process that feeds the biosphere biological process

1. CELLULAR RESPIRATION: THE PROCESS OF ENERGY
PRODUCTION

2. WHAT IS CELLULAR RESPIRATION?
THE PROCESS THAT USES FOOD AND OXYGEN TO
PRODUCE ENERGY (ATP).
WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE IS FORMED AS
BYPRODUCTS.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION CAN BE SUMMARIZED IN THE
FOLLOWING EQUATION:
•
C6H12O6 + O2
•
(GLUCOSE)
•
CO2 + H2O + ATP

OPPOSITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

3. WHO OR WHAT CAN UNDERGO CELLULAR RESPIRATION?
ALL LIVING ORGANISMS CAN UNDERGO
CELLULAR RESPIRATION TO PRODUCE ENERGY
USED TO DRIVE METABOLIC..
SOME ORGANISMS EAT PLANTS TO OBTAIN
FOOD FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION.
OTHERS EAT OTHER ORGANISMS.
 CELLULAR RESPIRATION IS DEPENDENT ON
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
sunlight
energy
water
+
carbondioxide
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
sugar oxygen
molecules
AEROBIC
RESPIRATION

4. MITOCHONDRION

5. MITOCHONDRIA IN A TYPICAL CELL

6. COENZYMES USED DURING RESPIRATION
•
• NAD+ IS A COENZYME AND ELECTRON ACCEPTER, IT
ACCEPTS 2 ELECTRONS AND A HYDROGEN ION (H+)AND
FORM NADH. NADH CAN ALSO GIVE OF ELECTRONS AND
HYDROGEN IONS TO FORM NAD+ AGAIN.
• FAD -IT IS A COENZYME AND ELECTRON ACCEPTER, IT
ACCEPTS 2 ELECTRONS AND 2 HYDROGEN IONS TO FORM
FADH2.

7. GETTING ENERGY TO MAKE ATP
THERE ARE 3 STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION.
1.
GLYCOLYSIS (ANAEROBIC)
2.
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE (KREBS CYCLE)
3.
HYDROGEN TRANSFER SYSTEM. (AEROBIC)

8. ENERGY OF GLYCOLYSIS

9. GLYCOLYSIS:
PHOSPHORYLATION OF GLUCOSE
OCCURS IN THE CYTOPLASM OF THE CELL.
 NO OXYGEN IS NEEDED FOR THIS STAGE: ANAEROBIC
•
RESPIRATION STAGE.
GLUCOSE IS ACTIVATED BY MEANS OF A HIGH ENERGY
PHOSPHATE DERIVED FROM ATP.
GLUCOSE PHOSPHATE, A 6C COMPOUND, IS FORMED.
•
•
• GLUCOSE + ATP
GLUCOSE PHOSPHATE + ADP

10. GLYCOLYSIS: PHOSPHORYLATION OF PGAL
GLUCOSE PHOSPHATE (6C) IS CONVERTED
INTO
•
•
FRUCTOSE DIPHOSPHATE (6C) USING THE
ENERGY
AND PHOSPHATE FROM ATP
 FRUCTOSE DIPHOSPHATE IS SPLIT INTO 2 X
PHOSPHOGLYCERALDEHYDE (PGAL) (3C)

11. GLYCOLYSIS: FORMATION OF
PHOSPHOGLYCERIC ACID (PGA)
PGAL converted into 2 x phosphoglyceric acid
(PGA) (3C)
Conversion with the release of 4 H+ and 2 ATP.
NAD+ is a H+ acceptor, and is reduced by this
released H+ to NADH.
This NADH will enter the last stage.

12. GLYCOLYSIS: FORMATION OF
PYRUVIC ACID/ PYRUVATE
 2 X PGAL ARE CONVERTED INTO 2
X PYRUVIC ACID MOLECULES
 WITH THE RELEASE OF 2 X
PHOSPHATE GROUPS USED TO
FORM 2 X ATP.

