Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including millions of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms. However, species are currently going extinct at an alarming rate of around 1,500 every two months. The total economic value of biodiversity includes both use values, such as products directly consumed by humans, and non-use values, including existence and bequest values. While direct use values are easier to measure, the full value of biodiversity, including important indirect ecological services, is difficult to quantify and often not reflected in economic measures.
In this ppt, you will study about the different biographical zone of India and types of forest in India and about Indian Biodiversity with a video made by me on youtube. you can follow me here and you can see my more video on youtube.
In this ppt, you will study about the different biographical zone of India and types of forest in India and about Indian Biodiversity with a video made by me on youtube. you can follow me here and you can see my more video on youtube.
Any disturbance in an natural ecosystem tend to reduce its biodiversity.
The waste generated due to increase in human population and industrialization, spoils the environment and leads to a major imbalance and threatens the normal ecological cycle.
Biodiversity
valves of biodiversity
threats to biodiversity
conservation of biodiversity
Environment
conservation of biodiversity
types of biodiversity
threats to biodiversity
An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or bio-productivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem. there are three types of pyramid- 1) Pyramid of number.2) Pyramid of biomass 3) Pyramid of energy.
Hello. I am Kripa Thapa Magar, Public Health Professional. This slide was prepared when I was in BPH 4th semester, National Open College as an assignment of environmental health subject by compiling information from different sources.
Presentation on Basics of Ecological Pyramids. It will help in getting an overall idea about ecological pyramids in the ecosystem. Also it includes certain advantages and disadvantages of the pyramid types.
IUCN is a globally important organisation for the conservation of nature and its resources. It is well known for Red data book. the species of organisms around the globe is grouped into several categories according to their need for conservation.
Ecology is the scientific study of organisms `at home' which is called as the `environment'. The term `environment' refers to those parts of the world or the total set of circumstances which surround an organism or a group of organisms.
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
Ecological Succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over a period of time.
But, over a long period of time, the climate conditions of an ecosystem is bound to change.
No ecosystem has existed or will remain unchanged over a Geological Time Scale.
Biodiversity and its Conservation methodsNishat Fatima
Biodiversity describes the richness and variety of life on earth. It is the most complex and important feature of our planet. Without biodiversity, life would not sustain.
Biodiversity holds ecological and economic significance. It provides us with nourishment, housing, fuel, clothing and several other resources. It also extracts monetary benefits through tourism. Therefore, it is very important to have a good knowledge of biodiversity for a sustainable livelihood.
Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life. This can refer to genetic variation, species variation, or ecosystem variation. Biologists most often define biodiversity as the "totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a region".
A ppt presentation on biodiversity and it's importance and how valuable the biodiversity is for us. It shows about how can a human save the biodiversity through it's sustainable use.
Any disturbance in an natural ecosystem tend to reduce its biodiversity.
The waste generated due to increase in human population and industrialization, spoils the environment and leads to a major imbalance and threatens the normal ecological cycle.
Biodiversity
valves of biodiversity
threats to biodiversity
conservation of biodiversity
Environment
conservation of biodiversity
types of biodiversity
threats to biodiversity
An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or bio-productivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem. there are three types of pyramid- 1) Pyramid of number.2) Pyramid of biomass 3) Pyramid of energy.
Hello. I am Kripa Thapa Magar, Public Health Professional. This slide was prepared when I was in BPH 4th semester, National Open College as an assignment of environmental health subject by compiling information from different sources.
Presentation on Basics of Ecological Pyramids. It will help in getting an overall idea about ecological pyramids in the ecosystem. Also it includes certain advantages and disadvantages of the pyramid types.
IUCN is a globally important organisation for the conservation of nature and its resources. It is well known for Red data book. the species of organisms around the globe is grouped into several categories according to their need for conservation.
Ecology is the scientific study of organisms `at home' which is called as the `environment'. The term `environment' refers to those parts of the world or the total set of circumstances which surround an organism or a group of organisms.
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
Ecological Succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over a period of time.
But, over a long period of time, the climate conditions of an ecosystem is bound to change.
No ecosystem has existed or will remain unchanged over a Geological Time Scale.
