This document discusses the applications of microbial biotechnology in civil and environmental engineering. It begins with an introduction to microbial biotechnology and its importance. It then discusses various applications like using microbes to produce construction materials like biocement and bioconcrete. It also discusses using microbes to improve soil properties in geotechnical engineering and their role in self-healing concrete. Additionally, it addresses microbial impacts on indoor air quality and biodeterioration of buildings. It concludes that microbial biotechnology can help remediate environmental pollution and sees potential for further development and applications in the future.
Calcite-forming bacteria can be used in bioremediation and biocementation. These bacteria form calcite minerals in the presence of calcium ions through metabolic processes like ureolysis, denitrification, and sulfate reduction. This calcite formation can remediate cracks in buildings and sequester carbon dioxide by catalyzing the hydration of CO2 into bicarbonate. The calcite produced by these bacteria can also immobilize heavy metals by incorporating the metals into insoluble forms, providing a method to detoxify environmental heavy metal pollution.
Biocement is produced through microbial activity of organisms like Bacillus pasteurii. When calcium ions and urea are available, these organisms metabolize urea through ureolysis which increases pH and precipitates calcium carbonate to form biogenic cement. This process of microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation can be used to produce construction materials or remediate cracks through self-healing. Biocrete produced through this process exhibits advantages like reduced CO2 emissions, increased strength, and ability to self-heal cracks compared to ordinary cement. However, successful commercialization requires overcoming challenges like dependence on environmental conditions and high costs of culture media.
This study examined the effect of two bacteria - Bacillus sphaericus and Sporosarcina pasteurii - on cement composites. The bacteria were added to cement paste, mortar, and concrete at a concentration of 106 cells/ml. Compressive strength was found to increase by 39.8% and 33.07% for paste, 50% and 28.2% for mortar, and 18.3% and 12.2% for concrete when using the two bacterial strains respectively. SEM and XRD analysis revealed the presence of calcium carbonate precipitated by the bacterial activity, which improved the strength and durability of the cement composites.
A study on effect of bacteria on cement compositeseSAT Journals
Abstract
Crack is commonly observed failure in the case of concrete. Crack may develop due to addition of excess of water to during mixing of
concrete, or may be due to shrinkage and creep. In the present study, crack healing and improvement of physical properties of cement
paste, mortar and concrete are studied. It is done by the addition of bacterial strains namely Bacillus Sphaericus and Sporosarcina
Pastuerii. It is found that these bacteria when added at 106 concentration of cells/ml of water to cement composites increased by about
39.8% and 33.07% in paste. There is an increment of 50% and 28.2% in mortar for two bacterial strains. The strength increment is
found to be 18.3% and 12.2% for Bacillus Sphaericus and Sporosarcina Pastuerii respectively for concrete. Ultrasonic pulse velocity
of the bacterial concrete was in line with conventional concrete. SEM and XRD images revealed presence of CaCO3 produced
microbially. There is overall improvement in the bacterial composites compared to conventional composites.
Keywords: Bacillus Sphaericus, Sporosarcina Pastuerii Bacteria, Crack, Concentration, and Calcite.
A study on effect of bacteria on cement compositeseSAT Journals
This study examined the effect of two bacteria - Bacillus sphaericus and Sporosarcina pasteurii - on cement composites. The bacteria were added to cement paste, mortar, and concrete at a concentration of 106 cells/ml. Compressive strength was found to increase by 39.8% and 33.07% for paste, 50% and 28.2% for mortar, and 18.3% and 12.2% for concrete when using the two bacterial strains respectively. SEM and XRD analysis revealed the presence of calcium carbonate precipitated by the bacterial activity, which improved the strength and durability of the cement composites.
Bio Cement An Eco Friendly Construction Materialpratika rane
Biocement is produced through a process called microbial induced carbonate precipitation, which uses microorganisms to precipitate calcium carbonate. Bacillus pasteurii bacteria are mixed with a urea/calcium solution which is then injected into sand, where the bacteria metabolize urea and induce calcium carbonate mineralization over 24 hours. Biocement requires less energy and emissions to produce than ordinary cement and increases compressive strength while helping to remediate cracks in buildings and regain strength within 28 days. However, further studies are needed to optimize ingredients and assess long-term efficacy and feasibility compared to chemical methods.
Assessments of Soil Properties by Using Bacterial Culture.ijiert bestjournal
In recent years high rapid development of infrastructures in metro cities of useful land and compelled the engineers to improve the properties of soil to be the load transferred by the i nfrastructure,ex:Buildings,bridges,roadways etc. The soil improvement is continuously increasing using different methods t o improve the mechanical properties of different type of soil,such as black cotton,red alluvial,murum and sand. The methods of treating soil with chemical and cement grout are used widely in geotechnical projects. T he chemical and cement utilized alter the subsurface pH level and hinders groundwater flow. To overcome their effe ct,more sustainable method is the need of the hour. Hence,an attempt has been made to use of microorganisms,nutrients,and biological processes naturally present in subsurface soils to improve the engineering pr operties of soil in sustainable way. The calcite precipitation was achieved using the microorganism BacillusPasteuri i(NCIB8841 or NCIM2477),an aerobic bacterium pervasive in natural soil deposits.
The document presents a study on bacterial concrete conducted at Savitribai Phule Pune University. It introduces bacterial concrete as a self-healing concrete that can sense crack formation and heal itself without human intervention by biologically producing limestone. The study evaluated the mechanical properties of bacterial concrete with different percentages of bacteria added. Tests conducted included compressive strength, SEM, and flexural tests on samples containing E. coli and Bacillus subtilis bacteria at 7, 14, and 28 days. Results showed up to 23% increase in compressive strength and 26% increase in flexural strength for bacterial concrete compared to normal concrete. Future challenges discussed were improving efficiency in carbonated environments and varying environmental conditions. The conclusion was that microbial
Calcite-forming bacteria can be used in bioremediation and biocementation. These bacteria form calcite minerals in the presence of calcium ions through metabolic processes like ureolysis, denitrification, and sulfate reduction. This calcite formation can remediate cracks in buildings and sequester carbon dioxide by catalyzing the hydration of CO2 into bicarbonate. The calcite produced by these bacteria can also immobilize heavy metals by incorporating the metals into insoluble forms, providing a method to detoxify environmental heavy metal pollution.