14. • PYRUVIC ACID (3C)
•
2H
•
•
(DECARBOXYLATION)
CO2
2 C COMPOUND (2C)
+ CO-ENZYME A
• ACETYL-CO-ENZYME A (2C)
•+
OXALIC ACID(4C)
•
• 4H
•
ACID (6C)
• 4 C ACID
• CO2
• 2H
•
5C acid
CITRIC
CO2
2H

15. CITRIC ACID CYCLE/ KREB CYCLE
OCCURS IN THE MITOCHONDRION
REACTION NEEDS OXYGEN – AEROBIC
RESPIRATION STAGE
PYRUVIC ACID (C3) LOSES 2 X H ATOMS
(OXIDATION) AND ONE MOLECULE CO2,
(DECARBOXYLATION).
FORMS A 2C COMPOUND: ACETYL-GROUP.
COMBINES WITH CO-ENZYME A ,
TO FORM ACETYL-CO-ENZYME A (2C)

16. ACETYL-CO-ENZYME A (2C)ENTER KREB CYCLE.
REACT WITH OXALIC ACID (4C)
FORM CITRIC ACID (6C) – CO-ENZYME A IS RELEASED.
CITRIC ACID LOSES CO2 AND 2 X H ATOMS
(OXIDATION)- FORM A 5C COMPOUND.
5C COMPOUND LOSSES ONE CO2 AND 2 H ATOMS TO
FORM A 4C COMPOUND.
THE 4C COMPOUND LOSES 4 H ATOMS TO FORM
OXALIC ACID AGAIN.
CYCLE STARTS AGAIN.

17. ALL H ATOMS WILL COMBINE WITH THE
H ACCEPTER: NAD+ TO FORM NADH
THIS CYCLE HAS TO BE COMPLETED
TWICE TO OXIDIZE ONE MOLECULE
GLUCOSE (2 PYRUVIC ACIDS)

18. HYDROGEN TRANSFER SYSTEM/
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
OCCURS IN THE INNER MITOCHONDRIAL
MEMBRANE.
AEROBIC RESPIRATION STAGE – NEED OXYGEN
24 HIGH ENERGY H ATOMS FROM PREVIOUS STAGES
– NADH IS USED IN THIS STAGE.
NAD TRANSFER THE HYDROGEN TO SEVERAL
OTHER H-ACCEPTORS – CYTOCHROMES.
EACH TRANSFER OF A H-ATOM RELEASES A LITTLE
ENERGY AS ATP.
THE FINAL H ACCEPTOR IS OXYGEN AND WATER IS
FORMED
IN THE END 36 - 38 ATP HAVE BEEN PRODUCED.

19. HYDROGEN TRANSFER SYSTEM

20. OTHER WAYS TO MAKE ATP
FERMENTATION
FERMENTATION OCCURS AFTER GLYCOLYSIS.
IS A PROCESS OF MAKING ATP WHEN THERE IS NO OXYGEN PRESENT. (ANAEROBIC PROCESS)
EX. HAPPENS DURING HEAVY EXERCISE, WHEN YOUR CELLS ARE WITHOUT OXYGEN FOR A
SHORT PERIOD OF TIME.

21. FERMENTATION
• THERE ARE TWO MAJOR TYPES OF FERMENTATION
1. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
2. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION

22. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
• THE SORENESS FEELING YOU GET AFTER YOU WORKOUT IS DUE TO THE BUILD UP OF LACTIC
ACID IN THE MUSCLES CELLS.
• THE LACTIC ACID IS TRANSFERRED FROM MUSCLE CELLS, WHERE IT IS PRODUCED DURING
STRENUOUS EXERCISE, TO THE LIVER THAT CONVERTS IT BACK TO PYRUVIC ACID.

23. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
• IS USED BY YEAST CELLS AND SOME BACTERIA TO PRODUCE CO2 AND ETHYL ALCOHOL.
EX. WHEN MAKING BREAD, YEAST CELL PRODUCE CO2 THAT FORMS BUBBLES IN THE DOUGH.

24. SUMMARY OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION

25. PICTURES
BEER- WWW.SINGLEBLACKMALE.ORG
DOUGH - WWW.RIPPEDCLUB.NET
THANK YOU – WWW.LAUGHINGCHERUB.COM
RESPIRATION – STAFF.JCCC.NET
INSPIRATION
MIKEU74 FEB-2014 (SLIDESHARE)
JOLIE YUO NOV-2009 (SLIDESHARE)
RUCKERSD OCT-2013 9SLIDESHARE)
MS WILLIAMSON –LIFE SCIENCES (FET) FOR EDUCATION (UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG)