AnswerCellular respirationWe breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2.pdf
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Answer: Cellular respiration: We breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2. Nowhere did we see O2 and CO2 in the same metabolic pathway, yet these two molecules are related and these molecules are interrelated when a glucose molecule oxidized in the presence of oxygen in eukaryotic cell finally release CO2 where carbon is going to get the oxygen from glucose. The remaining carbon skeleton in the metabolic pathways such as glycolysis followed by citric acid cycle finally \"oxidative phopshorylation\" are performed to generate metabolic energy Cellular respiration is the utilization of oxygen by the cell for the synthesis of metabolic products such as sugars, fats, proteins etc. In humans, cellular respiration takes place in cytosol & in the mitochondria (power hoses of the cell), in which the most of the metabolic processes takes place. Blood carries the oxygen to each cell in the body and again collects the carbon dioxide. The primary function of cellular respiration is to generate ATP, which traps some of the chemical energy of food molecules in its high- energy bonds (adenosine triphosphate). The process of generation of ATP is via glycolysis and Krebs’s cycle finally through oxidative phosphorylation. The overall balanced reaction of cellular respiration is: CHO+ 6O 6CO+ 6HO + ATP Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy In this reaction, glucose oxidized and oxygen reduced to CO2. Carbonic- Acid - Bicarbonate Blood buffer system & lungs: The bicarbonate buffering system of In the cellular respiration, involves an acid & base homeostatic mechanism further involving the equilibrium balance of carbonic acid(H2CO3), bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), and carbon dioxide (CO2) in order to maintain isotonic pH (7.4) in the blood and duodenum, among other tissues, to enable appropriate metabolic function. This reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, when cellular carbon dioxide (CO2) (lungs) reacts with water (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which in turn rapidly dissociates to form a hydrogen ion (exists in the solution as hydronium ion, H3O+) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3) The first step in cellular respiration is glycolysis. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process & takes place in cytosol, through which one glucose molecules is breakdown into two molecules of three-carbon pyruvate. The glycolysis of each glucose molecule generates 2 ATP molecules. ATP synthesis from anaerobic process is via glycolysis of glucose in the presence of various enzymes. Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+ + 2 H2O + heat Citric acid cycle: The pyruvate generated by the glycolysis is converted into acetyl-CoA that enters into the citric acid cycle. Citric acid cycle involves a series of reactions that occur in the presence of \"oxygen\" & metabolic output is \"CO2\". Citric acid cycle generates NADH, which enters into the oxidative phosphorylation process. This cycle occurs in mitochondrial matrix and generates one ATP molecule only. Acetyl co-A +.
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Bio presentation-respiration
The document discusses cellular respiration and its various stages and pathways. It explains that cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose and other food materials within cells to release energy, which is trapped as ATP. The main stages discussed are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes pyruvate in the mitochondria, producing NADH, FADH2, and ATP. These electrons are then transferred via the electron transport chain to produce more ATP.
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Glycolysis Glycolysis is the breakdown of Carboh.pdf
Glycolysis Glycolysis is the breakdown of Carbohydrates (in the form of Glucose
or Glycogen) into Pyruvic acid and resulting in the production of two ATP molecules. A total of
10 chemical reactions are required to convert Carbohydrates into Pyruvic acid which take place
in the muscle Sarcoplasm. Kreb\'s Cycle Sometimes also known as the Citric acid cycle, or the
Tricarboxylic acid cycle, this is the second phase in the process of aerobic metabolism. The
Pyruvic acid produced during Glycolysis enters the mitochondria and is immediately converted
to Acetyl Conzyme A which combines with Oxaloacetic acid to form a 6 carbon compound,
known as Citric acid. Further chemical reactions occur to wield enough energy to resynthesise 2
ATP molecules. Bi-products of these reactions include Carbon Dioxide (CO2), which is exhaled
by the lungs and Hydrogen (H) which is transported to the site of the Electron Transport Chain
by carrier molecules NAD+ and FAD. The process is termed a cycle due to the starting product
of Oxaloacetic acid is also the end product, ready to start the process over again. Electron
Transport Chain The hydrogen mentioned above is transported into the inner membranes of the
Mitochondria where it is split into a proton (H+) and an electron (H-). The electrons are then
subject to a series of redox reactions which release a large amount of energy in order to
resynthesise ATP. The protons also create energy by moving back through the inner membrane
of the Mitochondria because of the redox reactions. This causes an imbalance of H+ and so they
return through the membrane, producing energy. A final exothermic reaction is the combination
of hydrogen with oxygen, to form water. The total ATP production during all of the reactions of
the electron transport chain is 34, meaning it is by far the highest producing phase of aerobic
metabolism.