Biocement is produced through microbial activity of organisms like Bacillus pasteurii. When calcium ions and urea are available, these organisms metabolize urea through ureolysis which increases pH and precipitates calcium carbonate to form biogenic cement. This process of microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation can be used to produce construction materials or remediate cracks through self-healing. Biocrete produced through this process exhibits advantages like reduced CO2 emissions, increased strength, and ability to self-heal cracks compared to ordinary cement. However, successful commercialization requires overcoming challenges like dependence on environmental conditions and high costs of culture media.
This study examined the effect of two bacteria - Bacillus sphaericus and Sporosarcina pasteurii - on cement composites. The bacteria were added to cement paste, mortar, and concrete at a concentration of 106 cells/ml. Compressive strength was found to increase by 39.8% and 33.07% for paste, 50% and 28.2% for mortar, and 18.3% and 12.2% for concrete when using the two bacterial strains respectively. SEM and XRD analysis revealed the presence of calcium carbonate precipitated by the bacterial activity, which improved the strength and durability of the cement composites.
A study on effect of bacteria on cement compositeseSAT Journals
Abstract
Crack is commonly observed failure in the case of concrete. Crack may develop due to addition of excess of water to during mixing of
concrete, or may be due to shrinkage and creep. In the present study, crack healing and improvement of physical properties of cement
paste, mortar and concrete are studied. It is done by the addition of bacterial strains namely Bacillus Sphaericus and Sporosarcina
Pastuerii. It is found that these bacteria when added at 106 concentration of cells/ml of water to cement composites increased by about
39.8% and 33.07% in paste. There is an increment of 50% and 28.2% in mortar for two bacterial strains. The strength increment is
found to be 18.3% and 12.2% for Bacillus Sphaericus and Sporosarcina Pastuerii respectively for concrete. Ultrasonic pulse velocity
of the bacterial concrete was in line with conventional concrete. SEM and XRD images revealed presence of CaCO3 produced
microbially. There is overall improvement in the bacterial composites compared to conventional composites.
Keywords: Bacillus Sphaericus, Sporosarcina Pastuerii Bacteria, Crack, Concentration, and Calcite.
A study on effect of bacteria on cement compositeseSAT Journals
This study examined the effect of two bacteria - Bacillus sphaericus and Sporosarcina pasteurii - on cement composites. The bacteria were added to cement paste, mortar, and concrete at a concentration of 106 cells/ml. Compressive strength was found to increase by 39.8% and 33.07% for paste, 50% and 28.2% for mortar, and 18.3% and 12.2% for concrete when using the two bacterial strains respectively. SEM and XRD analysis revealed the presence of calcium carbonate precipitated by the bacterial activity, which improved the strength and durability of the cement composites.
Bio Cement An Eco Friendly Construction Materialpratika rane
Biocement is produced through a process called microbial induced carbonate precipitation, which uses microorganisms to precipitate calcium carbonate. Bacillus pasteurii bacteria are mixed with a urea/calcium solution which is then injected into sand, where the bacteria metabolize urea and induce calcium carbonate mineralization over 24 hours. Biocement requires less energy and emissions to produce than ordinary cement and increases compressive strength while helping to remediate cracks in buildings and regain strength within 28 days. However, further studies are needed to optimize ingredients and assess long-term efficacy and feasibility compared to chemical methods.
Assessments of Soil Properties by Using Bacterial Culture.ijiert bestjournal
In recent years high rapid development of infrastructures in metro cities of useful land and compelled the engineers to improve the properties of soil to be the load transferred by the i nfrastructure,ex:Buildings,bridges,roadways etc. The soil improvement is continuously increasing using different methods t o improve the mechanical properties of different type of soil,such as black cotton,red alluvial,murum and sand. The methods of treating soil with chemical and cement grout are used widely in geotechnical projects. T he chemical and cement utilized alter the subsurface pH level and hinders groundwater flow. To overcome their effe ct,more sustainable method is the need of the hour. Hence,an attempt has been made to use of microorganisms,nutrients,and biological processes naturally present in subsurface soils to improve the engineering pr operties of soil in sustainable way. The calcite precipitation was achieved using the microorganism BacillusPasteuri i(NCIB8841 or NCIM2477),an aerobic bacterium pervasive in natural soil deposits.
The document presents a study on bacterial concrete conducted at Savitribai Phule Pune University. It introduces bacterial concrete as a self-healing concrete that can sense crack formation and heal itself without human intervention by biologically producing limestone. The study evaluated the mechanical properties of bacterial concrete with different percentages of bacteria added. Tests conducted included compressive strength, SEM, and flexural tests on samples containing E. coli and Bacillus subtilis bacteria at 7, 14, and 28 days. Results showed up to 23% increase in compressive strength and 26% increase in flexural strength for bacterial concrete compared to normal concrete. Future challenges discussed were improving efficiency in carbonated environments and varying environmental conditions. The conclusion was that microbial
Bacteria-based self-healing concrete uses dormant calcium-precipitating bacteria encapsulated during mixing. When cracks form and water enters, the bacteria activate, metabolize nutrients, and precipitate calcium carbonate to seal cracks. Testing shows bacterial concrete has higher strength and crack-healing ability compared to normal concrete. While increasing durability, applications in construction could lower costs and improve sustainability over time. Further research is still needed to optimize the technology for practical and economic feasibility at scale.
1. The document discusses self-healing concrete, also known as bio-concrete, which uses bacteria to autonomously repair cracks in concrete.
2. The bacteria and nutrients used to produce calcium carbonate are embedded in expanded clay pellets distributed throughout the concrete mix. When cracks form and water enters, the pellets rupture, releasing the bacteria which metabolize the nutrients to precipitate calcium carbonate and seal the cracks.
3. Experiments found this bacterial self-healing method could fully heal cracks up to 0.5mm wide by producing calcium carbonate through the bacteria's metabolic activity. This self-healing improved the concrete's water tightness and durability.
This document discusses various types of bioremediation techniques used to clean up contaminated soil and groundwater. It defines bioremediation as using living microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants or prevent pollution. The two main types of bioremediation are in situ, which treats contaminants in place, and ex situ, which involves removing contaminated material to be treated elsewhere. Specific techniques discussed include bioaugmentation, bioslurping, biosparging, natural attenuation, bioventing, and biostimulation. The advantages and limitations of bioremediation are also summarized.
