This document presents information on biocatalysis and enzyme immobilization. It introduces biocatalysis as using biological systems like enzymes to accelerate chemical reactions. It discusses factors that affect enzyme activity such as concentration, temperature, and pH. It also describes different types of biocatalysts including oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, and isomerases. The document then explains enzyme immobilization, how it protects enzymes and allows for reuse, and some applications for immobilized enzymes in producing antibiotics, steroids, amino acids, and organic acids.

1. Presented by-
Name- Jubair Sikdar
Roll no-04
M. Pharm 2nd semester
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
NETES Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mirza
BIOCATALYSIS

2. CONTENTS
Introduction of Biocatalysis.
Factors affecting the catalytic activity of enzymes
Types of Biocatalyst
Introducation of Enzyme Immobilization
Application of Enzyme Immobilization

3. Introduction
• Biocatalysis refers to the use of living (biological) systems or their
parts to speed up chemical reactions.
• In biocatalytic processes, natural catalysts, such as enzymes,
perform chemical transformations on organic compounds.
• Utilizing natural or modified enzymes to perform organic synthesis
is termed chemoenzymatic synthesis; the reactions performed by
the enzyme are classified as chemoenzymatic reactions.

4. Factors affecting the catalytic activity of
enzymes
• Enzyme Concentration: Product concentration increases with the
increase of enzyme concentration.
• Substrate Concentration: The amount of enzyme is kept constant and
the substrate concentration is then gradually increased, the reaction
velocity will increase until reach maximum.
• Effect of inhibitors on Enzyme Activity: Enzyme inhibitors are
substances which alter the catalytic action of the enzyme.
• Temperature: Enzyme catalysed reaction increases as the temperature
is raised.

5. • Effects of pH: The pH at which the enzyme is most active is known as
optimal pH.
Types of Biocatalyst
Oxidoreductases: Catalyze oxidation/reduction reactions.
For example, alcohol dehydrogenase converts primary alcohols to
aldehydes.

6. • Transferases: Transfer a functional group. alanine aminotransferase
shuffles the alpha-amino group between alanine and aspartate.
• Hydrolases: Catalyze the hydrolysis of various bonds. For example,
phosphatases break the oxygen-phosphorus bond of phosphate esters.

7. Lyases: Formation or removal of a double bond with group transfer. For
example: Dehydratases remove water, as in fumarase (fumarate
hydratase).
Isomerases: Catalyze isomerization changes within a single
molecule(Rearrangements). For example, triose phosphate isomerase, carry
out these rearrangements

8. Kinase: This enzyme in the body attaches a phosphate group
to a high energy bond. It is a very important enzyme required
for ATP production and activation of certain re-enzymes.

9. Enzyme Immobilization:
Enzyme immobilization may be defined as a process of confining the enzyme
molecules to a solid support over which a substrate is passed and converted to
products.
Immobilized Enzyme:
An immobilized enzyme is one whose movement in space has been restricted
either completely or to a small limited region.
Why Immobilize Enzyme:
• Protection from degradation and deactivation.
• Re-use of enzymes for many reaction cycles, lowering the total production
cost of enzyme mediated reactions.
• Ability to stop the reaction rapidly by removing the enzyme from the
reaction solution.
• Enhanced stability.

10. • Easy separation of the enzyme from the product.
• Product is not contaminated with the enzyme.
Applications:
Antibiotics Production:
Immobilized enzymes are used to produce 6-aminopenicillin acid,
penicillin, cephalosporin.
Steroid Production:
Synthesis of hydrocortisone and prednisolone.
Amino Acid Production:
Immobilized Amino acid acylase is used to resolute DL amino acid.
the production of L-aspartic acid, L- tryptophan and L-alanine, L-
DOPA (B-tyrosinase)

11. Acids Production :
Acetic acid, Citric acid, L-Malic acid, 2-ketogluconicacid and 12-
ketochenodeoxycholic acid.

12. REFERENCES
1. Rajesh G. and Sujitha P: Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Pee Vee
Publication, Page:3-9
2. Geore M.W. and Chi-Hueng W. (1983), Enzyme as Catalysts in organic
synthesis, Aldrichimiea Acta 16(2), 27-34.
3. Biocatalysis for Organic Synthesis-
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347973497

13. OPEN TO DISCUSSION

14. THANK YOU