Bioaccumulation - Ecosystems
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Middle School Science - an introduction to bioaccumulation and biomagnification in an ecosystem. Using DDT as an example and organic controls that can be used instead.
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Bioaccumulation
This document discusses how certain man-made chemicals persist in the environment and accumulate up the food chain, posing risks. It provides examples of persistent organic pollutants like DDT, PCBs, and heavy metals that accumulate in animals and can cause reproductive/developmental issues. These chemicals do not break down easily and accumulate more at higher trophic levels, as seen in the high PCB levels in orcas. Various species like amphibians have shown declines and deformities linked to such pollution. Bioremediation uses bacteria or plants to break down or absorb chemicals and help undo some environmental damage.
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The document provides information about various chemistry concepts related to air and water:
- It describes chemical tests to identify water and the purification of water supplies through filtration and chlorination.
- The composition of clean air is described as 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and small quantities of other gases. Common air pollutants like carbon monoxide and their sources are stated.
- Fractional distillation is outlined as the process used to separate oxygen and nitrogen from liquid air based on their different boiling points.
- Rusting is described as a reaction between iron, air and water that can be prevented by methods like painting and galvanizing to exclude oxygen.
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Understanding Chemical Reactions
The document discusses physical and chemical changes, including the key differences between them. A physical change does not create new substances, while a chemical change involves atoms rearranging to form new substances. The document also examines signs that a chemical reaction has occurred, such as a change in color, odor, temperature, or the formation of a gas or precipitate. It introduces the concept of a chemical equation to represent a chemical reaction and explains that chemical equations must be balanced to satisfy the law of conservation of mass.
Organisms and their environments
The document discusses key concepts related to ecosystems, including energy flow, trophic levels, food chains, and food webs. It explains that the sun is the primary source of energy for ecosystems and that energy flows through trophic levels from producers to consumers. While chemical elements cycle through an ecosystem, energy is lost at each transfer between trophic levels and must constantly be replenished by the sun. Food chains and food webs illustrate the complex feeding relationships and energy transfers within an ecosystem.
Chemical Reactions
A chemical reaction involves the transformation of reactants into different products through rearrangement of atoms. Chemical reactions conserve mass as atoms are not destroyed or created, but instead are reorganized into new substances. Balancing chemical equations ensures the same number and type of atoms are on both sides of the reaction.
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The document discusses endothermic and exothermic reactions. It defines endothermic reactions as those that require energy input to occur, while exothermic reactions release energy. Specific examples are given of endothermic processes like photosynthesis and forming NaCl ions, and exothermic processes like burning fossil fuels. Methods for measuring the temperature change of reactions to determine if they are endothermic or exothermic are also outlined.
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This document discusses how certain man-made chemicals persist in the environment and accumulate up the food chain, posing risks. It provides examples of persistent organic pollutants like DDT, PCBs, and heavy metals that accumulate in animals and can cause reproductive/developmental issues. These chemicals do not break down easily and accumulate more at higher trophic levels, as seen in the high PCB levels in orcas. Various species like amphibians have shown declines and deformities linked to such pollution. Bioremediation uses bacteria or plants to break down or absorb chemicals and help undo some environmental damage.
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- Fractional distillation is outlined as the process used to separate oxygen and nitrogen from liquid air based on their different boiling points.
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Understanding Chemical Reactions
The document discusses physical and chemical changes, including the key differences between them. A physical change does not create new substances, while a chemical change involves atoms rearranging to form new substances. The document also examines signs that a chemical reaction has occurred, such as a change in color, odor, temperature, or the formation of a gas or precipitate. It introduces the concept of a chemical equation to represent a chemical reaction and explains that chemical equations must be balanced to satisfy the law of conservation of mass.
Organisms and their environments
The document discusses key concepts related to ecosystems, including energy flow, trophic levels, food chains, and food webs. It explains that the sun is the primary source of energy for ecosystems and that energy flows through trophic levels from producers to consumers. While chemical elements cycle through an ecosystem, energy is lost at each transfer between trophic levels and must constantly be replenished by the sun. Food chains and food webs illustrate the complex feeding relationships and energy transfers within an ecosystem.
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A chemical reaction involves the transformation of reactants into different products through rearrangement of atoms. Chemical reactions conserve mass as atoms are not destroyed or created, but instead are reorganized into new substances. Balancing chemical equations ensures the same number and type of atoms are on both sides of the reaction.
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The document discusses endothermic and exothermic reactions. It defines endothermic reactions as those that require energy input to occur, while exothermic reactions release energy. Specific examples are given of endothermic processes like photosynthesis and forming NaCl ions, and exothermic processes like burning fossil fuels. Methods for measuring the temperature change of reactions to determine if they are endothermic or exothermic are also outlined.
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Bioaccumulation is the accumulation of substances in an organism that are at higher concentrations than in the environment. Substances more likely to bioaccumulate are hydrophobic, not easily biodegraded, and can bind to fat tissues. Biomagnification occurs across trophic levels as predators accumulate higher concentrations than their prey. Certain persistent organic pollutants and metals like mercury are prone to biomagnification up the food chain. Both processes can lead to toxic effects, especially in top predators like polar bears and humans who face greater risks from consuming biomagnified pollutants in food over time.
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Biological magnification, also known as biomagnification, is the increasing concentration of substances, such as pesticides and mercury, in organisms up the food chain. These toxins are absorbed by plants and animals lower in the food chain and become more concentrated in organisms higher up due to multiple exposures through predation. A classic example is the use of the pesticide DDT in the 1960s-70s, which became concentrated in bald eagles through their diet and nearly drove the species to extinction by interfering with reproduction. While natural in small amounts, human activities have increased mercury and other toxins in the environment that biomagnify up food chains and can have harmful neurological and health impacts on both wildlife and humans. Efforts are
Bioaccumulation betty neda aleks
1) Bioaccumulation and biomagnification refer to the accumulation of substances up the food chain, resulting in increased concentrations at higher trophic levels. Bioaccumulation is the accumulation in tissues through any route of exposure, while biomagnification is the transfer between trophic levels in a food web.
2) Case studies show the negative effects of DDT and organochlorine pesticides. The use of DDT in Clear Lake killed midges but led to the death of western grebes. In Britain, organochlorine pesticides decreased sparrow hawk populations by weakening the eggshells of their prey.
3) Common pollutants that are known to bioaccumulate and biomagnify include
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Biomagnification occurs when the concentration of a substance increases as it moves up the food chain due to its persistence, the energetics of the food chain, and its low rate of degradation and excretion in organisms. Mercury poisoning caused the Minamata disease in Japan due to humans consuming methylmercury accumulated in fish. Methylmercury biomagnifies in organisms and persists in the environment, accumulating in humans who consume contaminated fish. While the human body can break down vaporous mercury, methylmercury consumption poses more serious health risks due to biomagnification.
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Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a pollutant at a rate greater than it can eliminate it, resulting in increasing concentrations of the pollutant in the organism's body over time. Biomagnification occurs when concentrations of a pollutant increase at each trophic level in a food chain. Certain substances like mercury, DDT, and radioactive materials are prone to bioaccumulation and biomagnification due to their ability to dissolve in fats and persist in the environment. A classic example is the buildup of DDT in birds of prey in North America in the 1960s which impaired reproduction.
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Toxins like mercury, PCBs, and pesticides can accumulate in plants and animals over time through a process called bioaccumulation. These toxins are difficult to excrete and tend to remain in the body. Larger organisms and those higher in the food chain face increased risk of biomagnification, where toxin concentrations are amplified with each trophic level. Ecologists can measure an organism's bioaccumulation factor to understand how much a toxin concentration increases from the environment to body tissues.
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Pesticide
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This kind of danger has long been ignored, until the reported fears have become tragic realities.
Biodegradation of pesticides
1. Biodegradation is the process by which microorganisms like bacteria and fungi break down pesticides into non-toxic substances.
2. Common pesticides that are biodegraded include the soil fumigant methyl bromide, the herbicide dalapon, and the fungicide chloroneb.