Development of an experimental rig for bioremediation studiesAlexander Decker
The document describes the development of an experimental rig for bioremediation studies using indigenous technology. Key details include:
- The rig consists of various units like air pretreatment, fixed bed bioreactors, volatile organic compound traps, air flow meter, and carbon dioxide traps.
- Components were sized, designed, and fabricated locally at low cost. Testing showed the rig effectively degraded 75% of oil and grease from contaminated soil over 10 weeks.
- The rig was used to study bioremediation of soil contaminated with spent motor oil in 6 treatments with various additives over room temperature.
The document provides an overview of biocement production using microalgae. It discusses that microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that can induce calcium carbonate precipitation through their physiological activities like cyanobacteria. Microalgae utilize urea using urease or urea amidolyase enzyme, making them a potential candidate for biocement production through biocementation. The document reviews the process of biocementation, types of microorganisms involved in calcium carbonate precipitation including cyanobacteria, sulfate reducing bacteria, and bacteria in the nitrogen cycle. It highlights that while most research uses urease producing bacteria, microalgae remain underexplored and show promise for further development in biocement production.
Bioconcrete as a sustainable construction materialMuhammed Abbas
This document summarizes a seminar presentation about bioconcrete as a sustainable construction material. Bioconcrete is a type of self-healing concrete that uses bacteria to seal cracks in concrete. It is composed of regular concrete ingredients along with bacterial spores and a nutrient. When cracks form, the spores activate, consume the nutrient, and precipitate minerals to fill the cracks. This extends the lifespan of concrete structures and reduces maintenance costs, providing environmental and economic benefits. The bacteria most suitable for this are spore-forming Bacillus species that can survive in the highly alkaline environment of concrete. Bioconcrete shows promise as a more sustainable alternative to traditional concrete.
Bioremediation is a process that uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in various media like water, soil, and subsurface materials. There are three main types of bioremediation: biostimulation adds nutrients to stimulate microbial growth; bioaugmentation adds specialized microbes to sites where indigenous microbes cannot fully degrade contaminants; and intrinsic bioremediation relies on natural microbial attenuation in soils and waters. Bioremediation depends on microbial metabolism, where microbes use contaminants for energy and building cell materials through catabolic and anabolic processes.
Bio concrete is a type of self-healing concrete that uses bacteria and their byproducts to seal cracks in concrete over time. It contains bacteria in dormant spores and chemical precursors that activate the bacteria. When water enters cracks, it activates the precursors and bacteria, which metabolize to form minerals like calcium carbonate that fill the cracks. This process allows the concrete to self-heal repeated cracking and potentially last much longer than traditional concrete.
The document summarizes bioconcrete, a type of self-healing concrete that uses bacteria and chemical precursors. Bioconcrete contains special bacteria like Bacillus pseudofirmus and Bacillus cohnii that can survive in the alkaline concrete environment. These bacteria are mixed with a chemical precursor like calcium lactate. When cracks form in the concrete, the bacteria metabolize the precursor and precipitate minerals that fill the cracks, healing them. This self-healing property extends the lifespan and durability of concrete structures by preventing corrosion and further cracking. While more expensive initially, bioconcrete reduces maintenance costs and provides a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional epoxy crack fillers.
Cracks in concrete are inevitable and are one of the inherent weaknesses of concrete. Water and other salts seep through these cracks, corrosion initiates, and thus reduces the life of concrete. So there was a need to develop an inherent biomaterial, a self - repairing material which can remediate the cracks and fissures in concrete. Bacterial concrete is a material, which can successfully remediate cracks in concrete. This technique is highly desirable because the mineral precipitation induced as a result of microbial activities is pollution free and natural. As the cell wall of bacteria is anionic, metal accumulation (calcite) on the surface of the wall is substantial, thus the entire cell becomes crystalline and they eventually plug the pores and cracks in concrete. This paper discusses the plugging of artificially cracked cement mortar using Bacillus Pasteurii bacteria combined with sand as a filling material in artificially made cuts in cement mortar which was cured in urea and Calcium chloride medium. The effect on the compressive strength and stiffness of the cement mortar cubes due to the mixing of bacteria is also discussed in this paper. It was found that use of bacteria improves the stiffness and compressive strength of concrete. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to document the role of bacteria in microbiologically induced mineral precipitation. Rod like impressions were found on the face of calcite crystals indicating the presence of bacteria in those places.
In this study, bacterial concrete is to be prepared under grade of concrete OPC 43.The design mix proportioning also carried under IS code provision. Testing of specimens are carried at 7 days ,14 days and 28 days of curing by Compression Testing Machine and Universal Testing Machine for corresponding specimens. The Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength of Bacterial Concrete are found.
concrete is widely used around the world. the consumption rate of cement of a country gives the development rate of the country. hence concrete is used in most of the construction works. concrete tends to crack when there is air voids etc. this ill further corrode the reinforcement and cause in destruction of the structure. bio concrete is a type of concrete hat will help in closing those cracks by itself.
This document discusses bioremediation of contaminated soils. It defines bioremediation as using microorganisms or their enzymes to degrade soil contaminants like heavy metals, pesticides, and hydrocarbons. Two main types are discussed - intrinsic bioremediation which uses native microbes, and engineered bioremediation which introduces microbes. Engineered techniques include biostimulation to improve conditions for native microbes, bioventing to add oxygen, and bioaugmentation to add specific degrading microbes. The document provides details on various bioremediation processes and criteria for their effective use.
The present case sudy is about the upcoming marine structures and methods to deal with the deterioration of structures with the help of bacterial injection in concrete.
Self healing matrix formed by the bacteria excreates calcium components to heal concrete
BIOCEMENTATION FOR SAND USING WASTE (CONTAIN CALCIUM SOURCE)Aniket Pateriya
The concept of using biological process in soil improvement through bio-cementation of soil improvement technique has shown influences to change main geotechnical properties of soil in effective manner. This paper presents a review on the soil improvement by Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) using calcium source obtain from waste having large extent of calcium chemical class present in its own matrix like egg shell, lime stone obtain from stone query. Improvements in the engineering properties of soil such as strength, stiffness and permeability as evaluated in various studies were discover. Potential applications of the process in geotechnical engineering and the challenges of eco-friendly mean of construction of soil stabilization method is identified.
This document discusses bioremediation of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) compounds. It provides background on what BTEX are, how they enter the environment, their health effects, and what bioremediation is. It then describes different bioremediation techniques for BTEX including in situ bioremediation approaches like intrinsic and engineered bioremediation. Key factors that affect bioremediation success like nutrients, moisture, temperature, and electron acceptors are explained. Advantages and disadvantages of in situ bioremediation are summarized. The role of different microbes and electron acceptors in the biodegradation process is also outlined.
This document discusses bacterial concrete as a self-remediating material where microorganisms like Bacillus pasteurii are added to concrete to continuously precipitate calcite to fill cracks. The process is called Microbiologically Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICCP). Several studies on MICCP and bacterial concrete are referenced from 2001-2009. The methodology involves casting concrete beams, inducing cracks, injecting bacteria, curing in different media, and testing compressive strength over time. Bacillus pasteurii is used to precipitate calcite to repair cracks through bacterial action and improve strength.
This document discusses bacterial concrete as a self-remediating material where microorganisms like Bacillus pasteurii are added to concrete to continuously precipitate calcite to fill cracks. The process is called Microbiologically Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICCP). Several studies on MICCP and bacterial concrete are referenced from 2001-2009. The methodology discusses casting concrete beams, inducing cracks, injecting Bacillus pasteurii, curing in different media, and testing compressive strength over time. The goal is to repair cracks through bacterial action and study the repairing effect.
The document discusses bio concrete, which is a type of self-healing concrete that uses bacteria to seal cracks as they form. It contains special bacteria that remain dormant until cracks appear and water activates them. The bacteria then metabolize chemical precursors in the concrete and precipitate minerals that fill the cracks. This allows the concrete to essentially heal itself and extend its lifespan without needing repair. The main components of bio concrete are bacteria that can withstand the alkaline concrete environment and chemical precursors to trigger bacterial activity. When water enters cracks, it activates the precursors and bacteria, which precipitate minerals like calcium carbonate to fill the cracks over time.
This document describes research on isolating and characterizing bacteria for use in self-healing concrete. Bacillus subtilis strain BH3 was found to be most effective at precipitating calcite via its urease enzyme activity. Experiments optimized growth conditions like temperature (35°C) and urea concentration (5%). BH3 was mixed with concrete cracks at cell concentrations of 104-106 CFU/ml along with calcium lactate and silica gel. This resulted in autogenous crack healing through bacterial calcite precipitation.
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES TOWARDS WATER WASTE MANAGEMENT saadmughal1271
This document discusses various biotechnological approaches for wastewater treatment, including engineered biosorbents for heavy metal removal, displaying metal binding peptides on microorganisms, and designing strains for enhanced biodegradation. It describes common wastewater treatment processes like the trickling filter, activated sludge process, and anaerobic digestion. Finally, it discusses using these biotechnological methods to treat wastewater from textile and desiccated coconut industries.
Bacteria-based self-healing concrete uses dormant calcium-precipitating bacteria encapsulated during mixing. When cracks form and water enters, the bacteria activate, metabolize nutrients, and precipitate calcium carbonate to seal cracks. Testing shows bacterial concrete has higher strength and crack-healing ability compared to normal concrete. While increasing durability, applications in construction could lower costs and improve sustainability over time. Further research is still needed to optimize the technology for practical and economic feasibility at scale.
1. The document discusses self-healing concrete, also known as bio-concrete, which uses bacteria to autonomously repair cracks in concrete.
2. The bacteria and nutrients used to produce calcium carbonate are embedded in expanded clay pellets distributed throughout the concrete mix. When cracks form and water enters, the pellets rupture, releasing the bacteria which metabolize the nutrients to precipitate calcium carbonate and seal the cracks.
3. Experiments found this bacterial self-healing method could fully heal cracks up to 0.5mm wide by producing calcium carbonate through the bacteria's metabolic activity. This self-healing improved the concrete's water tightness and durability.
This document discusses various types of bioremediation techniques used to clean up contaminated soil and groundwater. It defines bioremediation as using living microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants or prevent pollution. The two main types of bioremediation are in situ, which treats contaminants in place, and ex situ, which involves removing contaminated material to be treated elsewhere. Specific techniques discussed include bioaugmentation, bioslurping, biosparging, natural attenuation, bioventing, and biostimulation. The advantages and limitations of bioremediation are also summarized.
Development of an experimental rig for bioremediation studiesAlexander Decker
The document describes the development of an experimental rig for bioremediation studies using indigenous technology. Key details include:
- The rig consists of various units like air pretreatment, fixed bed bioreactors, volatile organic compound traps, air flow meter, and carbon dioxide traps.
- Components were sized, designed, and fabricated locally at low cost. Testing showed the rig effectively degraded 75% of oil and grease from contaminated soil over 10 weeks.
- The rig was used to study bioremediation of soil contaminated with spent motor oil in 6 treatments with various additives over room temperature.
The document provides an overview of biocement production using microalgae. It discusses that microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that can induce calcium carbonate precipitation through their physiological activities like cyanobacteria. Microalgae utilize urea using urease or urea amidolyase enzyme, making them a potential candidate for biocement production through biocementation. The document reviews the process of biocementation, types of microorganisms involved in calcium carbonate precipitation including cyanobacteria, sulfate reducing bacteria, and bacteria in the nitrogen cycle. It highlights that while most research uses urease producing bacteria, microalgae remain underexplored and show promise for further development in biocement production.
Bioconcrete as a sustainable construction materialMuhammed Abbas
This document summarizes a seminar presentation about bioconcrete as a sustainable construction material. Bioconcrete is a type of self-healing concrete that uses bacteria to seal cracks in concrete. It is composed of regular concrete ingredients along with bacterial spores and a nutrient. When cracks form, the spores activate, consume the nutrient, and precipitate minerals to fill the cracks. This extends the lifespan of concrete structures and reduces maintenance costs, providing environmental and economic benefits. The bacteria most suitable for this are spore-forming Bacillus species that can survive in the highly alkaline environment of concrete. Bioconcrete shows promise as a more sustainable alternative to traditional concrete.
Bioremediation is a process that uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in various media like water, soil, and subsurface materials. There are three main types of bioremediation: biostimulation adds nutrients to stimulate microbial growth; bioaugmentation adds specialized microbes to sites where indigenous microbes cannot fully degrade contaminants; and intrinsic bioremediation relies on natural microbial attenuation in soils and waters. Bioremediation depends on microbial metabolism, where microbes use contaminants for energy and building cell materials through catabolic and anabolic processes.
Bio concrete is a type of self-healing concrete that uses bacteria and their byproducts to seal cracks in concrete over time. It contains bacteria in dormant spores and chemical precursors that activate the bacteria. When water enters cracks, it activates the precursors and bacteria, which metabolize to form minerals like calcium carbonate that fill the cracks. This process allows the concrete to self-heal repeated cracking and potentially last much longer than traditional concrete.
The document summarizes bioconcrete, a type of self-healing concrete that uses bacteria and chemical precursors. Bioconcrete contains special bacteria like Bacillus pseudofirmus and Bacillus cohnii that can survive in the alkaline concrete environment. These bacteria are mixed with a chemical precursor like calcium lactate. When cracks form in the concrete, the bacteria metabolize the precursor and precipitate minerals that fill the cracks, healing them. This self-healing property extends the lifespan and durability of concrete structures by preventing corrosion and further cracking. While more expensive initially, bioconcrete reduces maintenance costs and provides a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional epoxy crack fillers.
Cracks in concrete are inevitable and are one of the inherent weaknesses of concrete. Water and other salts seep through these cracks, corrosion initiates, and thus reduces the life of concrete. So there was a need to develop an inherent biomaterial, a self - repairing material which can remediate the cracks and fissures in concrete. Bacterial concrete is a material, which can successfully remediate cracks in concrete. This technique is highly desirable because the mineral precipitation induced as a result of microbial activities is pollution free and natural. As the cell wall of bacteria is anionic, metal accumulation (calcite) on the surface of the wall is substantial, thus the entire cell becomes crystalline and they eventually plug the pores and cracks in concrete. This paper discusses the plugging of artificially cracked cement mortar using Bacillus Pasteurii bacteria combined with sand as a filling material in artificially made cuts in cement mortar which was cured in urea and Calcium chloride medium. The effect on the compressive strength and stiffness of the cement mortar cubes due to the mixing of bacteria is also discussed in this paper. It was found that use of bacteria improves the stiffness and compressive strength of concrete. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to document the role of bacteria in microbiologically induced mineral precipitation. Rod like impressions were found on the face of calcite crystals indicating the presence of bacteria in those places.
In this study, bacterial concrete is to be prepared under grade of concrete OPC 43.The design mix proportioning also carried under IS code provision. Testing of specimens are carried at 7 days ,14 days and 28 days of curing by Compression Testing Machine and Universal Testing Machine for corresponding specimens. The Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength of Bacterial Concrete are found.
concrete is widely used around the world. the consumption rate of cement of a country gives the development rate of the country. hence concrete is used in most of the construction works. concrete tends to crack when there is air voids etc. this ill further corrode the reinforcement and cause in destruction of the structure. bio concrete is a type of concrete hat will help in closing those cracks by itself.
This document discusses bioremediation of contaminated soils. It defines bioremediation as using microorganisms or their enzymes to degrade soil contaminants like heavy metals, pesticides, and hydrocarbons. Two main types are discussed - intrinsic bioremediation which uses native microbes, and engineered bioremediation which introduces microbes. Engineered techniques include biostimulation to improve conditions for native microbes, bioventing to add oxygen, and bioaugmentation to add specific degrading microbes. The document provides details on various bioremediation processes and criteria for their effective use.
The present case sudy is about the upcoming marine structures and methods to deal with the deterioration of structures with the help of bacterial injection in concrete.
Self healing matrix formed by the bacteria excreates calcium components to heal concrete
BIOCEMENTATION FOR SAND USING WASTE (CONTAIN CALCIUM SOURCE)Aniket Pateriya
The concept of using biological process in soil improvement through bio-cementation of soil improvement technique has shown influences to change main geotechnical properties of soil in effective manner. This paper presents a review on the soil improvement by Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) using calcium source obtain from waste having large extent of calcium chemical class present in its own matrix like egg shell, lime stone obtain from stone query. Improvements in the engineering properties of soil such as strength, stiffness and permeability as evaluated in various studies were discover. Potential applications of the process in geotechnical engineering and the challenges of eco-friendly mean of construction of soil stabilization method is identified.
This document discusses bioremediation of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) compounds. It provides background on what BTEX are, how they enter the environment, their health effects, and what bioremediation is. It then describes different bioremediation techniques for BTEX including in situ bioremediation approaches like intrinsic and engineered bioremediation. Key factors that affect bioremediation success like nutrients, moisture, temperature, and electron acceptors are explained. Advantages and disadvantages of in situ bioremediation are summarized. The role of different microbes and electron acceptors in the biodegradation process is also outlined.
This document discusses bacterial concrete as a self-remediating material where microorganisms like Bacillus pasteurii are added to concrete to continuously precipitate calcite to fill cracks. The process is called Microbiologically Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICCP). Several studies on MICCP and bacterial concrete are referenced from 2001-2009. The methodology involves casting concrete beams, inducing cracks, injecting bacteria, curing in different media, and testing compressive strength over time. Bacillus pasteurii is used to precipitate calcite to repair cracks through bacterial action and improve strength.
This document discusses bacterial concrete as a self-remediating material where microorganisms like Bacillus pasteurii are added to concrete to continuously precipitate calcite to fill cracks. The process is called Microbiologically Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICCP). Several studies on MICCP and bacterial concrete are referenced from 2001-2009. The methodology discusses casting concrete beams, inducing cracks, injecting Bacillus pasteurii, curing in different media, and testing compressive strength over time. The goal is to repair cracks through bacterial action and study the repairing effect.
The document discusses bio concrete, which is a type of self-healing concrete that uses bacteria to seal cracks as they form. It contains special bacteria that remain dormant until cracks appear and water activates them. The bacteria then metabolize chemical precursors in the concrete and precipitate minerals that fill the cracks. This allows the concrete to essentially heal itself and extend its lifespan without needing repair. The main components of bio concrete are bacteria that can withstand the alkaline concrete environment and chemical precursors to trigger bacterial activity. When water enters cracks, it activates the precursors and bacteria, which precipitate minerals like calcium carbonate to fill the cracks over time.
This document describes research on isolating and characterizing bacteria for use in self-healing concrete. Bacillus subtilis strain BH3 was found to be most effective at precipitating calcite via its urease enzyme activity. Experiments optimized growth conditions like temperature (35°C) and urea concentration (5%). BH3 was mixed with concrete cracks at cell concentrations of 104-106 CFU/ml along with calcium lactate and silica gel. This resulted in autogenous crack healing through bacterial calcite precipitation.
