimed to evaluate impacts on soils with low to medium fertility and understand how to develop sustainable production systems, especially for small farmers.
Presentation of Jim Harris, Professor at Cranfield University, at Food, Ferti...Fertilizers Europe
The document discusses the global challenges of preserving biodiversity and soil resources in the face of threats like climate change and agricultural intensification. It covers the complex biological, chemical, and physical nature of soil and the effects of different land uses on soil biodiversity, function, and carbon storage. The talk outlines options for sustainably managing soils and landscapes in the future using an ecosystem services framework to assess trade-offs between different land management practices.
1) Indonesia has a total forest land area of 130.68 million hectares as of April 2011, with 222.452 km of boundaries demarcated and 14.24 million hectares officially gazetted.
2) As of April 2011, conservation forests make up 25% of forest land, protection forests 22%, production forests 19%, limited production forests 14%, and conversion forests 20%.
3) As of 2009, primary forests account for 29% of forest cover, secondary forests 30%, plantation forests 2%, and non-forested forest land 6%, with 33% forested non-forest land.
A Stochastic Analysis of Biofuel Policies
Presented by Michael Obersteiner at the AGRODEP Workshop on Analytical Tools for Climate Change Analysis
June 6-7, 2011 • Dakar, Senegal
For more information on the workshop or to see the latest version of this presentation visit: http://www.agrodep.org/first-annual-workshop
Irrigation performance and seasonal changes under permanent raised beds on Ve...Joanna Hicks
The document summarizes research on irrigation performance and seasonal changes under permanent raised beds on Vertisol soil in Queensland, Australia. It discusses major agricultural challenges related to land degradation, water scarcity, and inefficient irrigation systems. The objectives are to evaluate irrigation performance of existing permanent raised bed farming systems and identify potential for lateral wetting front infiltration. Data was collected on two farms to measure advance curves, runoff, and soil moisture movement across beds. Results show advance times varied between irrigations due to soil conditions. Irrigation management strategies were found to impact current performance and potential water savings were identified.
Mohamed Imam BAKARR "Sustainable land management in the Global Environment Fa...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
The document discusses the GEF Land Degradation Focal Area and its focus on sustainable land management to reverse land degradation and maintain ecosystem services. It provides examples of projects that employ integrated approaches across landscapes to deliver both environmental and development benefits. These include improved soil health, carbon sequestration, and more resilient production systems. Looking ahead, priorities include climate-smart agriculture, forest landscape restoration, and leveraging land degradation financing to improve food security through sustainable land management.
Smallholders’ agriculture at the tropical forest margin in cameroon opportuni...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses smallholder agriculture at the tropical forest margin in Cameroon and opportunities to promote agroforestry using a landscape approach. Smallholder farmers are a major driver of deforestation as they practice slash and burn agriculture and depend on forest resources. However, fallows and agroforests provide ecosystem services like carbon storage and biodiversity conservation. A landscape approach is needed to address production, ecosystem services, biodiversity, livelihoods, policies and institutions across scales in these complex landscapes. Research is analyzing the implications of land use change on environmental services and exploring entry points for agroforestry interventions.
Soil Degradation By Different Land Use Impacts In Tropical RainforestsChristina Parmionova
This document discusses soil degradation in tropical rainforests due to different land uses and the consequences for land rehabilitation. It finds that logging, slash-and-burn agriculture, annual crops and tree plantations can lead to decreases in biomass, soil organic matter, and plant-available nutrients as well as increases in erosion and leaching. Studies in Ecuador, Bolivia, and Ivory Coast examined changes in water and nutrient cycling from rainforest conversion to agroforestry systems like cocoa plantations. The research aimed to evaluate impacts on soils with low to medium fertility and understand how to develop sustainable production systems, especially for small farmers.
Presentation of Jim Harris, Professor at Cranfield University, at Food, Ferti...Fertilizers Europe
The document discusses the global challenges of preserving biodiversity and soil resources in the face of threats like climate change and agricultural intensification. It covers the complex biological, chemical, and physical nature of soil and the effects of different land uses on soil biodiversity, function, and carbon storage. The talk outlines options for sustainably managing soils and landscapes in the future using an ecosystem services framework to assess trade-offs between different land management practices.
1) Indonesia has a total forest land area of 130.68 million hectares as of April 2011, with 222.452 km of boundaries demarcated and 14.24 million hectares officially gazetted.
2) As of April 2011, conservation forests make up 25% of forest land, protection forests 22%, production forests 19%, limited production forests 14%, and conversion forests 20%.
3) As of 2009, primary forests account for 29% of forest cover, secondary forests 30%, plantation forests 2%, and non-forested forest land 6%, with 33% forested non-forest land.
A Stochastic Analysis of Biofuel Policies
Presented by Michael Obersteiner at the AGRODEP Workshop on Analytical Tools for Climate Change Analysis
June 6-7, 2011 • Dakar, Senegal
For more information on the workshop or to see the latest version of this presentation visit: http://www.agrodep.org/first-annual-workshop
Characteristics & efficient use of fertilizers by MUHAMMAD FAHAD ANSARI 12IE...fahadansari131
This document discusses fertilizer use efficiency. It defines different types of efficiency like recovery efficiency and agronomic efficiency. It discusses how efficiency is defined differently for nitrogen versus phosphorus and potassium. Maintaining optimum soil test levels for P and K is considered 100% efficient. The document also outlines opportunities to improve nitrogen efficiency through balanced nutrition, precision agriculture, and better fertilizer management practices. Improving efficiency will impact future fertilizer demand differently for nitrogen versus P and K.
This document summarizes a presentation on enhancing sustainability of forestry practices on peatlands in Indonesia. It discusses that tropical peatlands cover around 11% of global peatland area, with over half located in Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia. The document outlines the important ecosystem services provided by peatlands, including carbon storage, and notes that degradation from activities like drainage and fires have significantly impacted peatlands and increased carbon emissions. It emphasizes the need for restoration efforts to rewet degraded peatlands and reestablish vegetation to help reduce degradation and fire risk over time.
This study examined the impacts of different landscape treatments on plant species richness within road corridors and adjacent ecosystems. It found that road verges had higher species richness than adjacent fields. Species richness was higher on soil slopes treated with the new post-guideline approach compared to the pre-guideline approach. On rock slopes, species richness did not differ significantly between the pre-guideline planted approach and the post-guideline natural recolonization approach. The soil seed bank contributed additional plant species, particularly on naturally recolonized slopes. Lower soil fertility was associated with higher species richness, suggesting the new landscape treatments help prevent establishment of invasive species.
Theo friedrich -_ca_for_cc_adaptation_in_eapAdam Ga
This document discusses conservation agriculture (CA) as an approach for climate change adaptation and mitigation in East Asia and the Pacific region. CA involves minimal soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop diversification. It provides benefits like reduced costs, increased profits and food security while preserving resources and the environment. CA helps increase farms' resilience to climate change through practices like crop rotations and soil cover that improve drought tolerance, water retention, and resistance to heavy rain and frost. The document reviews the global history and adoption of CA, and argues for supportive policies and investments to accelerate its adoption.
This document discusses waste management strategies in Ghana and opportunities for biofuel production from municipal solid waste. It notes that Ghana currently recycles only 12% of its waste and dumps 88%. Two key projects are highlighted: 1) A Zoomlion/KNUST/DTU biofuel research project that converts waste to biogas and bioethanol. 2) An Accra compost plant project managed by Zoomlion to produce compost from organic waste. The document advocates for more investment in appropriate technologies, capacity building, and public-private partnerships to improve Ghana's waste management and biofuel potential from municipal solid waste.
