This document discusses biofuels as a potential solution for reducing carbon emissions from transportation. It outlines three generations of biofuel technologies: 1) First generation biofuels like biodiesel and bioethanol require significant land use but have relatively low energy outputs. 2) Second generation biofuels could use non-food crop biomass as feedstock in more efficient processes. 3) Third generation microalgal biofuels have the highest potential energy outputs and land use efficiencies of all options discussed.

2. ‘ The Times’ (26/02/2008)

5. UK Motor Fuel Usage Data source: DTI/BERR

6. Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation Department for Transport - 10 November 2005 “ 5%* of all UK fuel sold on UK forecourts to come from a renewable source by 2010” * On energy basis (5.75% by volume)

9. First Generation Biofuels: Bioethanol Brazilian Alcohol Programme Active since the mid 1970s E out / E in ~ 4.0

10. First Generation Biofuels: Bioethanol Ethanol from grain E out / E in ~ 1.5

11. First Generation Biofuels: Biodiesel: produced from vegetable oils by transesterificaion

12. Biodiesel Production Rapeseed oil + Methanol Methyl ester + Glycerol Catalysts: Sodium hydroxide Sulphuric acid Lipase enzymes

13. Biodiesel: oilseed rape E out / E in ~ 2.3

14. Biodiesel: sunflower

15. European Biodiesel Production Source: EBB

16. European Biodiesel Production Country 2005 Actual 2006 Actual 2007 Actual (‘000 Tonnes) (‘000 Tonnes) (‘000 Tonnes) Germany 1,669 2,662 2,890 France 492 743 872 Italy 396 447 363 Spain 73 99 168 UK 51 192 150 Total-EU 3,184 4,890 5,713 Source: European Biodiesel Board (EBB)

17. First Generation Biofuels The land use for food versus land use for biofuels controversy

18. Land Required for Biofuel Production (% total UK agricultural land) % Fuel Substitution (by volume) 5% 10% 100% Bioethanol a 2.3% 4.6% 46% Biodiesel b 5.2% 10.4% 104% Total: 7.5% 15% 150% (set aside land was ~ 3.7% of total UK agricultural land in 2006/2007 but now returning to zero with Single Farm Payment) a Petrol substitute, b Diesel substitute

19. Crop Prices Source: Farmers Weekly Interactive

20. Crop Prices Source: Farmers Weekly Interactive

25. Second Generation Biofuel Crops: Miscanthus (Elephant Grass)

26. Second Generation Biofuels: Fischer-Tropsch Oils Biomass Gasification Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Synthetic Hydrocarbons Oil Yield ~ 3-7 x higher per hectare compared to oilseed rape

28. Third Generation Biofuels: Microalgal Biodiesel

29. Third Generation Biofuels: Microalgal Biodiesel Production* *Based on 30% oil content and 23-38 tonnes algae (dry wt) produced/ha/year Motor fuel replaced Motor fuel replaced (% total use) Land required (m Ha) Land required (% UK agricultural) CO 2 saved (m Tn/year) CO 2 saved (% UK emissions) Diesel 50% 0.5-0.8 2.7-4.4% 64.6 12.2% Diesel & Petrol 100% 1.0-1.6 5.6-8.9% 129.2 24.4%

31. Biofuels – A solution for a low carbon future End of Presentation Thank you for Listening