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES TOWARDS WATER WASTE MANAGEMENT saadmughal1271
This document discusses various biotechnological approaches for wastewater treatment, including engineered biosorbents for heavy metal removal, displaying metal binding peptides on microorganisms, and designing strains for enhanced biodegradation. It describes common wastewater treatment processes like the trickling filter, activated sludge process, and anaerobic digestion. Finally, it discusses using these biotechnological methods to treat wastewater from textile and desiccated coconut industries.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
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scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
civil and environmental.pptx
1. Microbial Biotechnology Applications
in Civil and Environmental Engineering
Melvin Joe M
Department of Agricultural Microbiology
College of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute
of Science and Technology
melvinjm@srmist.edu.in
2. What is microbial
biotechnology
Importance of
microbial in the context
of civil and
environmental
engineering
Microbial
biotechnology in
constructional
technology
Bio-cement, bio-bricks,
and bio-concrete
Concrete microbial
microbial diversity and
their significance in civil
engineering
Soil microbiology and
their importance in
construction
engineering
Aero-microbiology and
their significance in
indoor air quality and
bio-deterioration of
buildings
Environmental
pollution and role of
microbial
biotechnology in the
remediation
Conclusions and the
future
3. NATURE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND
INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
“any technological application
that uses biological systems,
living organisms, or derivatives
thereof, to make or modify
products or processes for
specific use.”
Microbial biotechnology may be
defined as the study of the large-
scale and profit-motivated
production of microorganisms or
their products for direct use, or
as inputs in the manufacture of
other goods.
4. CHARACTERISTICS
OF MICROBIAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY
• The discipline of microbial
biotechnology is often divided
into sub-disciplines such as
medical microbiology,
environmental microbiology, food
microbiology and industrial
microbiology.
• In Microbial Biotechnology the
immediate motivation is profit
and the generation of wealth.
5. Multi-disciplinary or Team-work Nature of
Industrial Microbiology
In industrial microbiology the
microorganisms involved or their
products are very valuable.
Scale is large and the organisms
may be cultivated in fermentors as
large as 50,000 liters or larger.
Chemical or production engineers,
biochemists, economists, lawyers,
marketing experts, and other high-
level functionaries.
6. Microbiologist or
biotechnologist -key role
in his organization.
• Selection of the organism to be used in the
processes;
• Choice of the medium of growth of the organism;
• Determination of the environmental conditions for the
organism’s optimum productivity i.e., pH,
temperature, aeration, etc.
• monitor the process for the absence of contaminants,
and participate in quality control to ensure uniformity
of quality in the products;
• Proper custody of the organisms usually in a culture
collection, so that their desirable properties are
retained;
• improvement of the performance of the
microorganisms by genetic manipulation or by
medium reconstitution.
7. Microbiology in Civil
Engineering
• Public health and environmental engineers
are aware of the importance of microbial
activity,
• many civil engineers do not appreciate the
part microbiological process
• biodeterioration of concrete and other
construction materials, alteration of soil
and rock properties, clogging of boreholes,
distribution and irrigation systems, and
biofouling in embankment dams.
• There is a need for greater interaction
between microbiologists and engineers in
this respect.
• Recent advances in applied microbiology
and biochemistry could usefully be
extrapolated to fields of civil engineering
8. Biological process of soil
improvement in civil
engineering
• Bio-mediated soil improvement technique
greater potential in geotechnical
engineering applications
• 109–1012 organisms per kilogram of a soil
mass close to the ground surface.
• calcite precipitate to modify some
engineering properties of the soil-
microbially induced calcite precipitation
(MICP), to precipitate calcium carbonate
into the soil matrix.
• calcium carbonate produced binds the soil
particles together (thereby cementing and
clogging the soils), and hence improves
the strength and reduces the hydraulic
conductivity of the soils.
• MICP can be a practicable alternative for
improving soil-supporting both new and
existing structures
9. Current soil improvement practices and their
alternatives
• A common approach is to inject synthetic
man-made materials, such as micro-
fine cement, epoxy, acrylmide,
phenoplasts, silicates, and
polyurethane into the pore space to
bind soil particles together.
• accomplished a variety of chemical,
jetting, permeation grouting techniques.
• These approaches create
environmental concerns and are
increasingly under the scrutiny of public
policy : all chemical grouts except
sodium silicate are toxic and/or
hazardous
• Bio-augmentation -exogenous bacteria cultured in the
laboratory are added into the soil
• biostimulation approach modifies the local environment
by injecting nutrient media
10. Urease-aided
calcium
carbonate
mineralization
• The process of urease-aided calcium carbonate
mineralization is triggered by the catalytic action of urease
in the hydrolysis of urea
• The products of the reaction are carbonic acid and
ammonia:
H2N-CO-NH2+2H2O→ureaseH2CO3+2NH3
• The products equilibrate in water to give bicarbonate,
ammonium and hydroxide ions, respectively:
H2CO3⇄HCO3-+H+(5)NH3+H2O⇄NH4
++OH-
• The production of hydroxide ions from reaction brings
about an increase in pH, which in turn leads to the
formation of carbonate ions
HCO3-+OH-⇄CO3
2-+H2O
• In the presence of dissolved Ca2+, the ions combine and
calcium carbonate precipitates:
Ca2++CO3
2-→CaCO3(s)
The overall process can thus be presented:
H2N-CO-NH2+2H2O+Ca2+→urease2NH4
+ + CaCO3(s)
11. Urease-producing
microorganisms
• Urease enzyme producing bacteria and are
used in bio-mediated soil improvement
technique
• Urease-producing microorganisms can be
divided into two different classes based on their
response to high presence of ammonium.
• The first group includes the bacteria whose
urease activity is not repressed due to high
ammonium concentration (Table 1).
• While the second group includes Bacillus
megaterium, Alcaligenes eutrophus, Klebsiella
aerogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,
whose urease activity is repressed by high
ammonium concentrations.
Fig. 1. Microbial calcite precipitation process by urea
hydrolysis (DeJong et al., 2010).
12. Fig. 2. Comparison of soil particles sizes, geometric
limitations and microorganisms DeJong et al. (2010).