Solution
Glycolysis Glycolysis is the breakdown of Carbohydrates (in the form of Glucose
or Glycogen) into Pyruvic acid and resulting in the production of two ATP molecules. A total of
10 chemical reactions are required to convert Carbohydrates into Pyruvic acid which take place
in the muscle Sarcoplasm. Kreb\'s Cycle Sometimes also known as the Citric acid cycle, or the
Tricarboxylic acid cycle, this is the second phase in the process of aerobic metabolism. The
Pyruvic acid produced during Glycolysis enters the mitochondria and is immediately converted
to Acetyl Conzyme A which combines with Oxaloacetic acid to form a 6 carbon compound,
known as Citric acid. Further chemical reactions occur to wield enough energy to resynthesise 2
ATP molecules. Bi-products of these reactions include Carbon Dioxide (CO2), which is exhaled
by the lungs and Hydrogen (H) which is transported to the site of the Electron Transport Chain
by carrier molecules NAD+ and FAD. The process is termed a cycle due to the starting product
of Oxaloacetic acid is also the end product, ready to start the process over again. Electron
Transport Ch.
Cell Energy Respiration
The document discusses cellular respiration, which is the process cells use to convert glucose into energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Glycolysis produces a small amount of ATP, while the electron transport chain produces the majority of ATP. Cellular respiration requires oxygen and glucose to produce water, carbon dioxide, and ATP as waste products. It is the reverse of photosynthesis.
Cellular Energy pt.2
The document summarizes cellular respiration and energy production in cells. It describes how glycolysis breaks down glucose to form pyruvic acid, yielding a small amount of ATP. Pyruvic acid is then further broken down aerobically in the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain in mitochondria, harnessing the energy to produce much more ATP through chemiosmosis. The process allows cells to efficiently extract energy from food molecules like glucose to power their functions.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to release energy. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate which enters the mitochondria, undergoing further breakdown through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. This releases carbon dioxide, water, and generates up to 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule for energy in the cell.
cellularrespiration
Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose with oxygen to release energy. Glucose and oxygen react to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP through three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. This process generates approximately 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
Respiration
To review the process of respiration (aerobic and anaerobic).
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The document discusses cellular respiration and its various stages and pathways. It explains that cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose and other food materials within cells to release energy, which is trapped as ATP. The main stages discussed are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes pyruvate in the mitochondria, producing NADH, FADH2, and ATP. These electrons are then transferred via the electron transport chain to produce more ATP.
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Glycolysis Glycolysis is the breakdown of Carboh.pdf
Glycolysis Glycolysis is the breakdown of Carbohydrates (in the form of Glucose
or Glycogen) into Pyruvic acid and resulting in the production of two ATP molecules. A total of
10 chemical reactions are required to convert Carbohydrates into Pyruvic acid which take place
in the muscle Sarcoplasm. Kreb\'s Cycle Sometimes also known as the Citric acid cycle, or the
Tricarboxylic acid cycle, this is the second phase in the process of aerobic metabolism. The
Pyruvic acid produced during Glycolysis enters the mitochondria and is immediately converted
to Acetyl Conzyme A which combines with Oxaloacetic acid to form a 6 carbon compound,
known as Citric acid. Further chemical reactions occur to wield enough energy to resynthesise 2
ATP molecules. Bi-products of these reactions include Carbon Dioxide (CO2), which is exhaled
by the lungs and Hydrogen (H) which is transported to the site of the Electron Transport Chain
by carrier molecules NAD+ and FAD. The process is termed a cycle due to the starting product
of Oxaloacetic acid is also the end product, ready to start the process over again. Electron
Transport Chain The hydrogen mentioned above is transported into the inner membranes of the
Mitochondria where it is split into a proton (H+) and an electron (H-). The electrons are then
subject to a series of redox reactions which release a large amount of energy in order to
resynthesise ATP. The protons also create energy by moving back through the inner membrane
of the Mitochondria because of the redox reactions. This causes an imbalance of H+ and so they
return through the membrane, producing energy. A final exothermic reaction is the combination
of hydrogen with oxygen, to form water. The total ATP production during all of the reactions of
the electron transport chain is 34, meaning it is by far the highest producing phase of aerobic
metabolism.
