This document provides an overview of biofuels, including definitions, generations of biofuels, types of biofuels such as ethanol, biodiesel, and biogas, and crops used for biofuel production such as sugarcane. It discusses first generation biofuels made from food crops, second generation from biomass, third from algae, and fourth from non-arable land. The document serves to introduce the topic of biofuels.

1. CHEMISTRY
BIOFUELS
DN Vaisnavi
17BBT057

2. CONTENTS:
 INTRODUCTION
 WHAT ARE BIOFUELS?
 BIOFUEL GENERATIONS
 TYPES OF BIOFUELS
 BIOFUEL LIFECYCLE
 CROPS USED AS BIOFUEL
 SUGARCANE AS BIOFUEL
 ETHANOL FROM CORN
 REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
 Usage of fossil fuels may lead to various health hazards.
 As it is non renewable source of energy , it takes long time to
recover.
 As well as cost are very high
 Usage of fossil fuels like petroleum , disel etc ……..
Leads to various Environment defects like Global warming , Acid
rain…..etc……
 So why cant we step into another alternative which is called
biofuel?

4. WHAT ARE BIOFUELS?
 A biofuel is a fuel that is produced
through contemporary biological
processes, such as agriculture and
anaerobic digestion, rather than a
fuel produced by geological
processes such as those involved
in the formation of fossil fuels, such
as coal and petroleum, from
prehistoric biological matter.

5. GENERATION OF BIOFUELS:
First-generation biofuels:
 "First-generation" or conventional biofuels are biofuels
made from food crops grown on arable land.
 With this biofuel production generation, food crops are
thus explicitly grown for fuel production, and not
anything else.
 The sugar, starch, or vegetable oil obtained from the
crops is converted into biodiesel or ethanol, using
transesterification, or yeast fermentation.[6]

6. GENERATION OF BIOFUELS:
Second-generation biofuels:
 Second generation biofuels are fuels manufactured from
various types of biomass.
 Biomass is a wide-ranging term meaning any source of
organic carbon that is renewed rapidly as part of the
carbon cycle.
 Biomass is derived from plant materials, but can also
include animal materials.

7. Third-generation biofuels:
 From 1978 to 1996, the US NREL experimented with using algae as
a biofuels source in the "Aquatic Species Program".
 A self-published article by Michael Briggs, at the UNH Biofuels
Group, offers estimates for the realistic replacement of all vehicular
fuel with biofuels by using algae that have a natural oil content
greater than 50%, which Briggs suggests can be grown on algae
ponds at wastewater treatment plants.
Fourth-generation biofuels:
 fourth-generation biofuels are made using non-arable land.
 This class of biofuels includes electrofuels.[6] and photobiological
solar fuels.
GENERATIONS OF BIOFUELS:

8. TYPES OF BIOFUELS:
Ethanol:
 Biologically produced alcohols, most commonly ethanol, are produced by
the action of microorganisms and enzymes through the fermentation of
sugars or starches (easiest), or cellulose (which is more difficult).
 ethanol fuel is slightly cheaper per distance traveled in the United States.
Biodiesel:
 Is the most common biofuel in Europe
 It is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is a liquid
similar in composition to fossil/mineral diesel.
 Pure biodiesel (B100, also known as "neat" biodiesel) currently reduces
emissions with up to 60% compared to diesel Second generation B100.[23]

9. TYPES OF BIOFUELS:
Green diesel:
 is produced through hydrocracking biological oil feedstocks, such as
vegetable oils and animal fats.
 Hydrocracking is a refinery method that uses elevated temperatures
and pressure in the presence of a catalyst to break down larger
molecules, such as those found in vegetable oils, into shorter
hydrocarbon chains used in diesel engines.
Biofuel gasoline:
 In 2013 UK researchers developed a genetically modified strain of
Escherichia coli (E.Coli), which could transform glucose into biofuel
gasoline that does not need to be blended.
 It is believed that in the future it will be possible to "tweak" the genes
to make gasoline from straw or animal manure.

10. TYPES OF BIOFUELS:
Biogas:
 Biogas is methane produced by the process of anaerobic
digestion of organic material by anaerobes.
 Landfill gas, a less clean form of biogas, is produced in
landfills through naturally occurring anaerobic digestion. If it
escapes into the atmosphere, it is a potential greenhouse gas.
 Farmers can produce biogas from manure from their cattle by
using anaerobic digesters.

20. REFERENCES:
1. "What is biofuel? definition and meaning".
BusinessDictionary.com. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
2.^ Jump up to: a b "Biofuels Make a Comeback Despite Tough
Economy". Worldwatch Institute. 2011-08-31. Retrieved 2011-08-
31.
3.Jump up ^ REN21 (2011). "Renewables 2011: Global Status
Report" (PDF). pp. 13–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on
2011-09-05. Retrieved 2015-01-03.
4.Jump up ^ "Technology Roadmap, Biofuels for Transport" (PDF).
2011.
5.WIKIPEDIA…………………