This document discusses potential agricultural mitigation practices in Vietnam. It outlines measures like soil erosion control through techniques such as using hedgerows, intercropping, and conservation tillage. These practices can reduce soil and carbon loss, increase crop yields, and sequester carbon through increased biomass and photosynthesis. The document also provides examples of these mitigation techniques used in various regions of Vietnam and their effects, such as reducing soil loss, increasing crop yields, and building soil organic carbon.
Sentinel Landscapes and Component 3: links in the CRP6CIFOR-ICRAF
Component 3 of the CGIAR Research Programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP6) focuses on landscape management for environmental services (ES), biodiversity conservation and livelihoods. This presentation explores the links between the various themes of CRP6 Component 3 and the cross-cutting CRP6 research theme of sentinel landscapes. How these links fit into a broader context of the CGIAR’s strategic results framework is also discussed.
This presentation formed part of the CRP6 Sentinel Landscape planning workshop held on 30 September – 1 October 2011 at CIFOR’s headquarters in Bogor, Indonesia. Further information on CRP6 and Sentinel Landscapes can be accessed from http://www.cifor.org/crp6/ and http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/subsites/crp/CRP6-Sentinel-Landscape-workplan_2011-2014.pdf respectively.
The document summarizes restoration efforts for the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion project in Jasper National Park from 2007-2008. It discusses restoration of various project sites including the Miette River crossing, Miette Wetland, and pipeline right of way. Restoration involved re-establishing pre-disturbance vegetation and habitats. Challenges included stabilizing slopes, controlling invasive species, and protecting rare moss. The document provides details on restoration techniques and monitoring of sites.
The document discusses experiences with integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) in Africa. It summarizes key experiences from research at the Africa Rice Center and IITA on soil fertility issues in Africa. The speaker's vision is to promote ISFM in cereal-legume rotations using participatory approaches, and integrate ISFM principles into conservation agriculture with links to climate change. The talk outlines experiences with developing nitrogen-efficient crop varieties and measuring their root growth under varying nitrogen applications.
Alto Mayo Protected Forest REDD Initiative, PeruCIFOR-ICRAF
To measure the success of REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation), it is crucial to first set baseline emissions from which the reduction can be measured in each project or region. In this presentation, Fabiano Godoy from Conservation International shared experiences with applying the VCS VM0015 model in the Alto Mayo protected forest of Peru in order to set baseline emissions.
Fabiano Godoy gave this presentation on 8 March 2012 at a workshop organised by CIFOR, ‘Measurement, Reporting and Verification in Latin American REDD+ Projects’, held in Petropolis, Brazil. Credible baseline setting and accurate and transparent Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) of results are key conditions for successful REDD+ projects. The workshop aimed to explore important advances, challenges, pitfalls, and innovations in REDD+ methods — thereby moving towards overcoming barriers to meeting MRV requirements at REDD+ project sites in two of the Amazon’s most important REDD+ candidate countries, Peru and Brazil. For further information about the workshop, please contact Shijo Joseph via s.joseph (at) cgiar.org
OP24:ECONOMIC VALUE OF MANAGING BGBD: THE CASE OF RHIZOBIUM AND TRICHODERMA SPPCSM _BGBD biodiversity
This document discusses the economic value of managing beneficial soil microorganisms like Rhizobium and Trichoderma species in addressing land and soil degradation issues in Sub-Saharan Africa. It notes that overuse of land has exhausted soils in the region. Introducing beneficial bacteria can help improve soil fertility and crop yields by fixing nitrogen, adding biomass, and reducing erosion. The document examines evidence that inoculating crops with Rhizobium in Pakistan, Vietnam, and Kenya increased yields and profits while reducing fertilizer costs. Managing beneficial soil microbes is presented as a potentially important strategy for sustainably increasing agricultural production in Africa.
Soil Organic Carbon as observed in lowlands of Continuous Rice Cropping in Gu...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Advocated organic matter (OM) supplying to agriculture soil should be according to the soil properties, resulting different rates requirement instead of applying blank recommendation (12 tha-1 ). Two lowlands under continuous rice-rice cropping in the centre of Côte d’Ivoire were surveyed in 2013 considering 31 rice fields (farmers) for each location. Soil samples (93) were taken in 0 – 20 cm depth systematically (50 m along × 20 m across) extending the hydromorphic zone (HZ), the fringe valley (FV) and the valley bottom (VB) along the upper stream (US), median (MS) and downstream (DS) positions respectively. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content was differently observed in association with clay or silt particles according the topographic positions. Lowest amounts of SOC, maximum stable C (31.02% – 31.66%) and highest C mineralization (2.72% – 2.97%) rate (K2) were often accounting for the HZ contrasting with the VB. Unexpected higher rates of 224 tha-1 , 269.4 tha-1 and 281.03 tha-1 as rice and weed residues were required across the transversal section of the valley respectively over the current recommendation of 12 tha-1 . Dissolved C and leached nutrients (Na, K, Mg and Ca) may be released from HZ to VB contributing to rice yield gap (4.5 – 6.44 th-1 ). Soil contents of clay and K were the most relevant yield increasing factors against the contents of sand, silt and K2 value. More enriched organic-C source was required for improving organic input in the studied agro-systems emphasizing a major constraint for lowland rice production.
Presentation by David Lamb on alternative methods for tropical forest restoration. Besides large scale reforestation activities, David Lamb argues to look for smaller scale silvicultural alternatives as well which are more suitable for farmers.
Eko Gea Presentation San Francisco April 2nd 2011 [ZdružLjivostni NačIn]bhajsek
This document discusses the benefits of EKO GEA, an organic soil amendment and biostimulant made from marine algae. It provides multiple benefits for crop production, soil health, and waste management by feeding and protecting soil microbiology. It works by mimicking humic acids to promote clay humus formation and microbial activity. This leads to improved soil structure, nutrient exchange, plant nutrition, and crop yields while reducing the need for pesticides and improving their effectiveness. EKO GEA also aids in composting, waste treatment, and extending the shelf life of fruits and vegetables.
Impact of Agricultural Management on Quality of Soil, Carbon Storage and Carb...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The aim of this study was to characterize the carbon storage - Ec (Mg ha-1), carbon stratification ratio, carbon management index (CMI) in various systems use and management: a) Native forest (NF), b) improved pasture of Tanzania grass (TIP), c) degraded pasture of Tanzania grass (DP), d) hay area (H) with Urochloa (syn. Brachiaria sp) and e) Corn crop conventionally cultivated for 10 years (CTC). The experiment was conducted at Institute of Animal Science, at Sertaozinho, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates. The Ec, in Mg ha-1, adjusted variations in soil density, related to changes in land use were for native forest (112.9), improved pasture (81.6), system of conventional maize (78.2), field of hay (75.1) and degraded pasture (66.5). The highest values of carbon stratification (SR) were the forest (1.98), and lower in degraded pasture and conventional maize (1.10) - are considered poor in quality, while the improved pasture (1.28) and the area of hay (1.23 ) of media quality and while the forest considered great quality. For the different systems of use and management, low CMI values indicate a loss of soil quality related to native forest (100%), the values obtained in improved pasture (58%) indicate that there is potential for advances in the soil quality, adjusting grazing management and fertilization of annual replacement.
