This document discusses different types of biorefineries. A biorefinery integrates processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass. Key types discussed include whole crop biorefineries that process grains and straw, lignocellulosic biorefineries that process materials like straw, green biorefineries that process wet biomass, and marine biorefineries that process algae. The biorefinery concept aims to add value to biomass use and maximize conversion efficiency to produce a variety of biobased products in a more sustainable way than petrochemical approaches.

1. BIOREFINERY

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3. BIOREFINERY
• Integrates biomass conversion processes
and equipment to produce fuels, power
and value-added chemicals from biomass.
BIOREFINING
• Sustainable processing of biomass into a
spectrum of marketable bio-based
products (food, feed, chemicals, materials)
and bioenergy (biofuels, power and heat).
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4. BIOREFINERY CONCEPT
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5. PLATFORMS PRODUCTS
FEEDSTOCK PROCESSES
CLASSIFICATION
OF
BIOREFINERY
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6. PLATFORM PRODUCTS FEEDSTOCK PROCESSES
C5 Sugars ENERGY
PRODUCTS
DEDICATED CROPS THERMO-CHEMICAL
Combustion
Oil crops
Biodiesel
C6 Sugars Bioethanol Sugar Crops Gasification
Starch Crops Pyrolysis
Biomethane
Oils Electricity Grasses Hydrothermal
Marine Biomass
Heat BIO-CHEMICAL
Syngas MATERIAL PRODUCTS Lignocellulosic biomass Fermentation
Anaerobic Digestion
Food
Biogas Animal Feed RESIDUE CHEMICAL
Fertilizer Oil Based Transesterification
Hydrogen Glycerin Lignocellulosic MECHANICAL
Polymers Pressing
Lignin Bihydrogen Organic residue Separation
Resins
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7. WHOLE CROP BIOREFINERY
• Whole crop biorefinery is based on dry or wet milling of biomass
such as cereals: rye, wheat and maize.
• First step is the mechanical separation into grain and straw fractions,
where the grain fraction is 20% and straw fraction is 80%.
• Both streams will be further processed separately.
• The grain will deliver starch. The straw (a mixture of chaff, nodes,
ears and leaves) represent the lignocellulosic feedstocks and may be
further processed in a lignocellulosic feedstock biorefinery.
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8. WHOLE CROP BIOREFINERY
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9. GREEN BIOREFINERY
The green biorefinery is based on the pressurization of wet
biomass such as green grasses (miscanthus) and green
Crops (clover) resulting in a fiber rich press cake and
nutrient rich press juice.
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10. GREEN BIOREFINERY
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11. LIGNOCELLULOSE FEEDSTOCK
BIOREFINERY
This is based on the fractionation of lignocellulosic-rich biomass
into the intermediate output streams cellulose, hemicellulose and
lignin, which can then be further processed into a portfolio of
bio-based end-products, materials, chemicals, fuels and/or heat.
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12. TWO PLATFORM BIOREFINERY
• Based on fractionation of biomass into sugar(cellulose and
hemicellulose) and lignin.
• Sugar fraction will be biochemically converted using sugar
platform into potential bio-products such as materials, chemicals
and fuels.
• Lignin fraction will be thermochemically converted using syngas
platform into syngas for the production of spectrum of bio-based
products including power and heat.
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13. THERMOCHEMICAL BIOREFINERY
• It involves torrefaction, pyrolysis, gasification and HTU or HTL
(Hydrothermal upgrading or hydrothermal liquefaction).
• Biomass derived intermediates (example char, pyrolysis oil, torrefaction
pellets, syngas, HTU- derived biocrude) could be conditioned and then
could be introduced into these existing capital-intensive infrastructures,
substituting fossil fuels and raw materials for the sustainable production of a
spectrum of conventional petrochemical products.
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14. MARINE BIOREFINERY
This is based on aquatic (micro and macro-algae) biomass.
Microalgae can be cultivated on freshwater , wastewater as well as
marine water while Macroalgae can only be cultivated on marine
water.
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15. OIL REFINERY VS BIOREFINERY
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16. BIO VS PETROCHEMICAL REFINERY
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17. OVERVIEW OF THE DIFFERENT BIOREFINERIES
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Concept Types Of
Feedstock
Predominant
Technology
Phase Of
Development
Product
Selection
Conventional
Biorefineries
Starch (Corn ,
Wheat ,Cassava)
And Sugar Crops
(Sugarcane
,Sugar Beet )
,Wood
Pre-treatment,
Chemical and
Enzymatic
Hydrolysis,
Catalysis,
Fermentation,
Fractionation,
Separation
Commercial Sugar, Starch
Oil, Dietary
Fibres, Pulp
And Paper
Whole Crop
Biorefineries
Whole Crop
(Including
Straw) Cereals
Such As Rye,
Wheat and
Maize
Dry Or Wet
milling,
Biochemical
Conversion
Pilot Plant
(and Demo )
Starch,
Ethanol,
Distiller's
Dried Grains
With Solubles
Oleochemical
Biorefineries
Oil Crops Pre-treatment,
Chemical
Catalysis,
Fractionation,
Separation
Pilot Plant,
Demo,
Commercial
Oil, Glycerin,
Cattle Feed