3. For effective biodegradation, organisms must be able to degrade the pesticide, the pesticide must be bioavailable, and soil conditions must support microbial growth. Strategies to enhance biodegradation include biostimulation, bioventing, and bioaugmentation.
Bioaccumulation
Bioaccumulation refers to the increasing concentration of a substance in an organism over time compared to its concentration in the surrounding environment. It occurs when an organism absorbs a chemical at a rate faster than it can eliminate it, so the chemical accumulates in the body tissues. Factors like an organism's metabolism and excretion rate affect how much a substance will bioaccumulate. Examples of chemicals that commonly bioaccumulate include DDT, heavy metals like mercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Chemical pollutants from various sources can enter ecosystems and bioaccumulate up the food chain. Reducing exposure to and release of these chemicals can help avoid their bioaccumulation.
06 bioaccumulation
Bioaccumulation is the gradual build up of chemicals in an organism over time through uptake from the environment and storage in tissues. Uptake occurs through activities like eating, drinking, breathing and skin contact, while storage deposits chemicals in organs or tissues. Certain chemicals that bind tightly, like mercury, can accumulate even if water soluble. Biomagnification further concentrates chemicals as they move up the food chain, potentially harming top predators. While bioaccumulation aids nutrient acquisition, it can also be detrimental depending on the chemical and organism.
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Pesticides Degradation Through Microorganisms (Biodegradtion)
The document discusses a research study on biodegradation of the pesticide profenofos. It lists the group members and describes profenofos as a widely used and hazardous pesticide in Pakistan. The methodology section outlines the steps taken, which included sampling soil, enriching samples in media, incubating mixtures, conducting plate counts, and isolating and characterizing microorganisms. The researchers found specific growth of pesticide-degrading microbes and plan to isolate and characterize them further. The experience was positive and the microbiology lab was well-equipped to support the research.
Environmental effects of pesticide
Herbicides and pesticides can negatively impact the environment in several ways. When applied, they can contaminate the air through drift and volatilization, spreading into nearby areas. Runoff and leaching can also pollute water sources. Long-term pesticide use reduces biodiversity in soil and harms microorganisms. Pesticides kill beneficial insects like bees and can travel up the food chain through bioaccumulation. Over time, pests may develop resistance requiring increased pesticide use, further damaging the environment. Proper application and use of buffer zones can help minimize these environmental effects.
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The document discusses various topics related to pest management and food production, including:
1. It describes natural and synthetic pest management techniques. Natural pest management relies on organisms like spiders that control pest populations, while synthetic pest management uses human-created pesticides.
2. It outlines both the advantages and disadvantages of chemical pesticides. Advantages include increased food supply but disadvantages include genetic resistance in pests and harm to wildlife.
3. It discusses integrated pest management as a limited use of pesticides combined with other practices like cultivation and biological controls.
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The document discusses various methods of pest management, including natural, synthetic, and integrated pest management approaches. It covers the advantages and disadvantages of chemical pesticides, how they work, and regulations around their use. Potential health and environmental impacts of pesticide use are also examined.
Elbs unit 1 b491 lesson 13 plants for food
This document discusses how plants provide food for humans and other organisms. It explains that plants produce glucose through photosynthesis, and their leaves, stems, roots, seeds, and fruits can be eaten. It also describes how plants get nutrients from soil through mineral salts, and how farmers use fertilizers to supplement soil nutrients and increase crop yields. The document outlines how weeds compete with crops for resources, and how farmers use herbicides to control weeds. It discusses how pests damage crops, and how farmers use pesticides, though these can harm other organisms and accumulate up food chains. The example of DDT in a lake food chain shows how a toxin concentrated and led to the decline of bird populations.
Agriculture & pesticides
The document discusses several topics related to agriculture and pesticide use including:
1) How the "Green Revolution" through the use of specialized crop breeds and technology helped increase global food production to keep pace with population growth.
2) Issues with monocultures and reduced crop diversity that have occurred due to intensified agriculture.
3) Both the benefits of pesticide use such as increasing food supplies, and the problems they can cause including impacting non-target organisms, persistence in the environment, and development of pest resistance.