Increasing rice productivity by manipulation of calcium fertilizer in ustic e...NurdinUng
This study investigated the effects of calcium fertilizer application on rice productivity in ustic endoaquert soil in Indonesia. The researchers applied different levels of potassium (K) fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg/ha) following amendments of river sand, beach sand, coco peat, and banana peat. The results showed that K fertilizer significantly increased the number of grains, weight of 1000 grains, and total grain weight. Specifically, 200 kg/ha of K fertilizer produced the highest grain number and weight. While K fertilizer did not significantly affect stalk number or length, higher doses generally corresponded to more stalks. Overall, calcium fertilization improved rice yields the most when combined with
The document summarizes information about the Philippines' National Greening Program (NGP). It provides statistics on the country's forest cover and land classification. The NGP aims to plant 1.5 billion trees across 1.5 million hectares by 2016 to achieve environmental, economic, and social benefits. These include increasing forest cover, sequestering carbon, improving watersheds and incomes. The program outlines species selection, planting sites, budgets, areas planted, partnerships and opportunities for collaboration to achieve its goals.
Biofuels: Think outside the Barrel - April 2006candrist
The document discusses the potential for widespread adoption of ethanol as a transportation fuel in the United States. It argues that ethanol could replace much of the gasoline used for cars and trucks in a relatively short time frame using existing vehicle and fuel distribution infrastructure. Transitioning to widespread use of ethanol could provide economic, energy security, and environmental benefits while requiring modest changes and utilizing current agricultural lands and waste products to produce the necessary feedstocks.
David Glass World Biofuels Markets Conference Presentation, March 2011David Glass
Presentation by David Glass at 2011 World Biofuels Markets Conference, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, March 22, 2011. This presentation describes approaches being taken to use advanced biotechnology to improve the plant species being used as biofuel feedstocks. This was part of the "Energy Crops" sessions at the conference, which Dr. Glass moderated.
Characteristics & efficient use of fertilizers by MUHAMMAD FAHAD ANSARI 12IE...fahadansari131
This document discusses fertilizer use efficiency. It defines different types of efficiency like recovery efficiency and agronomic efficiency. It discusses how efficiency is defined differently for nitrogen versus phosphorus and potassium. Maintaining optimum soil test levels for P and K is considered 100% efficient. The document also outlines opportunities to improve nitrogen efficiency through balanced nutrition, precision agriculture, and better fertilizer management practices. Improving efficiency will impact future fertilizer demand differently for nitrogen versus P and K.
This document summarizes a presentation on enhancing sustainability of forestry practices on peatlands in Indonesia. It discusses that tropical peatlands cover around 11% of global peatland area, with over half located in Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia. The document outlines the important ecosystem services provided by peatlands, including carbon storage, and notes that degradation from activities like drainage and fires have significantly impacted peatlands and increased carbon emissions. It emphasizes the need for restoration efforts to rewet degraded peatlands and reestablish vegetation to help reduce degradation and fire risk over time.
This study examined the impacts of different landscape treatments on plant species richness within road corridors and adjacent ecosystems. It found that road verges had higher species richness than adjacent fields. Species richness was higher on soil slopes treated with the new post-guideline approach compared to the pre-guideline approach. On rock slopes, species richness did not differ significantly between the pre-guideline planted approach and the post-guideline natural recolonization approach. The soil seed bank contributed additional plant species, particularly on naturally recolonized slopes. Lower soil fertility was associated with higher species richness, suggesting the new landscape treatments help prevent establishment of invasive species.
Theo friedrich -_ca_for_cc_adaptation_in_eapAdam Ga
This document discusses conservation agriculture (CA) as an approach for climate change adaptation and mitigation in East Asia and the Pacific region. CA involves minimal soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop diversification. It provides benefits like reduced costs, increased profits and food security while preserving resources and the environment. CA helps increase farms' resilience to climate change through practices like crop rotations and soil cover that improve drought tolerance, water retention, and resistance to heavy rain and frost. The document reviews the global history and adoption of CA, and argues for supportive policies and investments to accelerate its adoption.
This document discusses waste management strategies in Ghana and opportunities for biofuel production from municipal solid waste. It notes that Ghana currently recycles only 12% of its waste and dumps 88%. Two key projects are highlighted: 1) A Zoomlion/KNUST/DTU biofuel research project that converts waste to biogas and bioethanol. 2) An Accra compost plant project managed by Zoomlion to produce compost from organic waste. The document advocates for more investment in appropriate technologies, capacity building, and public-private partnerships to improve Ghana's waste management and biofuel potential from municipal solid waste.
This document discusses potential agricultural mitigation practices in Vietnam. It outlines measures like soil erosion control through techniques such as using hedgerows, intercropping, and conservation tillage. These practices can reduce soil and carbon loss, increase crop yields, and sequester carbon through increased biomass and photosynthesis. The document also provides examples of these mitigation techniques used in various regions of Vietnam and their effects, such as reducing soil loss, increasing crop yields, and building soil organic carbon.
Sentinel Landscapes and Component 3: links in the CRP6CIFOR-ICRAF
Component 3 of the CGIAR Research Programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP6) focuses on landscape management for environmental services (ES), biodiversity conservation and livelihoods. This presentation explores the links between the various themes of CRP6 Component 3 and the cross-cutting CRP6 research theme of sentinel landscapes. How these links fit into a broader context of the CGIAR’s strategic results framework is also discussed.
This presentation formed part of the CRP6 Sentinel Landscape planning workshop held on 30 September – 1 October 2011 at CIFOR’s headquarters in Bogor, Indonesia. Further information on CRP6 and Sentinel Landscapes can be accessed from http://www.cifor.org/crp6/ and http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/subsites/crp/CRP6-Sentinel-Landscape-workplan_2011-2014.pdf respectively.
The document summarizes restoration efforts for the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion project in Jasper National Park from 2007-2008. It discusses restoration of various project sites including the Miette River crossing, Miette Wetland, and pipeline right of way. Restoration involved re-establishing pre-disturbance vegetation and habitats. Challenges included stabilizing slopes, controlling invasive species, and protecting rare moss. The document provides details on restoration techniques and monitoring of sites.
The document discusses experiences with integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) in Africa. It summarizes key experiences from research at the Africa Rice Center and IITA on soil fertility issues in Africa. The speaker's vision is to promote ISFM in cereal-legume rotations using participatory approaches, and integrate ISFM principles into conservation agriculture with links to climate change. The talk outlines experiences with developing nitrogen-efficient crop varieties and measuring their root growth under varying nitrogen applications.
Alto Mayo Protected Forest REDD Initiative, PeruCIFOR-ICRAF
To measure the success of REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation), it is crucial to first set baseline emissions from which the reduction can be measured in each project or region. In this presentation, Fabiano Godoy from Conservation International shared experiences with applying the VCS VM0015 model in the Alto Mayo protected forest of Peru in order to set baseline emissions.
Fabiano Godoy gave this presentation on 8 March 2012 at a workshop organised by CIFOR, ‘Measurement, Reporting and Verification in Latin American REDD+ Projects’, held in Petropolis, Brazil. Credible baseline setting and accurate and transparent Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) of results are key conditions for successful REDD+ projects. The workshop aimed to explore important advances, challenges, pitfalls, and innovations in REDD+ methods — thereby moving towards overcoming barriers to meeting MRV requirements at REDD+ project sites in two of the Amazon’s most important REDD+ candidate countries, Peru and Brazil. For further information about the workshop, please contact Shijo Joseph via s.joseph (at) cgiar.org
OP24:ECONOMIC VALUE OF MANAGING BGBD: THE CASE OF RHIZOBIUM AND TRICHODERMA SPPCSM _BGBD biodiversity
This document discusses the economic value of managing beneficial soil microorganisms like Rhizobium and Trichoderma species in addressing land and soil degradation issues in Sub-Saharan Africa. It notes that overuse of land has exhausted soils in the region. Introducing beneficial bacteria can help improve soil fertility and crop yields by fixing nitrogen, adding biomass, and reducing erosion. The document examines evidence that inoculating crops with Rhizobium in Pakistan, Vietnam, and Kenya increased yields and profits while reducing fertilizer costs. Managing beneficial soil microbes is presented as a potentially important strategy for sustainably increasing agricultural production in Africa.
