Increasing the temperature, concentration, pressure, or surface area of reactants increases the rate of reactions by increasing the frequency and energy of collisions between reactant particles. Catalysts also increase reaction rates by lowering the activation energy required for reactions to occur.

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What does rate of reaction mean?
The speed of different chemical reactions varies hugely.
Some reactions are very fast and others are very slow.
What is the rate of these reactions?
The speed of a reaction is called the rate of the reaction.
rusting baking explosion
slow fast very fast

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Rates of reaction
Why are some reactions faster than others?

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Reactions, particles and collisions
Reactions take place when particles collide with a
certain amount of energy.
The minimum amount of energy needed for the particles
to react is called the activation energy, and is different
for each reaction.
The rate of a reaction depends on two things:
 the frequency of collisions between particles
 the energy with which particles collide.
If particles collide with less energy than the activation
energy, they will not react. The particles will just bounce
off each other.

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Changing the rate of reactions
 increased temperature
 increased concentration of
dissolved reactants, and increased
pressure of gaseous reactants
 increased surface area of solid
reactants
 use of a catalyst.
Anything that increases the number of successful collisions
between reactant particles will speed up a reaction.
What factors affect the rate of reactions?

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Slower and slower!
Reactions do not proceed at a steady rate. They start off at
a certain speed, then get slower and slower until they stop.
As the reaction progresses, the concentration of reactants
decreases.
This reduces the frequency of collisions between particles
and so the reaction slows down.
percentage completion of reaction
100%0% 25% 50% 75%
reactants
product

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Graphing rates of reaction

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Reactant–product mix

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How can rate of reaction be measured?
Measuring the rate of a reaction means measuring the
change in the amount of a reactant or the amount of a
product.
What can be measured to calculate the rate of reaction
between magnesium and hydrochloric acid?
 The amount of hydrochloric acid used up (cm3
/min).
 The amount of magnesium chloride produced (g/min).
 The amount of hydrogen product (cm3
/min).
+magnesium
hydrochloric
acid
+
magnesium
chloride
hydrogen

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Setting up rate experiments
What equipment is needed to investigate the rate of
hydrogen production?
gas syringe
rubber bung
rubber connecterglass tube
conical
flask
magnesium
hydrochloric
acid

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hydrogenproduced(cm3
)
time (seconds)
10 20 30 40 50
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
0
x
y
Calculating rate of reaction from graphs
rate of reaction =
x
y
rate of reaction =
20s
45cm3
rate of reaction = 2.25cm3
/s
The gradient of the graph is equal to the initial rate of
reaction at that time
How can the rate of reaction be calculated from a graph?

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The reactant/product mix

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Collisions and reactions: summary

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Temperature and collisions
How does temperature affect the rate of particle collision?

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Effect of temperature on rate
The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of a reaction.
In many reactions, a rise in temperature of 10°C causes the
rate of reaction to approximately double.
Why does increased temperature
increase the rate of reaction?
At a higher temperature, particles
have more energy. This means
they move faster and are more
likely to collide with other particles.
When the particles collide, they
do so with more energy, and so
the number of successful
collisions increases.

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Temperature and particle collisions

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Temperature and batteries
Why are batteries more likely to rundown more quickly in
cold weather?
At low temperatures the
reaction that generates the
electric current proceeds
more slowly than at higher
temperatures.
This means batteries are
less likely to deliver enough
current to meet demand.

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How does temperature affect rate?
The reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric
acid produces sulfur.
Sulfur is solid and so it turns the solution cloudy.
How can this fact be used to measure the effect of
temperature on rate of reaction?
hydrochloric
acid
sodium
chloride
sulfur
sodium
thiosulfate + + water
sulfur
dioxide ++
Na2S2O3
(aq)
2HCl
(aq)
2NaCl
(aq)
S
(s)++
SO2
(g)
H2O
(l)
+ +

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The effect of temperature on rate

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Effect of concentration on rate of reaction
The higher the concentration of a dissolved reactant, the
faster the rate of a reaction.
Why does increased concentration increase the rate of
reaction?
At a higher concentration, there are more particles in the
same amount of space. This means that the particles are
more likely to collide and therefore more likely to react.
higher concentrationlower concentration

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Concentration and particle collisions

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The effect of concentration on rate

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Effect of pressure on rate of reaction
The gas particles become closer together, increasing the
frequency of collisions. This means that the particles are more
likely to react.
Why does increasing the pressure of gaseous reactants
increase the rate of reaction?
As the pressure increases, the space in which the gas
particles are moving becomes smaller.
lower pressure higher pressure

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Effect of surface area on rate of reaction
Any reaction involving a solid can only take place at the
surface of the solid.
If the solid is split into several pieces, the surface area
increases. What effect will this have on rate of reaction?
The smaller the pieces, the larger the surface area. This
means more collisions and a greater chance of reaction.
This means that there is an increased area for the
reactant particles to collide with.
low surface area high surface area

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Surface area and particle collisions

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Reaction between a carbonate and acid
Marble chips are made of calcium carbonate. They react
with hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide.
The effect of increasing surface area on the rate of reaction
can be measured by comparing how quickly the mass of the
reactants decreases using marble chips of different sizes.
hydrochloric
acid
calcium
chloride
calcium
carbonate + + water +
carbon
dioxide
CaCO3
(aq)
2HCl
(aq)
CaCl2
(aq)
++
H2O
(aq)
+
CO2
(g)

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The effect of surface area on rate

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reaction (time)
energy(kJ)
What are catalysts?
Catalysts are substances that change the rate of a reaction
without being used up in the reaction.
Catalysts never produce more product – they just
produce the same amount more quickly.
Different catalysts work in
different ways, but most
lower the reaction’s
activation energy (Ea).
Ea with
catalyst
Ea without
catalyst

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Everyday catalysts
 Nickel is a catalyst in the production of margarine
(hydrogenation of vegetable oils).
Many catalysts are transition metals or their compounds.
For example:
 Platinum is a catalyst in the
catalytic converters of car
exhausts. It catalyzes the
conversion of carbon
monoxide and nitrogen oxide
into the less polluting carbon
dioxide and nitrogen.
 Iron is a catalyst in the production of ammonia
from nitrogen and hydrogen (the Haber process).

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Catalysts in industry
Catalysts are also essential for living cells. Biological
catalysts are special types of protein called enzymes.
Why are catalysts so important for industry?
 Products can be made more
quickly, saving time and money.
 Catalysts reduce the need for
high temperatures, saving fuel
and reducing pollution.

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Glossary
activation energy – The amount of energy needed to
start a reaction.
catalyst – A substance that increases the rate of a
chemical reaction without being used up.
concentration – The number of molecules of a
substance in a given volume.
enzyme – A biological catalyst.
rate of reaction – The change in the concentration over
a certain period of time.

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Anagrams

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Rates of reaction: summary

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Multiple-choice quiz