4) Key aspects of pesticide regulation including required information on labels and EPA oversight of laws and restrictions.
C.3 impact of humans on ecosystems
1. Human activities can negatively impact ecosystem function by introducing invasive alien species, polluting the environment, and accumulating plastic debris.
2. Case studies show how invasive cane toads in Australia and zebra mussels in North America outcompeted native species. Pollutants like DDT biomagnify up food chains and accumulate in top predators, thinning bird eggshells.
3. Large amounts of plastic debris, especially microplastics consumed by zooplankton, harm marine environments. A study found 40% of Laysan albatross chicks died from ingesting plastic trash mistook for food.
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This document discusses biomagnification and bioaccumulation of toxic pollutants in ecosystems. It explains that some pollutants can accumulate in organisms over time and increase in concentration as they move up the food chain. This poses risks because small amounts released into the environment can build up to toxic levels in top predators like humans. Specific examples of pollutants that biomagnify, such as mercury and DDT, are described in detail to illustrate how they persist and concentrate in wildlife and people.
Grade 9, U3-L10 pesticides and biomagnification
This document discusses pesticides and their environmental impacts. It describes how monocultures create ideal conditions for pest populations to thrive. Pesticides are commonly used to control pests, but they can harm non-target species and accumulate in organisms through bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Long-term pesticide use can also lead to pest resistance. The document advocates for alternative pest control methods like those used in organic farming to reduce pesticide dependence.
presentation2.ppt
- DDT is a pesticide that was widely used for agricultural and mosquito control purposes until it was banned in 1972 due to its accumulation in bird species causing death, nervous system damage, and reproductive failure through thinning eggshells.
- DDE is a metabolite of DDT that is fat soluble and bioaccumulates in organisms and biomagnifies up food chains, reaching high levels in birds of prey like ospreys. This can cause reproductive failure by thinning eggshells and preventing embryo development.
- The impact of DDE on bird reproduction is measured by analyzing eggs for DDE content and eggshell thickness, with increased DDE correlating to thinner shells and decreased reproductive success.
Pesticides and Biomagnification
This document discusses pesticides and their environmental impacts. It describes how pesticides are commonly used to control pests that damage crops but can harm non-target species and accumulate up food chains. Some key issues are pesticides polluting soil, air and water; killing beneficial organisms; and reaching toxic levels in top predators through biomagnification. The document also presents alternatives like organic farming that minimize pesticide use through ecological methods, and integrated pest management that employs multiple techniques.
Pesticides and herbicides.pptx
Growing demand for food has led to increased use of pesticides and fertilizers, contaminating the environment including water bodies. Widespread pesticide contamination has been reported in aquatic ecosystems. It is important to study pesticide pollution and find safe use and control methods. Pesticides can enter the body through various routes like dermal absorption, ingestion, inhalation and eyes and cause harm. Their presence in water depends on factors like runoff, spray drift, and industrial effluents. Pesticides can accumulate in tissues of aquatic plants and animals and biomagnify in the food chain. Effects of pesticides on fish include morphological changes, behavioral changes, and impacts on reproduction.
Chapter22 Pp Presentation
Pesticides are toxic chemicals used to control pests that interfere with humans. They include herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and rodenticides. Some are derived from plants while others are synthetic. Pesticides can have both benefits like increasing crop yields and controlling disease-carrying insects, but also costs from genetic resistance in pests, harming natural predators, and negative health effects from bioaccumulation in the food chain and environment. Integrated Pest Management aims to control rather than eradicate pests through alternative methods and minimal pesticide use tailored to each crop.
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Biological control uses natural predators and parasitoids to control insect pests. It has several advantages including being highly economical, selective with no side effects, and causing no harm to humans, livestock or other organisms. There are three main approaches: conservation of natural enemies, classical biological control which introduces natural enemies from the pest's native range, and augmentation which mass produces and releases natural enemies. Predators directly consume prey while parasitoids lay eggs on or in the body of the host insect, which is ultimately killed. Common biological control agents include ladybugs, dragonflies, wasps and flies.Pesticide degradation
Introduction
Type of pesticides
Advantage & disadvantages of pesticides
Degradation of pesticide
Microbial degradation of pesticides
Mode of microbial metabolism of pesticides
Strategies for biodegradation
Approaches for biodegradation of pesticide
Chemical reaction leading biodegradation of pesticide
Metabolism of pesticides by MO
Metabolism of DDT
Biodiversity And Biological Magnification
1) Producers (plants) have the greatest energy, followed by herbivores (plant-eating animals), then carnivores (meat-eating animals) have the least energy.