Soil particles sizes, geometric limitations and microorganisms
Microbes are viable to move freely within
the voids of the soil aggregates, their
movements are restricted by the narrow
pore sizes formed by fine-grained soils.
Bacteria sizes range between 0.5 μm and 3
μm, as such they are not likely to pass
through pore spaces smaller than 0.4 μm.
Likewise, fungi and protozoa require pore
sizes greater than 6 μm to pass
13. • Biotechnology for the production of
construction materials– low cost due to use
of mining or organic wastes as raw
materials;
• lower cost in comparison with the products
of chemical industry
• Simpler and less energy consuming
technology
• Lower toxicity of biomaterials than
chemical materials
• Sustainability of the biotechnological
production.
• Geotechnical engineering for bio-
aggregation, bio-clogging, and bio-
cementation of porous soil or fractured
rocks in situ
• Low viscosity of bio-grouting and bio-
cementing solutions and deep penetration
into porous soil or fractured rocks;
• Control rate of biochemical reactions in situ
by the concentration or activity of biomass
or enzyme
• Ability for self-multiplication (proliferation) of
microbial cells in situ
• Better public acceptance of biotreatment
than chemical treatment
14. • Biocement stimulates native soil bacteria to
connect soil particles through a process known
as microbially induced calcite precipitation
• Strong and renewable building material with
minimal impact on the environment.
• Compared to the production process of
traditional cement, biocement uses less energy
and generates less CO2 emissions.
• Combination of biomass, aggregate,
renewable nutrients and minerals that are
placed into moulds and then treated with a type
of bacteria (Sporosarcina pasteurii) that is fed
with calcium ions and water.
• This results in the production of a calcium
carbonate shell that can be used to create a
'natural' bio-cement brick.
• The process takes less than three days and
is said to simulate the actions used by corals.
Bio-cement
15. Nanotechnology in
Cementitious Materials
• FIGURE: (A) TEM image of clusters of C-S-H, the
inset is a TEM image of tobermorite (B) the molecular
model of C-S-H: the blue, white spheres are oxygen
and hydrogen atoms of water molecules, respectively
• Biological synthesis of NPs also eliminates high energy-
consuming processes
• Variety of nanoparticles (e.g., SiO2, ZrO2, TiO2, CuO), the
setting time and diffusivity of concrete are reduced, while the
strength and high-temperature stability are increased
• Among multiple phases of hydration product that are formed
during Portland cement hydration, calcium silicate hydrate (C-
S-H) is the main phase in hydrated Portland cements.
• Additionally, the presence of the NPs at the interface between
aggregates and cement matrix promotes localized nucleation
of hydration products- ITZ is usually the weakest zone in
concrete.
16. Bioconcrete as a promising
sustainable technology
Surface images of specimens after different
healing time. (A) G Specimens without self-
healing agent; (B) specimens with self-healing
agent
o Concrete is also responsible for about 8% of
global carbon emissions.
o If concrete were a country, it would rank
third in emissions behind China and the
United States.
o Bioconcrete is a promising sustainable
technology which reduces negative
environmental impact caused by
CO2 emissions from the construction sector,
o As well as in terms of economic benefits by
way of promoting a self-healing process of
concrete structures.
o Microbiological and molecular components
are essential to improving the process and
performance of bioconcrete
17. Bacteria based self
healing concrete
• Bio-mineralization techniques
promising results in sealing the
micro-cracks in concrete.
• The freshly composed micro-
cracks can be sealed up by
perpetual hydration process in
concrete.
• The ureolytic bacteria which
include Bacillus Pasteurii,
Bacillus Subtilis which can
engender urea are integrated
along with the calcium source
to seal the freshly composed
micro cracks by CaCO3
precipitation.
• Amelioration of pore structure
in concrete, the bacterial
concentrations were optimized
for better results.
20. Concrete microbial community
composition.
• Concrete bacterial community relative
abundance.
• Overall, 50% of sequences were
classified at the phylum level as
Proteobacteria, 19% as Firmicutes,
14% as Actinobacteria, Of the
Proteobacteria,
Gammaproteobacteria were the
most abundant
• Gram-positive taxa account for
∼33% of all reads. Almost 19% of
sequences were classified as
Firmicutes, which can form spores,
potentially allowing them to survive
in dormant states in the harsh
concrete environment.
21. Air-borne
transmission
Transmission of microbial aerosols to a
suitable port of entry, usually the
respiratory tract
Microbial aerosols -suspensions of dust or
droplet nuclei made up wholly or in part
by microorganisms -- may be suspended
and infective for long periods of time
Examples of air-borne diseases include
tuberculosis, influenza, histoplasmosis,
and legionellosis
22. Indoor microbiology:
Environmental factors and
subsequent effects
• a Sunlight (both UV light and visible
light survival of microorganisms living in
the built environment.
• b Biofilms sinks and showers in
bathrooms
• c Moisture from daily activities,
biofilms while and high relative humidity
increases the rate of aerosolized
microbial cells and spores.
• d Frequented household items, such
as chairs, plentiful supply of nutrients
• e Microenvironments within carpet
can create pockets of high relative
humidity that can aid in the growth,
prolonged survival, and transfer of
microorganisms from fomite to
individual.
• f Ventilation through windows
provides air exchange that aids in the
reduction of potentially contaminated air.
• g Humans, insects, pets, and other
occupants exchange microorganisms
23. Indoor
microbiology:
Microorganis
ms in indoor
environment
• Results displayed in Figure demonstrate that the PM10 and PM2.5 fractions of resuspended
floor dust are enriched with bacteria, compared to indoor air, ventilation duct supply air, and
outdoor air.