Solution
Glycolysis Glycolysis is the breakdown of Carbohydrates (in the form of Glucose
or Glycogen) into Pyruvic acid and resulting in the production of two ATP molecules. A total of
10 chemical reactions are required to convert Carbohydrates into Pyruvic acid which take place
in the muscle Sarcoplasm. Kreb\'s Cycle Sometimes also known as the Citric acid cycle, or the
Tricarboxylic acid cycle, this is the second phase in the process of aerobic metabolism. The
Pyruvic acid produced during Glycolysis enters the mitochondria and is immediately converted
to Acetyl Conzyme A which combines with Oxaloacetic acid to form a 6 carbon compound,
known as Citric acid. Further chemical reactions occur to wield enough energy to resynthesise 2
ATP molecules. Bi-products of these reactions include Carbon Dioxide (CO2), which is exhaled
by the lungs and Hydrogen (H) which is transported to the site of the Electron Transport Chain
by carrier molecules NAD+ and FAD. The process is termed a cycle due to the starting product
of Oxaloacetic acid is also the end product, ready to start the process over again. Electron
Transport Ch.
Cell Energy Respiration
The document discusses cellular respiration, which is the process cells use to convert glucose into energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Glycolysis produces a small amount of ATP, while the electron transport chain produces the majority of ATP. Cellular respiration requires oxygen and glucose to produce water, carbon dioxide, and ATP as waste products. It is the reverse of photosynthesis.
Cellular Energy pt.2
The document summarizes cellular respiration and energy production in cells. It describes how glycolysis breaks down glucose to form pyruvic acid, yielding a small amount of ATP. Pyruvic acid is then further broken down aerobically in the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain in mitochondria, harnessing the energy to produce much more ATP through chemiosmosis. The process allows cells to efficiently extract energy from food molecules like glucose to power their functions.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to release energy. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate which enters the mitochondria, undergoing further breakdown through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. This releases carbon dioxide, water, and generates up to 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule for energy in the cell.
cellularrespiration
Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose with oxygen to release energy. Glucose and oxygen react to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP through three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. This process generates approximately 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
Respiration
To review the process of respiration (aerobic and anaerobic).
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Krebs cycle
The document discusses the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle. It provides information on:
1) The cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and involves a series of chemical reactions that oxidize acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce carbon dioxide, NADH, and FADH2 to generate energy.
2) Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in the mitochondria, providing the two-carbon unit that enters the Krebs cycle.
3) The cycle is amphibolic, meaning it is both catabolic, breaking down molecules, and anabolic,
cellular respiration
The document discusses cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells break down food molecules to produce energy in the form of ATP. It describes the three main stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP. The citric acid cycle further breaks down molecules in the mitochondria, producing more ATP and electrons. The electron transport chain uses these electrons and oxygen to produce the most ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen through fermentation.
Respiration
The document defines and explains the stages of aerobic respiration including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose to produce pyruvate and ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvate to produce NADH, FADH2, ATP, and carbon dioxide. The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. In total, the complete aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule produces approximately 30-32 molecules of ATP.
Revision Respiration
Respiration is the process by which organisms break down glucose and other organic molecules to extract energy to power cellular processes. It involves three main stages: glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the link reaction producing acetyl CoA, and the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria. These stages release energy that is captured in ATP molecules and electron carriers like NADH and FADH2, which will be used later in the electron transport chain to produce more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
8.1 cell respiration
Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with a net production of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Aerobic respiration includes the link reaction, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation. The link reaction forms acetyl-CoA from pyruvate. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA to produce NADH, FADH2, and ATP. The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP synthase uses this proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP during oxidative phosphorylation. The structure of the mitochondrion supports these functions through cristae that increase surface area for the electron transport chain and an intermembrane space
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is a series of reactions where glucose and oxygen are broken down to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose outside the mitochondria, producing some ATP and pyruvate. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria, where the Krebs cycle further breaks it down, producing more ATP and electrons/hydrogen. These electrons are passed through the electron transport chain, producing large amounts of ATP through chemiosmosis as oxygen accepts the electrons. Overall, aerobic cellular respiration produces 36 ATP from one glucose molecule.
Unit 6
Cellular respiration involves three main stages to break down glucose and produce energy in the form of ATP. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing 2 ATP per glucose. The citric acid or TCA cycle takes place in the mitochondria and completes the oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide, producing 2 ATP and other electron carriers per glucose. Finally, the electron transport system uses these carriers to power ATP synthesis, producing 34 additional ATP per glucose through chemiosmosis. Together, these stages fully break down one glucose molecule to produce a net total of 38 ATP through aerobic respiration using oxygen.
GEN BIO 1 (JET^J NATASHA).ppmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmtx
Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration both break down glucose to produce energy, but they differ in their mechanisms and yields. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and fully breaks down glucose into carbon dioxide and water, releasing much more energy in the form of 38 ATP molecules. Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and can only partially break down glucose via fermentation, releasing much less energy as only 2 ATP molecules. Both mechanisms allow organisms to live in different environments and provide energy, with aerobic respiration being more efficient but requiring oxygen.
Green Book 7
Cellular energy is obtained through breaking chemical bonds in foods like glucose. ATP is the main carrier of energy in cells, gaining phosphate groups for energy storage and losing them for energy release. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and uses oxygen to produce ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through light-dependent and light-independent reactions in chloroplasts.
Green Book 7
1) Cellular energy is obtained through breaking chemical bonds in foods during cellular respiration, with ATP being the main carrier of energy in cells. ATP is regenerated through adding and removing phosphate groups.
2) Cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. Without oxygen, anaerobic respiration occurs through lactic acid or alcohol fermentation.
3) Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through the light-dependent and light-independent reactions in chloroplasts.
Combustion of glucose is respiration. The equatio.pdf
Combustion of glucose is respiration. The equation for the combustion of glucose
is: C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) --> 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) Essentially, sugar (C6H12O6) is burned, or
oxidized, down to CO2 and H2O, releasing energy (ATP) in the process. Why do cells need
ATP? ALL cellular work -all the activities of life - requires energy, either from ATP or from
related molecules. A lot of oxygen is required for this process! The sugar AND the oxygen are
delivered to your cells via your bloodstream. This process occurs partially in the cytoplasm, and
partially in the mitochondria. The mitochondria is another organelle in eukaryotic cells. like the
chloroplast, the mitochondria has two lipid bilayers around it, and its own genome (indicating
that it may be the result of endosymbiosis long ago). In some ways similar to the chloroplast, the
mitochondria also has two main sites for the reactions: The matrix, a liquidy part of the
mitochondrion, and the christae, the folded membranes in the mitochondrion. 1: Glycolysis
(\"splitting of sugar\"): This step happens in the cytoplasm. One Glucose (C6H12O6) is broken
down to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. Results in the production of 2 ATPs for every glucose.
(page 113 of your book goes into painful detail about this process, but all YOU need to know is
that glucose is split into to 2 molecules of pyruvate!) 2: Transition Reaction: Pyruvic Acid is
shuttled into the mitochondria, where it is converyed to a molecule called Acetyl CoA for further
breakdown. 3: The Krebs Cycle, or Citric Acid Cycle: Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, the
liquid-y part of the mitochondria. In the presence of Oxygen gas (O2), all the hydrogens (H2)
are stripped off the Acetyl CoA, two by two, to extract the electrons for making ATP, until there
are no hydrogens left - and all that is left of the sugar is CO2 - a waste product - and H2O
(exhale). The Krebs cycle results in the production of only ~4 ATPs, but produces a lot of
NADH, which will go on to the next step... Hans Krebs won the Nobel Prize in 1953 for his
discovery of the Citric Acid Cycle. 4: The Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis (\"the
big ATP payoff\"). Occurs in the christae of the mirochondria, the folded membranes inside the
chloroplast. Electrons from Hydrogen are carried by NADH and passed down an electron
transport chain to result in the production of ATP. Results in the production of ~32 ATPs for
every glucose. Peter Mitchell won the Nobel Prize in 1978 for his work on energy production in
mitochondria, called the Chemiosmotic Theory.
Solution
Combustion of glucose is respiration. The equation for the combustion of glucose
is: C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) --> 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) Essentially, sugar (C6H12O6) is burned, or
oxidized, down to CO2 and H2O, releasing energy (ATP) in the process. Why do cells need
ATP? ALL cellular work -all the activities of life - requires energy, either from ATP or from
related molecules. A lot of oxygen is required for this process! The sugar A.
Cell respiration
This document summarizes cellular respiration and its key stages and processes. It begins by outlining the overall reaction where glucose and oxygen are broken down to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. It then describes the two main catabolic pathways of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration and fermentation. The remainder of the document delves into the four main stages of aerobic respiration - glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation - and explains the products and purpose of each stage. It concludes by discussing what happens in the absence of oxygen and provides an overview of alcoholic fermentation.
Respiration in plants
The document summarizes various aspects of cellular respiration in plants. It discusses cellular respiration, where glucose and other molecules are broken down to release energy stored as ATP. It also describes the different pathways of respiration - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport system. The final stages of aerobic and anaerobic respiration are compared, noting that aerobic respiration fully breaks down glucose to carbon dioxide and water, yielding more ATP. The roles of fermentation, the fate of pyruvic acid, and the amphibolic nature of respiration are also summarized.
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Since then, however, a lot has happened. To help clarify the Earth’s timeline, geologists have divided the Earth’s history into various eras and periods. Each division of time represents a change in something, which happened on the planet.
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This episode is sponsored by the Tourist Office of Spain
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A Parador is a luxury accommodation usually in a refurbished historic building, like a monastery or a castle, or in a modern building with a panoramic view.
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You can research visiting one of the many Paradores in Spain before your next visit by going to Spain.info.
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The Earth is so old, that to make sense of its history, geologists have come up with divisions. These divisions are very broad and cover millions to billions of years, depending on what the division is. Each division also has subdivisions that can themselves be further subdivided.
The three primary temporal divisions of Earth’s history are eons, eras, and periods.
An eon is a very broad division of history, and there have really only been three eons. The Archean, which goes from the formation of the Earth to about 2.5 billion years ago. The Proterozoic, which goes from 2.5 billion years ago to about 540 million years ago, and the Phanerozoic, which goes from 540 million years ago to today.
There is also sometimes a fourth eon called the Hadean which would be from the formation of the Earth to 4 billion years ago, but it is really hard to study that period by itself, so it is often just lumped with the Archean.
I actually studied geology and geophysics for several years, and the use of eons seldom came up. Occasionally you would hear about the Archean, but the other eons are so broad as to not generally be useful.
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The Proterozoic is the eon where oxygen appeared, up to the beginning of complex multi-cellular life.
In the Archean and Proterozoic, there is little to nothing in the way of fossils, because there was nothing that could become fossilized yet. There are some fossilized stromatolite beds, which are mats of bacteria, but that is about it.
The rest of this episode will focus on the Phanerozoic Eon. That is whe
Summary of Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration involves three main stages to break down glucose and produce ATP as energy. [1] Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP. [2] The pyruvate then enters the mitochondrion, where the citric acid cycle further oxidizes it and produces more ATP and electron carriers. [3] Finally, the electron transport chain uses these carriers to pump protons across a membrane and produce a large amount of ATP through chemiosmosis. Overall, the process fully oxidizes one glucose molecule into 6 carbon dioxide molecules and produces 38 ATP.
the-150225090149-conversion-gate02.pdf
Respiration is the process by which organisms break down carbohydrates to release energy. It occurs through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that ultimately produce ATP, the energy currency of cells. There are three main stages of aerobic respiration: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces a small amount of ATP. In the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is further oxidized and more ATP is generated. Finally, the electron transport chain uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor to produce the most ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic respiration can generate up to 38 ATP per glucose molecule.
respiration in plants- ASWINKUMAR
Respiration is the process by which organisms break down carbohydrates to release energy. It occurs through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that ultimately produce ATP, the energy currency of cells. There are three main stages of aerobic respiration: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria and is further oxidized, producing more ATP and NADH/FADH2. These electron carriers feed into the electron transport chain, where their electrons are transferred to oxygen to drive ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic respiration is highly efficient, producing up to 38 ATP per glucose
aerobic and anaerobic respiration.pptx
Aerobic respiration is a process that uses oxygen to break down glucose and produce energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water. It involves glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration breaks down glucose without oxygen, producing energy and lactic acid.
Respiration in plants
This slides contains basic information about glycolysis, citric acid cycle and growth and development respiration.