2) Besides chemical energy, primary consumers (herbivores) also get nitrogen from eating producers (plants).
3) Energy and nutrients are recycled in ecosystems.
4) The human action that has had the most positive ecological impact is preserving old growth forests.
Biological weed control
biological weed control ,what is bio-control of weed ,how biological control of weed works ,advantage of biological weed control ,methods and agents of biological weed control
Lab 12 biological magnification fall 2014
This document discusses biological magnification through the example of DDT. It describes how DDT was widely used as an inexpensive insecticide in the mid-20th century but was later found to biomagnify up the food chain and cause eggshell thinning in birds. The document outlines the 10% rule of energy transfer between trophic levels and explains how DDT accumulation increased from primary consumers to secondary consumers. Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring brought attention to the environmental impacts of DDT and other pesticides.
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This ppt tells about environment and various factors affecting our environment- ozone layer depletion, waste and its management
Biocontrol
This document discusses biological control of agricultural insect pests through the use of living organisms. It describes how biocontrol agents like predators, parasites, pathogens and competition from other species can be used to suppress pest populations. The document outlines different types of biocontrol including importation, augmentation and conservation. It also addresses safety concerns regarding non-target impacts and how thorough testing is required. Some advantages are specificity to pests and lack of toxic effects, though control may be slow and depend on environmental conditions. Overall, properly planned biological control can provide an effective and environmentally friendly approach to pest management in agriculture.
Tech media presentation
The document discusses the risks of pesticide use. It notes that pesticides can kill both pests and beneficial organisms, and outlines issues like toxicity, exposure, and lack of long-term testing. Pesticides are linked to health problems in humans and mass die-offs of pollinators like bees, which threaten food supplies if populations collapse. While pesticides are used to increase crop yields, overreliance on chemicals carries environmental and health risks that must be addressed through stronger regulation and alternative pest control methods.
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- 1. Bioaccumulation & Biomagnification Year 7 Ecosystems
- 2. Starter Activity The following slides will help you recall the connections in food chains and food webs.
- 3. Food Chains Write down as many food chains as you can from this food web.
- 4. Food Chains How many carnivores are in the food web? How many herbivores? Name them!
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- 6. Toxic Food Chains Pesticides are the only toxic substances released intentionally into our environment to kill living things. This includes substances that kill weeds (herbicides), insects (insecticides), fungus (fungicides), rodents (rodenticides), and others. • DDT, a useful pesticide, was found to have lots of toxic effects on the environment, especially birds. • DDT is not easily broken down by the environment.
- 7. Bioaccumulation 1. Each leaf receives one ‘dose’ of DDT when sprayed. 2. Each worm eats three leaves and receives three doses of DDT 3. Each robin eats 2 worms. 4. Each sparrowhawk eats 2 robins. How many doses of DDT does the sparrowhawk eat? If they eat enough DDT, birds lay eggs with very thin shells, which break before they are ready to hatch. How might this effect the sparrowhawk population, and the other members of the food chain?
- 8. Biomagnification Biomagnification is the increasing concentration of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in the tissues of organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain. By the time the sparrowhawk eats the two robins, it will be consuming 12 doses of DDT.
- 9. Biological controls It is possible to avoid using pesticides to control insects. Let’s look at an example of Russian Wheat aphids and how to control them
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- 11. Organic Methods Pesticides are used because they are quick and cheap. There are, however, methods that are better suited to the ecosystems that reduce unwanted impacts. Both Ladybugs and Lacewings are natural predators of the Russian wheat aphid. These organisms also become part of the ecosystem themselves, providing food for birds and other small creatures.
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