Biodiversity and its Conservation methodsNishat Fatima
Biodiversity describes the richness and variety of life on earth. It is the most complex and important feature of our planet. Without biodiversity, life would not sustain.
Biodiversity holds ecological and economic significance. It provides us with nourishment, housing, fuel, clothing and several other resources. It also extracts monetary benefits through tourism. Therefore, it is very important to have a good knowledge of biodiversity for a sustainable livelihood.
Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life. This can refer to genetic variation, species variation, or ecosystem variation. Biologists most often define biodiversity as the "totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a region".
A ppt presentation on biodiversity and it's importance and how valuable the biodiversity is for us. It shows about how can a human save the biodiversity through it's sustainable use.
Biological diversity
It is that part of nature which includes the differences in genes among the individuals of a species.
Biological diversity deals with the nature’s variety in the biosphere.
Biodiversity represent the sum total of various life forms such as unicellular fungi, protozoa, bacteria and multicellular organisms such as plants, fishes and mammals at various biological levels.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. Biodiversity or biological diversity , refers to
the range of life forms on Earth.
The biosphere comprises of a complex
collection of innumerable organisms , known
as the “Biodiversity”
Which constitutes the vital life support for
the survival of human race
Includes millions of plants animals and micro
organisms ,the genes they contain and the
ecosystems of which they are a part.
3.
4. Everyday around the globe species are being
lost others are being pushed towards
extinction.
The Earth’s biodiversity is more threatened
today than any other time in the past
During last 200 million years ,100 to 1000
species became extinct in each century.
But evolution also brought forth new life forms,
replacing species that were lost.
Today we are losing about 1500 species every two
months.
5. Economically there are main two types of
values of biodiversity
They are
Use value
• Direct values
• Indirect values
• Option values
Non use value
• Bequest value- willing to pay for its existence
• Existence value – knowing its existence
6. u s u a lly m e a s u re s
o u tp u t
D ire c t u s e v a lu e s
(s tru c tu ra l v a lu e s )
u s u a lly m e a s u re s
b e n e fits /s e rv ic e s
In d ire c t u s e v a lu e s
(fu n c tio n a l v a lu e s )
O p tio n v a lu e s
U s e v a l u e s
B e q u e s t v a lu e s E x is te n c e v a lu e s
N o n - u s e v a l u e s
T o t a l E c o n o m i c V a l u e
7.
8. The value of Nature’s Products that are
consumed directly such as firewoods , fodder
and meat.
In other words the products which are
consumed directly without passing through
the market
Consumptive use value seldom appear in
National income accounts.
9. •The most important point of consumptive use is
that some rural communities closest to the
forests or other natural areas can prosper through
the sustainable harvesting of wildlife species.
•Hunting, direct-consumption (e.g. collection
of berries, mushrooms, herbs, plants) are all
“consumptive uses”
Consumptive use Values:
10. Products that are commercially harvested for
exchange in formal markets
Each species is valuable to humans.
The global collection of genes , species ,
habitats and ecosystems is a resource that
provides for human needs now.
It is also essential for human survival in the
future.
This is often the only value of biological
resources that is reflected in the income
accounts
11. Products such as animal skins,ivory,
medicinal plants,honey,beewax,fibers,
gums,ect…..,
12. It deals primarily with the functions or
ecosystems
Do not normally appear in national
accounting systems , but they may outweigh
direct values when they are computed
Reflects the value of biological diversity to
society locally or at large rather than to
individuals or corporate entities.
Direct values often derive from indirect
values because harvested species of plants
and animals are supported goods and services
provided by their environment
14. These are the indirect values of ecosystem
functions.
Such as the watershed protection,
photosynthesis,regulation or climate and
production of soil
Pollination , habitat for other species
15. Biodiversity in INDIA, particularly ,is
important for its religious,spiritual and other
cultural uses.
Many plants and animals have ritual
significance
The entire ecosystem is utilized for cultural
and spiritual purposes.
16. Among auspicious flowers offered in temples
are HIBISCUS offered to the goddess Kali
Datura flowers to siva
Gujarat Sami (Prosopis spicigera)is used in
sacrificial fires
Sacred value was attached to patches of
forest believed to be the abode of gods and
ancestors, and utilized only for prayer and
related rituals.
