textual macroestructure

1. TEXTUAL MACROESTRUCTURE
BR:
Rafael Marcano
Porlamar, Novenber 2015

2. OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL
PRODUCTION FROM SUNFLOWER OIL
USE OF RESPONSE SURFACE
METHODOLOGY

3. Macroposicion
The biodiesel produced by trans
esterification of triglycerides with alcohol, is
the new form of energy that has attracted
the attention of many researchers
because of several advantages
associated with their use.

4. The exponential growth of the world
population would ultimately lead to
increasing energy demand in the world.
Both resource scarcity and rising price of
gasoline has led to the results of the new
alternative and renewable energy sources
[1]. The biodiesel is defined as a fuel
composed of monoal kylesters
long chain fatty acids derived from
vegetable oils or animal fats

5.  [2]. Non-toxic, available biodegradable and
has a high heat value, high oxygen content
(10 to11%) and does not contain sulfur and
aromatics.
[3]. Biodiesel is aplant derived product, and it
contains oxygen in its molecule, making it a
cleaner burning fuel than petrol and Diesel

6. [4]. Several studies have showed that
biodiesel is a better fuel than fossil-based diesel
in terms of engine performance, emissions
reduction, lubricity, and environmental
benefits.
Vegetable oil is one of the renewable fuels
which have become more attractive recently
because of its environmental benefits and the
fact that it is made from renewable resources
[8].Vegetable oil has too high a viscosity for
use in most existing Diesel engines as a straight
replacement fuel oil.

7. Microposición
Experiments and Methods
Several types of oils can be used for production
of biodiesels. The most common types of oils are
sunflower oil. The batch reaction kinetic
experiments were employed to optimize various
parameters in the production of the methyl
esters. The trans esterification reactions are
performed in various conditions to determine
the optimum conditions of trans esterification.

8. Response surface methodology was
successfully applied for trans esterification of
methanol. The high regression coefficients of the
second order polynomial showed that the
model was well fitted to the experimental data.
The ANOVA implied that molar ratio of alcohol
to oil; reaction temperature and concentration
of catalyst have the great significant factor
affecting the yield of biodiesel.

9. At the optimum condition we can reach to
yield of 98.181%.
The methyl ester which produced at optimum
conditions has acceptable properties and
compared well with petro-diesel. It has lower
sulfur, carbon residue and acid number than
petro-diesel, but kinematic viscosity, cetane
number and heating value of petro-diesel is
some better relative to biodiesel. Finally, we can
conclude which biodiesel will be a suitable
alternative for replacement of petro-diesel
without any modification in engine.