Soil Organic Carbon as observed in lowlands of Continuous Rice Cropping in Gu...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Advocated organic matter (OM) supplying to agriculture soil should be according to the soil properties, resulting different rates requirement instead of applying blank recommendation (12 tha-1 ). Two lowlands under continuous rice-rice cropping in the centre of Côte d’Ivoire were surveyed in 2013 considering 31 rice fields (farmers) for each location. Soil samples (93) were taken in 0 – 20 cm depth systematically (50 m along × 20 m across) extending the hydromorphic zone (HZ), the fringe valley (FV) and the valley bottom (VB) along the upper stream (US), median (MS) and downstream (DS) positions respectively. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content was differently observed in association with clay or silt particles according the topographic positions. Lowest amounts of SOC, maximum stable C (31.02% – 31.66%) and highest C mineralization (2.72% – 2.97%) rate (K2) were often accounting for the HZ contrasting with the VB. Unexpected higher rates of 224 tha-1 , 269.4 tha-1 and 281.03 tha-1 as rice and weed residues were required across the transversal section of the valley respectively over the current recommendation of 12 tha-1 . Dissolved C and leached nutrients (Na, K, Mg and Ca) may be released from HZ to VB contributing to rice yield gap (4.5 – 6.44 th-1 ). Soil contents of clay and K were the most relevant yield increasing factors against the contents of sand, silt and K2 value. More enriched organic-C source was required for improving organic input in the studied agro-systems emphasizing a major constraint for lowland rice production.
Presentation by David Lamb on alternative methods for tropical forest restoration. Besides large scale reforestation activities, David Lamb argues to look for smaller scale silvicultural alternatives as well which are more suitable for farmers.
Eko Gea Presentation San Francisco April 2nd 2011 [ZdružLjivostni NačIn]bhajsek
This document discusses the benefits of EKO GEA, an organic soil amendment and biostimulant made from marine algae. It provides multiple benefits for crop production, soil health, and waste management by feeding and protecting soil microbiology. It works by mimicking humic acids to promote clay humus formation and microbial activity. This leads to improved soil structure, nutrient exchange, plant nutrition, and crop yields while reducing the need for pesticides and improving their effectiveness. EKO GEA also aids in composting, waste treatment, and extending the shelf life of fruits and vegetables.
Impact of Agricultural Management on Quality of Soil, Carbon Storage and Carb...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The aim of this study was to characterize the carbon storage - Ec (Mg ha-1), carbon stratification ratio, carbon management index (CMI) in various systems use and management: a) Native forest (NF), b) improved pasture of Tanzania grass (TIP), c) degraded pasture of Tanzania grass (DP), d) hay area (H) with Urochloa (syn. Brachiaria sp) and e) Corn crop conventionally cultivated for 10 years (CTC). The experiment was conducted at Institute of Animal Science, at Sertaozinho, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates. The Ec, in Mg ha-1, adjusted variations in soil density, related to changes in land use were for native forest (112.9), improved pasture (81.6), system of conventional maize (78.2), field of hay (75.1) and degraded pasture (66.5). The highest values of carbon stratification (SR) were the forest (1.98), and lower in degraded pasture and conventional maize (1.10) - are considered poor in quality, while the improved pasture (1.28) and the area of hay (1.23 ) of media quality and while the forest considered great quality. For the different systems of use and management, low CMI values indicate a loss of soil quality related to native forest (100%), the values obtained in improved pasture (58%) indicate that there is potential for advances in the soil quality, adjusting grazing management and fertilization of annual replacement.
Increasing rice productivity by manipulation of calcium fertilizer in ustic e...NurdinUng
This study investigated the effects of calcium fertilizer application on rice productivity in ustic endoaquert soil in Indonesia. The researchers applied different levels of potassium (K) fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg/ha) following amendments of river sand, beach sand, coco peat, and banana peat. The results showed that K fertilizer significantly increased the number of grains, weight of 1000 grains, and total grain weight. Specifically, 200 kg/ha of K fertilizer produced the highest grain number and weight. While K fertilizer did not significantly affect stalk number or length, higher doses generally corresponded to more stalks. Overall, calcium fertilization improved rice yields the most when combined with
The document summarizes information about the Philippines' National Greening Program (NGP). It provides statistics on the country's forest cover and land classification. The NGP aims to plant 1.5 billion trees across 1.5 million hectares by 2016 to achieve environmental, economic, and social benefits. These include increasing forest cover, sequestering carbon, improving watersheds and incomes. The program outlines species selection, planting sites, budgets, areas planted, partnerships and opportunities for collaboration to achieve its goals.
Biofuels: Think outside the Barrel - April 2006candrist
The document discusses the potential for widespread adoption of ethanol as a transportation fuel in the United States. It argues that ethanol could replace much of the gasoline used for cars and trucks in a relatively short time frame using existing vehicle and fuel distribution infrastructure. Transitioning to widespread use of ethanol could provide economic, energy security, and environmental benefits while requiring modest changes and utilizing current agricultural lands and waste products to produce the necessary feedstocks.
David Glass World Biofuels Markets Conference Presentation, March 2011David Glass
Presentation by David Glass at 2011 World Biofuels Markets Conference, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, March 22, 2011. This presentation describes approaches being taken to use advanced biotechnology to improve the plant species being used as biofuel feedstocks. This was part of the "Energy Crops" sessions at the conference, which Dr. Glass moderated.
Improved Analytical Methods for Carbohydrate R&DRichard Sevcik
This document describes improved analytical methods for carbohydrate analysis of biofuel feedstocks developed by Richard Sevcik. The methods aimed to reduce analysis times, improve separation of monosaccharides and sucrose, and validate the method through interlaboratory collaboration. Key findings include developing a carbonate-modified anion exchange chromatography method that separated 7 carbohydrates within 5 minutes with good resolution. The method was validated in terms of specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, and robustness using various feedstock samples.
EVALUATION OF THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF GRAIN SORGHUM, SWEET SORGHUM, AND SWITCHGRASS AS ALTERNATIVE FEEDSTOCKS FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION IN THE TEXAS PANHANDLE
The document discusses the opportunities and challenges for developing biofuels and bioenergy in India, including the need to identify suitable feedstock crops beyond cereals, develop their full value chains through research and demonstration projects, and establish centers of excellence to commercialize bioenergy production meeting social, economic, and environmental goals on at least 2000 hectares by 2017.
Boom or bust – the future prospects for biofuels and oilseed growersNNFCC
This presentation was given by NNFCC’s Policy and Strategy Manager David Turley at the United Oilseeds and HGCA oilseeds update meeting in February 2013.
This document summarizes a study comparing steam processing of pellets produced from wood, straw, and switchgrass. The study developed a process model for steam pretreatment of these biomass feedstocks and conducted a techno-economic assessment. Key findings include that steam pretreatment increases pellet calorific value by 21% but also increases production costs. The optimal plant size was found to be around 270,000 tonnes per year for steam pretreated pellets due to economies of scale. Sensitivity analysis showed that capital and energy costs had the largest impact on overall production costs.
Biofuels Issues, Trends and Challenges
"RENALT ENERGY" - providing integrated solutions to "Green" petrochemicals, integrated Bio-Refining /conventional oil Refining, and Biomass-to-chemicals, primarily through Energy and Process Consultancy.
Biomass-to-"Green" chemicals: Biomass-to-chemicals refers to the process of producing chemicals from Biomass. The major Biomass -to-chemicals processes utilized in worldwide, with our strategic focus on, Biomass-to-methanol, MTO and MTP processes that produce the same chemical products, such as ethylene and propylene, as the petrochemical facilities, due to better cost efficiencies and greater demand for these chemicals.
We also have interest in, Biomass-to-olefins, Biomass-to-PVC, Biomass to-aromatics and Biomass-to-ammonia/urea processes.
We provide a broad range of integrated services spanning the project life-cycle from feasibility studies, consulting services, provision of proprietary technologies, design, engineering, and after-sale technical support.
This is a presentation I made on February 2, 2010 at the EUEC 2010 conference in Phoenix. The talk included an overview of the approaches being pursued to use biotechnology to improve microorganisms, algae and plants for biofuel production and the companies pursuing these strategies, and discussion of the impact of biotech regulations on these projects and the prospects for use of engineered organisms in commercial biofuel production. You can find more detailed information on the topics discussed in this talk on my blog at http://dglassassociates.wordpress.com.
The document provides an overview of biofuels and discusses their history, current uses, and future perspectives. It begins with defining biofuels as fuels derived from organic substances like crops and residues. It then discusses the brief history of biofuels dating back to the 1850s and reasons for their reemergence in the early 1900s. The document outlines the current energy policy goals in the US related to biofuel production and notes some of the key biofuels in use today like corn ethanol and E85 blends. In closing, it discusses perspectives on land use requirements and environmental impacts related to expanding biofuel production.
The document discusses bioplastics and their role in sustainability. Bioplastics are either made from biological sources like plants or are biodegradable. While plastics currently make up about 225 million tons annually and are mostly non-biodegradable, bioplastics production is growing over 20% per year due to their sustainability advantages. Bioplastics can substitute for traditional plastics in packaging and other single-use products to reduce litter, or serve as durable replacements through equal or lower carbon footprints and reduced reliance on oil. Their growth will continue as brands and consumers recognize the environmental benefits of bioplastics.
This document discusses plant-based biofuels and their potential for rural community development. It provides background on biofuels and their production. Specifically, it discusses how small-scale biodiesel production through community groups growing crops like jatropha can provide rural electrification, improve agriculture, create jobs, and empower women in developing countries. The document advocates for pilot projects in rural communities that mobilize groups to plant crops and establish small biodiesel plants and microfinance programs.
This document discusses various types of biofuels including bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and biobutanol. It provides details on the production processes and feedstocks used for each type of biofuel. The advantages and disadvantages of biofuels compared to fossil fuels are also summarized.
This document discusses various types of fuels and focuses on biofuels as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. It provides information on:
- Biofuels, which are made from organic matter, as a renewable option compared to finite fossil fuels. Common types include biodiesel, bioethanol, and biogas.
- Jatropha and algae as feedstocks for biodiesel production, with details on jatropha cultivation and a biodiesel plant.
- Benefits of biodiesel such as reduced emissions, biodegradability, and energy security. India's initiatives to promote the use of biofuels are also mentioned.
- Biogas production through anaerobic digestion
Crop residue utilisation by MUHAMMAD FAHAD ANSARI 12IEEM 14fahadansari131
Crop residues include stalks, cobs, and other plant parts left after harvest which are important for protecting soil from erosion, improving soil structure, and sequestering carbon; however, crop residues can also be used as a biomass feedstock for biofuels or electricity though this must be done judiciously to maintain soil quality. There are competing uses for crop residues between returning them to fields or removing them for fuel, fiber, or feed, and it is debated whether short-term economics or long-term sustainability should determine the best use of crop residues.
Utkur DJANIBEKOV "Cooperative institutions for increasing rural livelihood un...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Cooperative institutions for increasing rural livelihood under CDM forestation on marginal croplands.
The study examines afforesting marginal croplands in Uzbekistan through cooperative institutions between farmers and a clean development mechanism (CDM) project. Three scenarios are modeled: business as usual, individual farmer afforestation, and a CDM cooperative. The cooperative scenario produces the highest total outputs of food, fuelwood, and tree products by efficiently allocating water across farms. However, some individual farms may lose profits in a cooperative. Compensating disadvantaged farms from gains by others ensures all farms benefit. Cooperation allows complementarity across heterogeneous farm types to maximize livelihoods and carbon sequestration.
Biomass shifts and suppresses weed populations under CA. Michael MulvaneyJoanna Hicks
The document summarizes a study on the effects of conservation agriculture practices including cover crops and organic mulches on weed suppression, soil carbon, and collard yields over three years in central-eastern Alabama. Key findings include: 1) Forage soybean was not effective at weed suppression while mulches improved control of broadleaf weeds and sedges after the first year; 2) Weed populations shifted from broadleaves and sedges to more grasses in the second year; and 3) Transitioning to conservation agriculture practices increased soil organic carbon levels but yields were unaffected by mulching or cover crops.
Improving N Efficiency through Managing Soil NitrateDairyNforProfit
Presentation given by Dr. Michael Russelle to the PICCC Strategic Science Think Tank - Nitrogen efficiency. Thursday 16 August 2012, 10 am – 7 pm, at the University of Melbourne
http://www.piccc.org.au/news/2012/aug/29/piccc-strategic-science-think-tank-nitrogen-efficiency
This document discusses bioenergy and various bioenergy crops. It begins by defining bioenergy as renewable energy from biological sources like biomass, agricultural waste, and municipal waste. Key bioenergy crops discussed include sorghum, sugarcane, switchgrass, and miscanthus. The document outlines India's current bioenergy production and promising crops for ethanol and biodiesel. It discusses challenges in breeding perennial bioenergy crops and strategies to improve traits like yield, stress tolerance, and lignin content. Overall, the document presents bioenergy as a renewable and sustainable future fuel that can provide energy security while managing agricultural waste.
Alternative energy programs at bradford2012Sharon Lezberg
The document discusses alternative energy programs at Bradford, including using pallets instead of propane to heat a building, installing a new stainless steel pallet burner. It also discusses a passive solar greenhouse that uses water-filled barrels to store heat without artificial sources. The greenhouse cost $3,275 to build. Other projects discussed include measuring local wind quality, comparing crops for ethanol production, using a corn stove in the greenhouse, using ground heat for storage, and future goals of installing a small wind turbine.
This document discusses the agricultural crisis in Odisha, India. It notes an economic crisis due to increasing costs and decreasing returns, an ecological crisis due to unsustainable intensive farming practices like monocropping and overuse of chemicals, and a socio-political crisis with increasing tenancy, suicides, and migration. Specifically, it notes the issues of high fertilizer use threatening soil health, declining returns on fertilizer investment, groundwater depletion, soil organic matter decline, pesticide poisoning, and dependency on rain. It advocates for more sustainable practices like integrated farming, soil organic matter conservation, rainwater harvesting, locally adapted crops/varieties, and moving away from agrochemicals to ecological methods like non-pestic
This document presents a vision for climate-smart agriculture (CSA). It discusses what CSA is, potential mitigation and adaptation options in CSA, and the path forward. Key points include: CSA aims to support food security, adaptation, and low emissions; mitigation options include practices like alternate wetting and drying in rice and improved nitrogen use efficiency; adaptation relies on technology, knowledge, risk management, and transformative changes; moving forward requires analytical tools to evaluate trade-offs and support integrated decision making at multiple levels.
Napier Grass or Giant King Grass is conceived as an viable alternative and long-term solution for biomass power plants.
•Natural hybrid of Pennisetum Purpureum
•Also known as elephant grass
• Not genetically modified
•Widely adaptive and stress resistant
•Modest need for fertilizer – basically a weed
•No pesticide needed in most cases
Presentation by Bernardo Strassburg, the International Institute for Sustainability, Brazil, at the 2012 Agriculture and Rural Development Day in Rio de Janiero, Learning Event No. 1, Session 1: ‘Mato Grosso: realising the land-sparing potential from increased agricultural productivity’.
