This document provides an overview of biofilm formation in pathogens bacteria. It defines biofilms and describes their composition and structure. Biofilms provide bacteria advantages like increased antibiotic resistance. The document discusses where biofilms are commonly found and their role in various infectious diseases. It also reviews several studies examining biofilm formation in specific pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycobacterium avium.
Biofilm formation has been implicated in persistent tissue infections such as chronic wound infection, chronic otitis media, chronic osteomyelitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, recurrent urinary tract infection, endocarditic and cystic fibrosis-associated lung infection.They are equally resistant to various antimicrobial treatments compared to their planktonic form
It has been developed for the detection, enumeration & identification of bacteria & yeasts in clinical specimens.
It is an instrument used for automatic computer-assisted identification of bacteria
It mainly involves staining, motility test, cultural characteristics, a series of biochemical tests.
The automatic bacteria identification system automatically identifies the bacteria in very short time.
Introduction to biofilm
Examples of biofilm
Form of biofilm
Discovery of biofilm
Properties of biofilm
Composition of biofilm
Formation of biofilm
Bacterial biofilm
Impact of biofilm
Problem caused by biofilm
Uses of biofilm
Antibiotic Tolerance/Resistance Of Bacterial Biofilms
Antibiofilm approach
Control strategies of Biofilm
Biofilm formation has been implicated in persistent tissue infections such as chronic wound infection, chronic otitis media, chronic osteomyelitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, recurrent urinary tract infection, endocarditic and cystic fibrosis-associated lung infection.They are equally resistant to various antimicrobial treatments compared to their planktonic form
It has been developed for the detection, enumeration & identification of bacteria & yeasts in clinical specimens.
It is an instrument used for automatic computer-assisted identification of bacteria
It mainly involves staining, motility test, cultural characteristics, a series of biochemical tests.
The automatic bacteria identification system automatically identifies the bacteria in very short time.
Introduction to biofilm
Examples of biofilm
Form of biofilm
Discovery of biofilm
Properties of biofilm
Composition of biofilm
Formation of biofilm
Bacterial biofilm
Impact of biofilm
Problem caused by biofilm
Uses of biofilm
Antibiotic Tolerance/Resistance Of Bacterial Biofilms
Antibiofilm approach
Control strategies of Biofilm
Classification of medical parasitology Lec.2.pptxnedalalazzwy
Parasitology is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of the biology of parasites and parasitic diseases, including the distribution, biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of parasites, including the host response to these agents.
Acinetobacter: Awakening of a sleeping demonShyam Mishra
Acinetobacter is an emerging pathogen associated with several infections, in particular hospital-acquired infections. It is notorious for its multidrug resistance property. It is a great nuisance for the clinicians, microbiologists and a subject of great research for the scientists.
Classification of medical parasitology Lec.2.pptxnedalalazzwy
Parasitology is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of the biology of parasites and parasitic diseases, including the distribution, biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of parasites, including the host response to these agents.
Acinetobacter: Awakening of a sleeping demonShyam Mishra
Acinetobacter is an emerging pathogen associated with several infections, in particular hospital-acquired infections. It is notorious for its multidrug resistance property. It is a great nuisance for the clinicians, microbiologists and a subject of great research for the scientists.
JOURNAL CLUB ON CORONALLY ADVANCED FLAP vs THE POUCH TECHNIQUE COMBINED WITH ...Shilpa Shiv
CORONALLY ADVANCED FLAP vs THE POUCH TECHNIQUE COMBINED WITH A CONNECTIVE TISSUE GRAFT TO TREAT MILLER'S CLASS I GINGIVAL RECESSION, JCP 2014;41(4):387-395.
Journal Club On Subepithelial Connective Tissue GraftAssociated with Apicoec...Shilpa Shiv
Journal Club On Subepithelial Connective Tissue GraftAssociated with Apicoectomy andRoot-End Fillings in the Treatment ofDeep Localized Gingival Recession withApex Root Exposure
A presentation on what is a Medical Journal Club and its value in clinical and academic training with the headings necessary for inclusion in a PowerPoint presentation.
