The document discusses biodiversity, which refers to genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity within a region. It notes that biodiversity has declined rapidly due to human activities like habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, and climate change. This is resulting in high extinction rates, with amphibians being particularly threatened. The document outlines some strategies for biodiversity conservation, including protected areas, ex situ conservation methods, and international agreements like CITES.
This topic deals with the phenomenon of endemism and classification of endemic animals into various categories with a couple of endemic species to Indian subcontinent. This presentation is useful for the teachers teaching classes at UG and PG levels as well as for the students studying at respective classes. This is exclusively for education purpose.
What is genetic diversity? What is a gene? How is genetic diversity measured? Types of genetic variation, Evolutionary processes, Loss of genetic Variation, etc.
This topic deals with the phenomenon of endemism and classification of endemic animals into various categories with a couple of endemic species to Indian subcontinent. This presentation is useful for the teachers teaching classes at UG and PG levels as well as for the students studying at respective classes. This is exclusively for education purpose.
What is genetic diversity? What is a gene? How is genetic diversity measured? Types of genetic variation, Evolutionary processes, Loss of genetic Variation, etc.
Hello. I am Kripa Thapa Magar, Public Health Professional. This slide was prepared when I was in BPH 4th semester, National Open College as an assignment of environmental health subject by compiling information from different sources.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
2. Biodiversity term popularised by the sociobiologist
“EDWARD WILSON” in 1988
According to U. S. Office of Technology assessment
(1987) “Biological diversity is the variety and
variability among living organisms and ecological
complex in which they occur”.
Biodiversity refers to the totality of genes,
species,and ecosystem of a region or combined
diversity at all the levels of biological
organisation.
3. Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Ecosystem diversity
Genetic diversity refers to the variation of genes within species; the
variation could be in alleles(different variants of same genes),in entire genes(
trait that represent characteristics),or in chromosomal structure
Genetic diversity enables a population to adapt to its environment and to
respond to natural selection
If a species has more genetic diversity, it can adapt better to the changed
environmental condition
A amount of genetic variation is the basis of speciation(evolution of species)
4. Species diversity refers to the variety of species within a region or number
of species per unit area
Measurement of species diversity depend on species richnesss and sp
species evenness or equitablity
Species richness—number of species per unit area of
the site.Greater the species richness greater is the
species diversity.
Species evenness– number of individuals among the
species may also vary,resulting into differences in
evenness and consquently in diversity.
EXAMPLE- Fig shown below of different sample area
6. The biological wealth of our planet has been
declining rapidly and the accusing finger is clearly
pointing to human activities.
The colonasation of tropical pacific islands by
humans is said to have led to the extinction of more
than 2000 species of birds.
The IUCN RED LIST(2004) documents the extinction
of 784 species (including 338 vetebrates,359
invetebrates, 87 plants) in the last 500 years.
Example- some recent extinctions
dodo(Mauritius),quagga (Africa),steller ‘s sea cow
(Russia), and some tiger subspecies
7. The greatest threat to a species is the loss, degradation
and fragmentation of where it lives.
8. Most dramatic examples of habitat loss come from
tropical rain forests
Once covering more than 14% of the earth’s land
surface , these rain forests now cover no more than 6
%.
The Amazon rain forest ( “lungs of plannet”)
harbouring probably millions of species are being cut
and cleared for cultivatin soya bean.
The mangrove forest (“ kidney of forest”) are also
distroyed by human activities and distroyed the
habitat of microbes.
9. Human have always dependend on nature for food and
shelter,but when ‘need ‘ turns to ‘greed’, it leads to over
exploitation of natural resources. Example : --
Wood and fibre
provide basic
materials for
livelihoods
Example, illegal
logging in Ghana
10. When alien species are introduced unintensionally or
deliberately for whatever purpose, some of the turn
invasive, and cause decline or extinction of indigenous
species.
When Nile perch
introduced into lake
victoria led eventually to
the extintion of an
ecological unique
assemblage of more
than200 species of cichlid
fish in the lake.
11. During the long period( >3 billion) since the origin
and diversification of life on earth there were 5
episodes of mass extinction of species
6th extinction presently in progress different from the
previous episodes. The current species extinction rates
are estimated to be 100- 1000 times faster than the pre
human times and our activities are responsible for the
faster rate.
Three type of extinction process.
Natural extinction(change in environmental
condition)
Mass extinction( due to catastrophes)
Anthropogenic extinction( human activities)
12. Percentage threatened
13%
22%
32%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
birds mammals amphibians
Source: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,
www.iucnredlist.org
Amphibians are
a key indicator
that something is
wrong with the
environment
because they are
extremely
sensitive to
changes in the
ecosystem.
[note Threatened: in the Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN) and Critically Endangered
(CR) categories of the IUCN Red List].
13. Most people are beginning to recognise that diversity at all
levels-gene pool, species, and biotic commounity- is important
and needs to be conserved.
We have a moral duty to look after our plannet and pass it on in
a good health to our future generation.
14. In India ecologically unique and biodiversity rich regions are
legally protected as 14 biosphere reserves, 90 national parks and
448wild life sanctuaries.
Name & location Important animals found
Yellow stone national park(America) World first national park
Jim corbett National park(Nainital) Tiger, elephant (Indian first national park)
Desert national park (Jaisalmer)
Kanha national park(Mandla and
Balaghat)
Great Indian bustard , black buck,
Tiger, panter chinkara four horned deer.
15. The ex situ conservation is the protection of wild life in zoos
,botanical gardens, gene banks, ger plasm bank,seed bank and
tissue culture.
Now gametes of threatened species can be preserved in viable
and fertile condition for long periods using cryopreservation( -
196’c ) techniques, eggs can be fertilised in vitro, and plants can
be propagated usin g tissue culture methods.
There are more than 1500 botanical gardens and arboreta in the
world containing more than 80000 species.
There are more than 800 profesionally managed zoos around the
world with about 3000 species of mammals, birds,reptiles and
amphibians.
16. The Earth Summit held in 1992 at Rio de Jeneiero(Brazil)
resulted into a convention on biodiversity
Convention on International Trade In Endangered Species (CITES) -
1975. Regulated trade in living specimens and products derived from
treatened species
Endangered Species Act- Establish in 1973
ESA regulates a wide range of activities involving endangered
species:
Taking (harassing, harming, pursuing, hunting, shooting,
killing, capturing, or collecting) either accidentally, or on
purpose.
Selling
Importing into or Exporting out of the U.S.
Possessing
Transporting or Shipping