• Samples show heavy representation from the dominant bacteria previously found to be
associated with human skin, hair, and nostrils — Proprionibacterineae, Staphylococcus,
Streptococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, and Corynebacterineae — comprise 17%, 20%, and
17.5% of all bacteria in samples of indoor air, floor dust, and ventilation duct supply air,
respectively
24. Health Effects and Indoor Air Quality
Health Issues
■ Nasal congestion and runny nose
■ Watery, burning eyes
■ Sore throat and hoarseness
■ Dry, irritant-type cough
■ Tight chest, burning sensation, wheezing,
shortness of breath
■ Nosebleeds, coughing blood (rare)
■ Skin and mucous membrane irritation, rashes
■ Exhaustion, severe fatigue
■ Memory and cognitive problems
■ Gastrointestinal problems such as nausea,
vomiting
■ Joint and muscle pain
■ Fever
■ Headaches
Precautions
■ Maintain relative humidity below 60 percent within
buildings;
■ Use an air conditioner or a dehumidifier during humid
months and maintain it properly
■ Provide adequate ventilation in buildings, including
exhaust fans in kitchens and bathrooms
■ Keep bathroom and kitchen surfaces clean
and regularly treat them with disinfecting products
■ Do not place carpeting in bathrooms, basements, or
other areas where humidity is high; and
■ Remove or replace carpets and upholstery if they
cannot be dried out immediately after becoming wet
25. Microbial deterioration and
sustainable conservation of
stone monuments and
buildings
• Geomicrobially induced deterioration of
stone monuments and buildings
contributes to a considerable loss of
world cultural heritage
• The active biodeterioration processes
typically involve biochemical activities
and cooperation among functional
microorganisms in epilithic biofilms,
which assimilate mineral nutrients and
metabolize anthropogenic pollutants
through biogeochemical cycles.
a, b Growth of the fungus Cladosporium sp. on a modern wall painting
White Carrara marble -black discolorations by fungi and lichens
26. Influence of Environment on Microbial Colonization of Historic Stone Buildings
Trentepohlia algae forming deep red discoloration Black cyanobacterial crusts on the walls of the Our Lady
of the Immaculate Conception cathedral
27. • increase of awareness due to community
involvement in enhancing moisture control
• improvement of cleaning processes and the use
of air conditioning systems,
• regular inspection and maintenance regimes for
buildings and
• cleaning of heating and air conditioning units and
associated replacements of filters.
• More emphasis must be focused on simple
prevention measures such as the cleaning of
dust layers and frequent observation of objects.
• Biocide treatments must be applied with extreme
caution
• More effort is necessary in the development of
alternative decontamination methods, e.g., the
gamma radiation modification of light and micro-
climates
28. Biosurfactants
• Chemically, BS is a complex molecules consisting of
lipopeptides,
glycolipids, polysaccharide protein complex, fatty acids
and phospholipids
• Bio surfactants (BS) reduce surface (ST) and interfacial
tensions
between individual molecules
• Biodegradability, low toxicity, and renewable nature
• Ability to withstand high temperature and tolerate high
salt concentration
29. Types of biosurfactants produced by various
Microorganisms
Biosurfactant class Microorganisms Reference
Glycolipids
Rhamnolipids Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lang and Wullbrandt (1999)
Trehalose lipids Rhodococcus erythropolis, Lang and Philip (1998)
Sophorolipids Torulopsis bombicola, Gobbert et al. (1984)
Lipopeptides
Surfactin/Iturin/ Bacillus subtilis Arima et al. (1968)
Lichenysin Bacillus licheniformis Yakimov et al. (1995)
Fatty acids, neutral lipids and phospholipids
Fatty acids Corynebaterium lepus Cooper et al. (1978)
Neutral lipids Nocardia erythropolis MacDonald et al. (1981)
Phospholipids Thiobacillus thiooxidans Beeba and Umbreit (1971)
Polymeric Biosurfactants
Emulsan/Biodispersan Acinetobacter calcoaceticus Rosenberg et al. (1988)
Alasan Acinetobacter radioresistens Navon-Venezia et al. (1995)
Liposan Candida lipolytica Cirigliano and Carman (1984)
32. Enhanced production of biosurfactant / production by mutant
and recombinant strain
Microorganism Methods of strain improvement Status of improved strain References
Bacillus subtilis ATTC
21332
UV mutation 3 times more than parent
strain
Mulligan et al. (1989)
Recombinant
B. subtilis M113
Cloning of plasmid PC112
containing lpa-14 gene.
8 times enhanced
production
Ohno et al. 1995
Pseudomonas aeuroginosa
PTCC 1637
Random mutagenesis with
nitrosoguanidine
10 times more than parent
strain
Abbas Tahzibi et al. (2003)
Recombinant
B. subtilis ATCC 21
Genetic engineered peptide
synthetase
Surfactin produced with
less toxicity
Symmank et al. (2003)
Recombinant E.coli strain Expression of only rhlAB gene in E.
coli.
Ability to produce RL Wang et al. (2007)
Recombinant P.putida strain Cloning of rhlAB genes and rhlRI
quorum sensing system
Higher production of RL Cha et al. (2008)
Recombinant E.coli strain Cloning of genes sfpO, srfA of B.
subtilis SK320
Two fold increased
production
Sekhon et al. (2011)
33. Application of different types of biosurfactants in
environmental remediation
Type of Biosurfuctant M.O’s Involved Usefulness as a Biocontrol agent References
Rhamnolipid Commercial
Biosurfactant
micellar-enhanced filteration of heavy metals Cu,
Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd,
El-zeftawy and Mulligan
(2011)
Rhamnolipid Commercial
Biosurfactant
Addition of 1 -0.5% rhamnolipid for copper
removal
Dahrazama and Mulligan
(2007)
Crude
biosurfactant
Candida lipolytica
UCPO98
Crude biosurfactant removed 96% Zn and Cu and
reduced concentration of Pb, Cd, and Fe from
test specimen
Rufino et al. (2011)
Biosurfactant Fusarium sp. BS8 For microbial enhanced oil recovery (EOR) Quazi et al. (2013)
Biosurfactant Bacillus spp.
SH2O/SH26
oil contaminated vessels/ enhanced
biodegradation of oil sludge
Diab and Din (2013)
Surfactin Bacillus subtilis Sediments contaminated with Zn, Cu, Cd, oil and
grease
Mulligan et al. (1999)
Rhamnolipid Consortium of
bacteria
Positive role in hydrocarbon degradation Chen et al. (2013)
35. Conclusions
• Microbiology of Construction Biotechnology process requires
understanding and strict performance of the biosafety rules aiming to
prevent outbreaks of the infectious diseases during the production of
construction biomaterials or application of microorganisms in
construction process.
• Understanding of microbiology is essential in the development of
biotechnological construction material or biotechnological construction
process but the commercial biomaterial or bioprocess must be made.
• Geotechnical or environmental applications of microbial processes in
the field may require to complexity of the factors or either partnership
with microbiologist or understanding of the basic principles of
microbiology.
• The characterization of the physicochemical interactionsbetween
substrates and microorganisms and the adhesive properties of the
microorganisms themselves to be studied for better preservation of civil
structures