Also contains Hyperlinks to useful CAT sites.
There are many studies about bacterial and fungal biofilm which they were considered a very big problem now days ,because of that it was one of the most virulence factors which in turns increased resistant for antibiotics
Bacterial biofilms are complex surface attached communities of bacteria held together by self-produced polymer matrixs mainly composed of polysaccharides, secreted proteins, and extracellular DNAs
A biofilm can consist of a single microbial species or a combination of different species of bacteria, protozoa, archaea, algae, filamentous fungi, and yeast that strongly attach to each other and to biotic or abiotic surfaces
bacterial biofilm formation relies on the interaction between the bacterial cells, the substrates and the surrounding media . And the formation of bacterial biofilms is a multi-step process starting with reversible attachment to surfaces aided by intermolecular forces and hydrophobicity, and then progress to extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production which enable the cells to permanently adhere to a surface.
there are five main phases involved in the biofilm formation process:
reversible attachment
irreversible attachment
EPS production
maturation of biofilm
dispersal/detachment
Biofilms are common in the natural world.
Biofilms are a collective of one or more types of microorganisms that can grow on many different surfaces.
The vast majority of the earth’s microorganisms (99 %) live in biofilms.
Microorganisms that form biofilms include bacteria, fungi, algae and some enteric viruses.
The biofilm matrix is an important part of the biofilm containing the microbial cells, exopolysaccharides, and water.
Usually, the microbial cells in a biofilm are embedded in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) Produced by themselves which is also called Slime.
EPS contains extracellular DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides which form slime.
Microbial cells in the biofilm are different from the planktonic cells that are single cells and can float on a liquid medium.
Formation of microbial biofilms preparing by:
Assist. Lect. Aysar Ashour Khalaf
There are many studies about bacterial and fungal biofilm which they were considered a very big problem now days ,because of that it was one of the most virulence factors which in turns increased resistant for antibiotics . Bacterial biofilms are complex surface attached communities of bacteria held together by self-produced polymer matrixs mainly composed of polysaccharides, secreted proteins, and extracellular DNAs
Bacterial biofilms are complex surface attached communities of bacteria held together by self-produced polymer matrixs mainly composed of polysaccharides, secreted proteins, and extracellular DNAs
A biofilm can consist of a single microbial species or a combination of different species of bacteria, protozoa, archaea, algae, filamentous fungi, and yeast that strongly attach to each other and to biotic or abiotic surfaces
bacterial biofilm formation relies on the interaction between the bacterial cells, the substrates and the surrounding media . And the formation of bacterial biofilms is a multi-step process starting with reversible attachment to surfaces aided by intermolecular forces and hydrophobicity, and then progress to extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production which enable the cells to permanently adhere to a surface
there are five main phases involved in the biofilm formation process:
reversible attachment
irreversible attachment
EPS production
maturation of biofilm
dispersal/detachment
There are various methods to detect biofilm production like :
The microtiter plate (also called 96-well plate) assay
Tissue Culture Plate (TCP).
Tube method (TM).
Congo Red Agar method (CRA).
bioluminescent assay.
piezoelectric sensors.
fluorescent microscopic examination.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
3. CONTENT
Definition of Biofilm
History
Biofilm information
Biofilm information in vitro
Where biofilms are found?
Advantage of biofilm
Biofilm and antibiotic resistance
Dis advantage of biofilm
Biofilms and infectious diseases
References
4. DEFINITION OF BIOFILM
Biofilm: An aggregate of microbes with a distinct
architecture. A biofilm is like a tiny city in which
microbial cells, each only a micrometer or two long,
form towers that can be hundreds of micrometers
high. The "streets" between the towers are really
fluid-filled channels that bring in nutrients, oxygen
and other necessities for live biofilm communities.