A network of such sacred groves is still in
evidence in some parts of India
17. Although economic arguments can be
advanced to justify the protection of
biological diversity, there are also strong
ethical arguments for doing so.
Protecting biological diversity can be
justified on ethical grounds as well as on
economic grounds.
Ethical arguments assert that humans have a
duty to protect species based on their
intrinsic value, unrelated to human needs
18. People do not have the rights to destroy
species and should take action to prevent
their extinction
The loss of one species have far-reaching
consequences to biological community and
human society.
People must learn to live within the
ecological constraints of the planet.
Must learn to minimize the environmental
damage and take responsibility for their
action
People also have responsibility to future
generations of humans to keep the Earth in
good condition.
19. Regardless of our own material self-interest ,
we should treat nature respectfully.
Enlightened self interest, arguing that
preserving biodiversity and developing our
knowledge of it will make us better and
happier people.
Nearly everyone enjoys wildlife and joy
makes our lives good lives.
A loss of biodiversity could very well limit
the creative energies of people in the future
and thus restrict the development.
20. The beauty of wildflowers in Glacier National
Park .
Hiking , canoeing and mountain climbing are
physically intellectually and emotionally
satisfying.
People spend tens of billons of dollars
annually in these pursuits, proof enough of
their value.
21. The intangible Values of biodiversity .
That is keeping options for the future and
simply knowing that certain species exist .
A species potential to provide an economic
benefit to human society at some point in
the future is its option value.
As the needs of the society change , so must
the methods of satisfying those needs.
The option value of species could be only
recently utilized by human beings
22. Health agencies and pharmaceutical
companies are making a major effort to
collect and screen species for compounds
that have the ability to fight cancer.
In some cases well known species have been
found to have exactly those properties
needed to deal with a significant human
problem
23. Non-use values – including Bequest and Existence
values, are usually always measured using some form
of CVM (contingent valuation). Cultural values may
be very important in non-use values (e.g. Lake Sevan
in Armenia)
Values may be small per person (a few dollars), but
large when aggregated (as in Armenia)
Note:
Non-use values are usually harder to “sell” to
decision makers, but
For some types of biodiversity (e.g. the panda, the
blue whale) non-use values account for almost ALL of
the economic value measured in a TEV calculation.
24. Assessing benefits and costs of protecting
biological resources provides a basis for
determining the total value of any protected
area or other system of biological resources
The value of conserving biological resources can
be considerable , conservation should be seen as
a form of economic development.
Biological resources have economic values,
investments in conservation should be judged in
economic terms.
Valuation is easiest for Direct-use values, quite
difficult for Indirect-use values, and very
difficult for Non-use values
25. The tree that lives for 50 years generates
Rs 5.3 lakhs worth of oxygen , recycles Rs
6.4 lakhs worth of fertility , facilitates
Rs.6.4 lakhs worth of soil erosion control ,
creates Rs 10.5 lakhs worth of air
pollution control , and provides Rs 5.3
lakhs worth of shelter for birds and
animals . Besides , it provides flowers ,
fruits and timber .So when one tree falls
or is felled something worth more than
Rs.33.9 lakhs is lost
26.
27. The TEV is the sum of all of these values
but in the case of biodiversity, much of
the value may lie in the Indirect Use or
Non-use portion
Includes both Use Values and Non-Use
Values
Use values include direct use (both
consumptive and non-consumptive),
indirect use, and option values
Non-use values include bequest values
and existence values
28. Remember, there are few or no economic
values that are NOT directly linked to
human uses or desires, and
People often do not understand what the
real question is.
Therefore, market-values may be poor
reflections of ecosystem values or pure
biological uniqueness!
But…
Markets and prices often drive
government and private actions!
29. Some uses or values associated with biodiversity
are impossible to measure. These may include
the following:
• Unknown genetic material
• Global life support services (an infinite
value)
• Cultural or religious values (e.g. in Hawaii,
the native Hawaiians “value” the sea and
the “aina”, the land, very highly)