Jatropha Curcas Oil: Miracle Plant for Small Villages in IndiaZK8
The document discusses Jatropha curcas, a plant native to South America and Africa that can be used to produce biodiesel. It provides information on the history and development of biodiesel, current biodiesel production methods using various feedstocks around the world, and India's initiatives and plans for expanding Jatropha cultivation and biodiesel production. Key details include India's vision to make Jatropha a self-sustaining crop by 2012 through micro-missions focused on developing seed sources, cultivation techniques, and processing facilities. Cost analyses show that Jatropha cultivation can be economically viable and benefit rural economies.
This document summarizes a study comparing the agronomic, economic, and environmental performance of conventional corn-soybean rotations versus more diverse cropping systems in Iowa. It finds that more diverse 3-4 year rotations that include small grains and forages require 88-96% less nitrogen fertilizer and herbicide, reduce fossil fuel use, maintain or improve yields, and better control weeds compared to a basic 2-year corn-soy rotation. More diverse rotations also strengthen the long-term productivity, profitability and environmental quality of agriculture in the region.
Rijsberman cgiar science overview funders forum 2-11-2012CGIAR
The document provides an update on CGIAR Research and Results. It discusses that food security is the greatest challenge facing humanity in coming decades. CGIAR aims to increase sustainable food production through sustainable intensification while addressing ongoing issues of food insecurity, undernutrition, and micronutrient deficiencies. It summarizes the research focus and expected impacts of various CGIAR Research Programs such as MAIZE, WHEAT, Dryland Cereals, and Water, Land and Ecosystems. The document also highlights some early results and success stories from the research.
Basics of bioenergy and biofuels lecture. First given to ESP 10 class, 3/7/2013. Thanks to Steven Kaffka and Nathan Parker, who contributed some material.
The document discusses organic amendment options for improving soil health and maintaining soil organic matter levels. It provides data showing that soil organic matter in Ontario has been declining and highlights the need to increase crop residues and organic amendments. The document then discusses various organic amendment options, their benefits for soil and crop growth, nutrient contents, and costs. These amendments include compost, manure, digestate, and municipal biosolids. Maintaining adequate soil organic matter levels is important for soil and crop health.
Agroforestry for food security and climate resiliencePatrick Worms
Feeding 9 billion people by 2050 on less land, with less water, and more extreme weather can seem hopeless. But it is not so. Agroforestry, evergreen agriculture and using the findings of agrocecology to manage farms can all bring sizeable, durable gains in productivity - even on degraded lands. The debate needs to move on from the facile organic vs. intensive agriculture one - the future will mean combining the best of all technologies while taking the way that natural systems behave into account. Much of the science is in: it's feasible. Now we need to do it.
1) Global food demand is projected to increase substantially by 2050 due to population and income growth, putting pressure on agricultural systems. Key commodities like palm oil, soy, and beef will need to significantly scale up sustainable production.
2) New approaches are needed across agricultural supply chains to improve sustainability. Areas of focus include reducing waste, adopting better farming practices, utilizing new technologies, defining property rights, and intensifying sustainable production. Multi-stakeholder initiatives and pre-competitive collaboration can help drive systemic changes.
3) Long-term contracts, increased transparency, and cooperation across the public and private sectors will be important to transform global commodity markets and meet rising demand for food and fiber in an environmentally responsible
This document discusses options for integrating trees on farms in Malawi and Southern Africa. It outlines how trees can improve soil fertility, provide food, fodder, and fiber, as well as ecosystem services. Specific tree integration options presented include fertilizer trees intercropped with maize, improved fallows, and fodder trees. Data shows that these agroforestry systems can increase maize yields compared to conventional systems and improve resilience during drought. However, tree integration on farms remains low due to challenges such as labor constraints, animal damage, and lack of supportive policies.
Sustainable Wine: Practices from Leaders in Mendocino County, CaliforniaSustainable Brands
Presentation on sustainability and green farming practices at leading wineries in Mendocino County, California.
Learn more about Sustainable Business & Design at: http://sustainablelifemedia.com
Similar to Switchgrass, energy, bioenergy, genetics.k vogel 3 20-12 (20)
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
2. Main Conclusion
U.S. can displace over
30% of current
petroleum consumption
by 2030 using crop
residues and other
sources including
biomass from perennial
herbaceous crops for
the production of
cellulosic ethanol.
Emphasis on cellolosic
energy because of food
vs fuel problem.
http://feedstockreview.ornl.gov/pdf/billion_ton_vision.pdf
3. 2007 Energy Independence and
Security Act (EISA)
• EISA requires EPA to revise the
Renewable Fuels Standards (RFS)
program to increase renewable fuel
blended into transportation fuel from 9
billion gallons in 1998 to 36 billion gallons
per year by 2022.
• Revised standards (RFS2) was finalized in
2010.
4. Renewable Fuel Standard
revised 2010 (RFS2)
• The RFS goal is 36 billion gallons per year
for renewable fuels by 2022.
• RFS2 limits the amount of corn ethanol
that counts toward the requirement to 15
million gallons per year.
• The remaining 21 billion gallons must
come from other non-food or cellulosic
sources
• Other sources are corn stover, perennial
grasses, woody biomass, and algae.
5. U.S. Billion-Ton Update 2011
• Increased emphasis
on dedicated energy
crops including
herbaceous
perennials such as
switchgrass, other
grasses and woody
species.
• Sustainable use of
crop residues.
6. Some Questions
• Why not just use corn stover?
• Why switchgrass?
• Why other perennial grasses?
• How are we going to get fuels out of this
stuff?
• Where are we at on management,
cultivars, and other improvements?
7. Long term Carbon sequestration Study-
Corn & Switchgrass, Mead, NE
• Quantify carbon
sequestration on cropland
converted to switchgrass.
• Compare to no-till corn.
• Experiment in eastern NE
established in 1998.
• In 2000, plots split and
stover removed (50%) on
split half of corn plots.
8. Corn Grain Yield – Effect of removing ½ of stover
Corn Grain Corn Grain after removal
25
½ stover removed
Grain Biomass (Mg/ha)
20
- 7.2% grain
15
10
5
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Mean
10. Factors Limiting Crop Biomass
Removal
Stover to retain (ton ac-1)
8
Soil organic carbon
6 Water erosion 5.58
Wind erosion
4 3.38 3.56 3.52
2.34
2 1.39
1.22
0.77 0.29 0.43
0.06 0.15
0
Moldboard No or Moldboard No or
plow conservation plow conservation
tillage tillage
Continuous corn Corn-soybean
Wilhelm et al., 2007. Agron. J. 99:1665-1667. ARS-REAP
11. Switchgrass Biomass Feedstock
Research
• 1980’s, : Oak Ridge National Laboratory, DOE, in
cooperative work with Universities & USDA-ARS.
Species evaluations. Selected switchgrass & hybrid
popular & willow.
• 1990’s, 2000-2002. Funded research at Univ. & ARS.
• 2002. DOE switchgrass work discontinued. All feedstock
and conversion research switched to corn stover and
crop residues.
• 2002 to present. New thrust by USDA-ARS. Perennial
energy crop research. A few land-grant universities
continue programs.
• 2006 – present. DOE renews major funding effort with
focus on basic biology & conversion. New USDA
funding. Private Companies funding inhouse research.
12.
13. Why Switchgrass?
• Native to N. America • Low energy input
east of Rocky Mtns. • Increased carbon
• Adapted germplasm storage.
available. • Soil and water
• High yield potential conservation benefits.
• Can harvest and grow • Excellent wildlife
like hay using farm habitat.
equipment. • Buffer strips, wetlands
• Multiple uses on/off • Seed easy to plant
farm
14. Switchgrass
Panicum virgatum L.
Upland switchgrass plant Natural distribution of switchgrass
In North America
15. USDA-ARS Grain, Forage, &
Bioenergy Research Unit, Lincoln, NE
Switchgrass research
1930’s to present
• Native prairie species,
domestication, breeding &
management work to
revegetate grasslands after
drought of the 30’s
• Use by livestock was
emphasized
• 1990 - began work to
develop switchgrass into a
biofuel crop.
• 2000 - Information used for
farm scale production trials
16. Biomass Power
Back to the Future
• 1920 - 27,000,000
horses & mules,
USA
• 1954 - < 5,000,000
• Resulted in major
land use change.
• 80 million acres of
pasture & hayland
(biomass) released
for other uses.
17. Horse power to tractor power – land use changes,
government programs, & bioenergy
Fields in northeast Nebraska • Marginal land previously in
pasture converted to grain
crops. Severe erosion.
• Crop surpluses depressed
prices requiring farm
subsidizes
• Conservation Reserve Program
(CRP): over 35 million acres in
CRP.
• Annual cost is $1.7 billion.
Switchgrass field in same region • CRP land east of 100o W. Long.
could be used for perennial
biomass energy crops
(switchgrass).
• All conservation benefits would
be retained.
• Equivalent amount of marginal
cropland in USA.
18. Research Accomplishments
• Harvest management and timing
• Nitrogen fertilization rates
• Cultivar evaluations, classification, and
geographic adaptation
• Genetic improvements and new cultivar
development
• Genetic diversity and gene pools
• Production economics
19. Harvest Management
Vogel et al. (2002)
12
First cut
Biomass Yield (Mg/ha)
10
Second cut
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Harvest interval (late June to late August)
20. Nitrogen Fertilization
Vogel et al. (2002)
11
Biomass Yield (Mg/ha)
10 Ames, IA
9
Mead, NE
8
7 Above this point, N application rate
exceeded N removal rate, increasing NO3-N
6 in the soil.
0 60 120 180 240 300
Nitrogen Applied (kg/ha)
21. Northern Plains Switchgrass Field Scale
Production & Economic Trials 2000-2005
15”-17”
Annual
2000-2005
Precipitation
On-Farm
Production
Trials:15-20 acre (6-
Cooperating farmers paid 9 ha) fields
to manage fields as biomass
energy crops.
31”-33”
Annual
Precipitation
22. DOE/USDA Biomass Feedstock
Stage Gate Review Meeting
March 14-16, 2005
• Improved Plant & Production
Practices for Grasslands &
Biomass Crops in the Mid-
Continental USA
Kenneth P. Vogel
USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE
23. Plant Genomics for Biofuels"
BP-DOE Office of Science Review June/05
Ari Patrinos (DOE) & Steve Koonin (BP)
• Participants • Speakers
– Justin Adams, BP – Chris Somerville
– John Pierce, DuPont – Richard Flavell
– C. Saunders, Pioneer – Elliott Meyerowitz
– Don Doering, Winrock – Craig Venter
– Jim Barber, Metabolix – Jerry Tuscan
– Biotechnology Ind. Org. – Steve Straus
Reps. – Ed Buckler
– Other invited industry reps. – Ken Vogel
– USDA & DOE Senior – 4 others
Executives
24. Science editorial:
1/27/ 2006
Steve Koonin, BP
Chief Scientist
endorses biofuels
from cellulosic
sources such as
switchgrass.
Science 2006 cover story.
Tillman et al.
Science 2006 314:1598-
1600. Low input-high
diversity grasslands for
biofuels.
25. Switchgrass for Bioenergy – On farm
economic study in NE, SD, ND.
• Field shown at left had a five Switchgrass field in NE South Dakota
year cumulative average cost in 2005. Yields averaged 4T/acre.
of $33/T switchgrass biomass
including land & money costs.
• Average costs for 10 farms
was $60/T; two experienced
farmer’s costs were $39/T.
• Each big bale (left) represents
a 50 gal barrel of ethanol at
conversion rate of 0.38 L/kg
with average farm gate cost of
$0.64/gal. Low cost producers
= $0.53/gal at the farm gate.
Perrin et al. 2008 BioEnergy Research 1:91-98 (US units)
26. Take Home Lessons
• Economic production efficiency can be improved
via research and producer training.
• Adaptation and production trials in potential
biomass production areas are needed.
• Improved high yielding cultivars/hybrids with
improved conversion efficiency will be needed.
• Additional agronomic research on fertility,
establishment, seed quality, & other factors.
• Feedstock harvesting and storage research
needed.
27. Net energy and petroleum inputs from corn
and cellulosic (switchgrass) ethanol
(Ferrell et al. Science 2006 311:506-508)
Ignored co-products &
Used outdated
agronomics
28. Models over-estimate switchgrass
inputs
15
Estimated Inputs
Agricultural Inputs (GJ ha-1)
12
Actual farm
inputs from 5-yr
Other
9 USDA study
Machinery & Labor
Herbicide
6 Seed
Diesel
Fertilizer
3
0
Estab. Post. Farrell et al., Pimentel & Wang et al.,
2006 Patzek 2005 1999
29. On-farm Switchgrass Production in
the Great Plains – Net Energy
• Previous models over-estimated the
energy inputs for switchgrass
production by as much as 2X
• Switchgrass produced 13X more
energy as ethanol than was required
as energy from petroleum
• Switchgrass produced 540% more
renewable than non-renewable
energy consumed on marginal land
when properly managed
• Switchgrass biofuel production
systems are economically feasible,
environmentally sustainable, and
energetically positive on marginal
cropland in the central USA east of
the 100th Meridian
Schmer et al. 2008 – Proceedings of the National Academy of Science
30. Ethanol from switchgrass:
Input - output illustration.
Big round bale of
switchgrass – 0.7 ton
(0.63 Mg). Conversion
rate of 80 gal/ton (330
L/Mg)
Output Input
Net energy 8 gal.(30 L)
50 gal
(180 L)
Based on Schmer et al., 2008. PNAS105: 464-469.
31. Managed switchgrass produced 97%
more ethanol yield than man-made
prairies
USDA study Low yielding farms
4000
Mean yield
Ethanol Yield (L ha -1)
High yielding farms
3000
Tilman et al., 2006
2000
1000
0
Switchgrass LIHD LI-SW Corn grain
(Field-scale) (NGP)
33. Switchgrass Soil Carbon Sequestration
when grown and managed as a biomass
energy crop
• Field at left for period
Douglas, Nebraska Field
2000 to 2005
- 0 to 30 cm: 5 Mg
C/ha increase in soil
carbon (2.2 t/A)
- 0 to 120 cm: 18.4
Mg C/ha increase in
soil carbon (8.2 t/A)
(Liebig et al., Agron. J.
2008).
34. Coffee Break – Stretch Break
• After break topics
– Adaptation
– Yield
– Breeding & new cultivars
– Other species
– Conversion methods
– Biomass quality
– Improve Agronomic and Genetics
35. Ecoregions
Geographic regions for which thermal and
moisture (amount and season) determine
dominant plant populations.
Ecoregions of the USA
36. 1990 USDA Plant Hardiness Zones
growing season length, temperatures.
38. Target Plant Adaptation Regions
251-HZ 4&5 Prairie Parkland
332-HZ 4&5 Great Plains Steppe
331-HZ 4&5 Great Plains-Palouse Dry Steppe
39. Switchgrass Adaption
• Switchgrass is photoperiod sensitive (Benedict, 1941)
and is a determinate species.
• Photoperiod requirements are based on the latitude-of-
origin of individual ecotypes. Flowering is induced by
decreases in daylength following the summer solstice.
Photoperiod also affects winter sensence.
• When grown in the central Great Plains, switchgrasses
from the Dakotas (northern ecotypes) flower and mature
early and are short in stature while those from Texas and
Oklahoma (southern ecotypes) flower late and are tall
(Cornelius and Johnson 1941; McMillian 1959).
40. Switchgrass Adaption (cont.)
• In North America, moving northern ecotypes south
exposes them to a shorter-than-normal daylength during
summer month, which causes early flowering, reducing
biomass yield.
• The opposite occurs when southern ecotypes are
exported north. They remain vegetative for a longer
period of time, with a longer photosynthetically active
period, often producing more forage than northern
ecotypes (Newell, 1968).
• The physiological development of switchgrass as
determined by a maturity staging system is highly
correlated to Day of Year and Growing Degree Days with
DOY being the most important.
41. Switchgrass General Adaptation
Rule
• Switchgrass strains should not be exported more than
one USDA Plant Hardiness Zone north or south of their
area of origin for long term survival under biomass
production conditions.
• East-west adaptation is a function of disease resistance
(more humid conditions – more disease pressure) or
drought tolerance.
• Plant Adaption Region (PAR) of origin is a good indicator
or where switchgrass strain can be used. In current
environmental conditions, switchgrass strains can be
used in origin PAR and adjacent PAR. Some cultivars
have wider adaptation zones.
44. Adaptation and Breeding and
Management for Biomass Yield
• The easiest way to breed for improved biomass yield
is to use southern ecotypes to extend the effective
length of the pre-flowering growing season.
• Problem is winter survival. Plants need to move
storage carbohydrates to the roots for winter survival.
Because of photoperiod, southern ecotypes may start
this too late in northern latitudes and winter kill.
• Basic research on physiology and genetics of fall
sensence and spring green-up being conducted by G.
Sarath.
• If climate warming continues, it will affect adaptation
and also pathogen and insect populations.
• Regional trials are being used to track adaptation and
productivity.
45. Land required to produce feedstock for a 50 million
gallon (190 ML) cellulosic ethanol plant in a 25 mile
(40 km radius).
Feedstock Yield Acres (Mg/ha) % of Land Area
tons/acre (Mg/ha)
1 (2.2) 625,000 (250,000) 50
2 (4.5) 312,500 (125,000) 25
3 (6.7) 208,333 (85,000) 17
4 (9.0) 156,250 (63,000) 12
5 (11.2) 125,000 (50,000) 10
7.5 (16.8) 83,333 (34,000) 6.6
10 (22.4) 62,500 (25,000) 5
A 50 million gallon plant requires 625,000 tons (567,00 Mg) of feedstock/year at
80 gal/ton or 330 L/Mg conversion rate.
46. Breeding Progress for Conventional Switchgrass
Cultivars
Yield Trial Mead, NE 2003-2005
Cultivar Year released Biomass yield - IVDMD
Ton/a (Mg/ha) (%) (mature)
Trailblazer 1984 6.3 (14.1) 52.5
Shawnee 1995 6.5 (14.5) 54.8
NE Late YD 7.0 (15.7) 55.2
C4*
47. Improve biomass yields – hybrid
cultivars
Strain Yield
T/A
(Mg/ha)
Kanlow & 9.4 (21)
Summer
F1’s
Kanlow 7.1 (16)
Summer 6.1 (14)
• Improved hybrid cultivars with modified cell walls could
improve ethanol yields & reduce costs.
48. USDA switchgrass
study
10 locations
165 acres seeded
Seeded with
commercial drills Man-made prairies
Dryland sites One location
Harvested entire field Small-plots
with commercial hay
Hand-seeded
equipment
Irrigated during establishment
Hand-weeded
Hand-harvested using 4” strips
14% to 78% more annual
precipitation than USDA
switchgrass fields
49. Biomass Energy Crops for the Central USA
Switchgrass
• Perennial grasses such
as switchgrass and big
bluestem.
• Biomass sorghums.
• Corn stover
Big bluestem
Biomass Corn
50. Other Prairie Species with Biomass Energy
Potential
Illinois
‘Scout’ Indiangrass Bundleflower
PAR germplasm
releases
pending
Partridge Pea – germplasm
Big bluestem cv Goldmine release
51. Switchgrass seed – a principal attribute
• Switchgrass seed is easy
to harvest and plant.
• Seed yields can be high
400 to 1000 lbs/acre.
Seed cost less than for
other native species.
• Limited amounts (3-4.5
lbs PLS) needed to plant
a field.
• Other natives have chaffy
seed requiring special
processing and planters.
53. Biological Conversion of Biomass
Lignocellulosic Biomass
Swithchgrass
Saccharification Fermentation Ethanol
Corn stover Sugar
Butanol
Manure
Status: Pilot plants are in operation, first full scale
biorefineries will go into operation next year using crop
residues and perennial grasses
Wood waste
Biological
54. Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass
Swithchgrass
Lignocellulosic Biomass
Fischer-
Gasification Synthesis Tropsch
Methanol
gas
Corn stover Heat Gasoline
Gasification Power
Diesel
Pyrolysis Deoxygenation Jet Fuel
Bio-oil
Hydrotreating-
Manure Hydrocracking
Status: Pilot plants in operation; Thermochemical
Some scale up next year. Several Catalytic
Wood waste
Companies with major funding:
CoolPlanet, LanzaTech, & others
55. Why fast pyrolysis?
Rapid thermal decomposition of
organic compounds in the absence
of oxygen to predominately produce
liquid product known as bio-oil.
Biochar
Co-product biochar
is produced at yields
of 12-20 wt%
Fast pyrolysis can be built at small biomass.
scales suitable for distributed
processing.
Bio-oil is refined like petroleum into
synthetic gasoline and biodiesel.
56. Biorefineries and Biomass
Feedstock Quality
ETO yield now about 330 L Mg-1
Potential yield = 450 L Mg-1.
(source: Nebraska Ethanol Board)
57. Genetic effects on lignin, anatomy & ethanol yield
from switchgrass cellulose
Thick, lignified layer
↓ Mean Ethanol Yield mg/g
80
78
Ethanol yield (mg/g)
76
Stem Lignin 63.2 g/kg
74
72
70
68
66
64
C-1 Hi Lig C-1 Lo Lig C+3 Hi Lig C+3 Lo Lig
Population
Stem Lignin 50.7 g/kg
58. Current switchgrass cultivars & agronomics
equivalent to 1960’s corn system
Switchgrass technology similar
to1960’s corn and Volkswagen
– a basic, good system with
improvement potential.
Corn yield improvement
50% genetic-50% agronomics
59. Bottom Line
• Switchgrass is an economically feasible
biomass energy crop for use on marginal
cropland.
• Improvements in genetics and agronomics
will improve:
– biomass yields
– biomass quality
– conversion
– ethanol or biocrude yield per acre
60. Conversion information
Biomass to ethanol Corn grain to ethanol
80 gallon/US ton 2.5 to 2.9
(Current technology) gallon/bushel
110 gal/ton potential. Feedstock cost per
Feedstock cost per gallon
gallon $ bushel/2.9 gal.
$ton/80 gal. $2.50 bu/ 2.9 gal
$40 ton/ 80 gal = $0.50 =$0.86/gallon
gallon feedstock cost. feedstock cost.
$3.50 bu = $1.21/gal
cost.