The biofilm is held together and protected by a
matrix of excreted polymeric compounds called
EPS .This matrix protects the cells within it and
facilitates communication among them through
biochemical signals
Attachment by pili and etc
5. BIOFILM
Biofilms consist of:
1-microbes
2-EPS(poly sacarid--glycoprotein)
3-water(85-98%)
Biofilm can contain many different types of
microorganism, e.g. bacteria, archaea, protozoa,
fungi and algae; each group performing specialized
metabolic functions.
Fungal biofilms also frequently contaminate medical
devices. They cause chronic vaginal infections and
lead to life-threatening systemic infections in people
with hobbled immune systems
8. HOW IS BIOFILM FORMED?
Bacteria continue to grow, outer cells provide a
physical barrier to protect inner cells
surface
Planktonic bacteria, in
the presence of water, attach
to a surface.
9. BIOFILM INFORMATION IN VITRO
1_batch culture model
2_cotinuous culture model
NOTE
Study population of archie bacteria use of
coenzyme F420 and use of OR NAD and ATP
production and so
MONOCULTURE:THIS BIOFILM FORMED BY ONE
TYPE OF BACTERIA
10. . WHERE BIOFILMS ARE FOUND
. 1. on solid substratums in
contact with moisture,
2. on soft tissue surfaces in living
organisms
3. at liquid-air interfaces.
4-Biofilms form on the surface of
catheter lines and contact
lenses. They grow on
pacemakers, heart valve
replacements, artificial joints and
other surgical implants
5-Biofilms grow in hot, acidic
pools in Yellowstone National
Park (USA)
6-In industrial environments,
biofilms can develop on the
interiors of pipes
12. ADVANTAGE OF BIOFILM
Bacteria growing in a biofilm are highly resistant to antibiotics, up to
1,000 times more resistant than the same bacteria not growing in a
biofilm. Standard antibiotic therapy is often useless and the only
recourse may be to remove the contaminated implant.
One benefit of this environment is increased resistance to
detergents
Biofilms can help eliminate petroleum oil from contaminated
oceans or marine systems.
Bioreactors for water infiltration
13. BIOFILM AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Little or no effect
because the bacteria in
biofilm are in a different
Bacteriostatic
phase than most
Antibiotics
antibiotics target
Surface
14. DIS ADVANTAGE OF BIOFILM
In industrial environments, biofilms can develop on the
interiors of pipes, which can lead to clogging and corrosion. Biofilms
on floors and counters can make sanitation difficult in food
preparation areas
Infiltration of wast water
Oil industrial
Attache to hulk and reduce speed of ship
Envelope Destruction such as color and epoxi
envelopes
Reduce of heat transfer in condenser
Biological erosion
Biofoulding
Reduce speed of water in pipe
15. BIOFILMS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Biofilms have been found to be involved in a wide
variety of microbial infections in the body, by one
estimate 80% of all infections.Infectious processes
in which biofilms have been implicated include
common problems such as urinary tract infections,
catheter infections, middle-ear infections, formation
of dental plaque --gingivitis, coating contact lenses,
and less common but more lethal processes such
as endocarditis, infections in cystic fibrosis, and
infections of permanent indwelling devices such as
joint prostheses and heart valves-chronic sinusitis-
16. DENTAL PLAQUE
Dental plaque is the material that adheres to the
teeth and consists of bacterial cells (mainly
Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis),
salivary polymers and bacterial extracellular
products. Plaque is a biofilm on the surfaces of the
teeth. This accumulation of microorganisms subject
the teeth and gingival tissues to high concentrations
of bacterial metabolites which results in dental
disease
17. ROLES FOR FLAGELLAR STATORS IN BIOFILM
FORMATION BY PSEUDOMONAS AEROGINOSA
pseudomonas
aeroginosa caused
sistic fibrosis It has
only a single flagellum
Genom of bacteria
encode 2 flagellar
stators called MotAB or
the MotCD
Flagellar stator
produce energy
18. MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM
A biofilm-forming
opportunistic human
pathogen found in the
environment
Several strains have
been isolated from
AIDS patients and
others with
compromised immune
systems
19. PAST WORK
Past work on genes associated with biofilm
formation in M. avium has yielded approximately 12
genes that are up-regulated in biofilm formation.