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Lignocellulosic
feedstock
Biorefineries
Lignocellulosic
-rich Biomass:
E.g. Straw,
Chaff ,Reed
,Miscanthus,
Wood
Pre-
treatment,
Chemical and
Enzymatic
Hydrolysis ,
Catalysis ,
Fermentation,
Separation
R & D/Pilot
Plant,Demo
Cellulose ,
Hemicellulose
s , Lignin
Green
biorefineries
Wet biomass:
Green Crops
And Leaves
such as Grass,
Clover, Sugar
And Beet Leaf
Pre-treatment,
Pressing,
Fractionation,
Separation,
Digestion
Pilot Plant
(And R&D)
Proteins ,
Amino Acid ,
Lactic Acid,
Fibres
Marine
biorefineries
Aquatic
biomass:
Micro-algae
and Macro-
algae
(seaweed )
Cell
Disruption,
Product
Extraction And
Separation
R&D , Pilot
Plant And
Demo
Oils,
Carbohydrates
, Vitamins

19. FIRST BIOREFINERY IN INDIA
• Union Minister for Transport and Highway Nitin Gadkari inaugurated
the country's first biorefinery plant situated at Rahu in pune district .
• This plant can produce 1 million liters of ethanol per annum by
processing of biomass.
• The refinery paves the way for a 20% increase in ethanol blending
programme and can reduce the import burden of crude petroleum.
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20. BIOREFINERY: THE CENTER OF
CIRCULAR ECONOMY
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21. SWOT ANALYSIS
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Strength
•Adding Value To The Use Of Biomass
•Maximizing Biomass Conversion Efficiency
Minimizing Raw Material Requirements
•Production Of A Spectrum Of Bio-based
Products (Food, Feed, Materials, Chemicals)
And Bioenergy (Fuels, Power And / Or Heat)
Feeding Entire Bioeconomy
•Biorefinery Is Not New, It Builds On
Agriculture, Food And Forestry Industries.
Weakness
•Broad Undefined And Unclassified Area
•Most Promising Biorefinery
Processes/Concepts Not Clear
•Studying And Concept Development
Instead Of Real Market Implementation
•Variability Of Quality And Energy Density
Of Biomass

22. Opportunities
•Biorefineries Can Make A Significant
Contribution To Sustainable
Development
•Challenging National And Global Policy
Goals, International Focus On
Sustainable Use Of Biomass For The
Production Of Bioenergy
•Strengthening Of The Economic
Position Of Various Market Sectors (E.G.
Agriculture, Forestry, Chemical And
Energy)
•Strong Demand From Brand Owners
For Biobased Chemicals
Threats
•Economic Change And Volatility In
Fossil Fuel Prices
•(High) Investment Capital For Pilot And
Demo Initiatives Difficult To Find, And
Undepreciated Existing Industrial
Infrastructure
•Changing Governmental Policies
•Questioning Of Food/Feed/Fuels
(Indirect Land Use Competition) And
Sustainability Of Biomass Production
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23. BRANDS BREAKING PLASTIC ADDICTION
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Plastics used in the display frame are made with
28% biobased content.
Packaging consist of biobased ,low carbon, and
green fibre bottle.
LEGO invests one billion DKK in R&D and
implementation of new, sustainable, raw materials
to manufacture LEGO elements as well as packaging
materials.
Encourages broader adoption of renewables as part
of their effort to control absolute emission.
Raw materials of natural origin are preferred ,with
percentages of natural ingredients between 70%
and 100%.
Prefers green composites for replacing plastics.

24. CONCLUSION
• The biorefinery concept overcomes problems arising from the
generation of residues by giving them new value.
• A significant increase in profitability and competitiveness over
petrochemical equivalents will be achieved –
By deriving greater efficiency from generating multiple-products.
By reduction in dependency on food crops by using a broader
range of biomass resources .
By creating value in something which initially lacked any such
value.
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