Several of these genes are important for
glycopeptidolipid (GPL) biosynthesis, while others
play a key role in fatty acid metabolism or the citric
acid cycle.
20. CURRENT WORK
Using primers for previously identified genes
associated with biofilm formation, quantify gene
expression M. avium strains MAC A5, MAC 101,
and MAC 104 in the presence and absence of three
different antibiotics at sub-inhibitory concentrations
using Real-Time PCR.
21. GENES / GENE PRODUCTS
Biofilm genes
Glycosyl Transferase, essential for the expression
of mature GPLs.
GuaB2 (IMP dehydrogenase), catalyzes the first
reaction in GMP biosynthesis
PmmB (Phosphomannose mutase), converts D-
Mannose 1-Phosphate TO D-Mannose 6-
Phosphate
Control gene
16S RNA, not involved in biofilm formation, to be
used as a control
22. TIME COURSE OF BIOFILM FORMATION BY
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS
EPIDERMIDIS MASTITIS ISOLATES
Isolation mastitis staphylococcal
Loci gene
Isolatin with fluorescent in situ hybridisation(FISH)
TSB
Fixation by paraformaldehyde
Change in pentration by ethanol,lysostaphin
Hybridation with 16SrRNA
Probes :sta and sau
23. EFFECT OF SHEAR STRESS ON GROWTH ,ADHESION AND BIOFILM
FORMATION OF PSEUDOMONAS AEROGINOSA WITH
ANTIBIOTIC_INDUCED MORPHLOGICAL CHANGES
Effect of morphological changes and stress on
growth and attachment biofilm formation
pseudomonas aeroginosa ATCC27853
Microtitre plate assay
Effect of .5 piperacillin tazobactam imipenem
meropenem
Orbital shaking 250rpm
Decrease of attachment and biofilm information
Use of sub_mic antibiotic(minimal inhibitory
concentration)
24. BILE SALTS ENHANCE BACTERIAL CO-AGGREGATION,
BACTERIAL-INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELL
ADHESION,BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL
RESISTANCE OF BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS
bacteroides fragilis
anearobic bacteria
Bile as detergenet
Bile salt hydrolase
enzyme
bacteroides fragilis
NCTC9343
25. TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI: ULTRA STRUCTUREAL
STUDIES OF ADHESION,LYSIS AND BIOFILM
FORMATION BY SERRATIA MARCESCENS
trypanosoma cruzi
cused chagas disease
Serratia SM365
Attach by D_MANOSE
Serratia DB11
26. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ESHERICHIA COLI
PROTEIN YMGB:APROTEIN CRITICAL FOR BIOFILM
FORMATION AND ACID RESISTANCE
YMgB gene in biofilm
In richment culture of
glocose ,decrease
motolity of cellular
Resistance to acid
27. REFERENCES
1-Christian m,toutain(2007) Roles of flagellar stators in
biofilm formation by pseudomonas aeruginosa
2-Staffan kjellberg and micheal givskov(2007) the
biofilm mode of life :mechanism and adaptations
3-M.oliveira s.f nunes (2007)Time course of biofilm
formation by staphylococcus aureus and
staphylococcus epidermidis mastitis isolates
4-Daniele p.castro Sergio H.seabra (2007)
trypanosoma cruzi: ultra structureal studies of
adhesion,lysis and biofilm formation by serratia
marcescens
28. 5-Lilian pumbwe christopher A.skilbeck(2007) bile salts
enhance bacterial co-aggregation, bacterial-intestinal
epithelial cell adhesion,biofilm formation and
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