1 ans ErgonomicsDefinition Ergonomics defines from two Greek .pdf
1 ans :
Ergonomics
Definition : Ergonomics defines from two Greek words ergon means work and nomoi means a
natural laws, to create a word that means the science of work and a person’s relationship to that
work. It is a term thrown around by health professionals and marketing mavens with a cavalier
attitude. For some it has a very specific meaning.
The scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and
other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods
to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.It is the attempt
to make work better that ergonomics becomes so useful. And that is also where making things
comfortable and efficient comes into play.
Ergonomics is commonly thought of in terms of products. But it can be equally useful in the
design of services or processes.
Implementation
Developing and Implementing an Ergonomics Process and is written from the stand point of the
early stages of initiating a process. The procedure begins with someone identifying the need and
approaching management for support than the champion. Typically, the champion should gather
data to provide management with justification for the project. Some of these topics were
addressed in Section but are reiterated here to provide an overview of the entire strategy or plan
of implementing a process. Once management has agreed to support the project, a sponsor is
selected from upper management. The corporate office sponsor is responsible for writing a
project charter that recognizes the business need for implementing an ergonomics process . The
charter will provide written documentation of management’s commitment to the project, stating
that safety and health is as important as production. Management should identify the appropriate
cost account for the project and give an estimated budget for implementation. Management
should also choose or recruit the project manager early in these stages so he or she may
participate in the planning process. The champion may be assigned the position of project
manager or another candidate may be recruited to fill the position. Depending on the
organizational structure there may also be facility project managers. The charter should also
provide for the formation of a multi-functional ergonomics team. Depending on the size of the
company, there may be a committee at each facility. Management should provide documented
authority to the manager and should authorize time and money expenditures for the committee. It
is the responsibility of the project manager to assign and communicate responsibilities to the
project . The ergonomics initiative is typically part of the health and safety department or the
engineering department. In addition to the creation of the committee, management should outline
its position on ergonomics in other areas.
For example, ergonomics should be a consideration for all new product designs, tools, new
f.
a) Binds to- dissociate from - operator - promoter.When the lactos.pdf
a) Binds to- dissociate from - operator - promoter.
When the lactose is present it binds to the repressor and forms a confirmation change in it so that
the repressor can no longer bind to the operator. And then RNA polymerase binds to the
promoter region and allows transcription.
Solution
a) Binds to- dissociate from - operator - promoter.
When the lactose is present it binds to the repressor and forms a confirmation change in it so that
the repressor can no longer bind to the operator. And then RNA polymerase binds to the
promoter region and allows transcription..
More Related Content
Similar to AnswerCellular respirationWe breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2.pdf
Cell biology& biochemistry for Zoology students. (CSS & PCS Zoology)
This document provides information about Tahir Habib, who teaches Zoology with a focus on Biochemistry and Cell Biology. It includes a table of contents for topics covered, which are explained in further detail throughout the document. Some of the key topics covered include glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, fatty acid synthesis, DNA structure and replication, translation, cell biology, and biological molecules like carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. The document provides detailed multi-step explanations and diagrams of important metabolic pathways like glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
Krebs cycle
The document discusses the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle. It provides information on:
1) The cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and involves a series of chemical reactions that oxidize acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce carbon dioxide, NADH, and FADH2 to generate energy.
2) Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in the mitochondria, providing the two-carbon unit that enters the Krebs cycle.
3) The cycle is amphibolic, meaning it is both catabolic, breaking down molecules, and anabolic,
cellular respiration
The document discusses cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells break down food molecules to produce energy in the form of ATP. It describes the three main stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP. The citric acid cycle further breaks down molecules in the mitochondria, producing more ATP and electrons. The electron transport chain uses these electrons and oxygen to produce the most ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen through fermentation.
Respiration
The document defines and explains the stages of aerobic respiration including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose to produce pyruvate and ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvate to produce NADH, FADH2, ATP, and carbon dioxide. The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. In total, the complete aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule produces approximately 30-32 molecules of ATP.
Revision Respiration
Respiration is the process by which organisms break down glucose and other organic molecules to extract energy to power cellular processes. It involves three main stages: glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the link reaction producing acetyl CoA, and the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria. These stages release energy that is captured in ATP molecules and electron carriers like NADH and FADH2, which will be used later in the electron transport chain to produce more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
8.1 cell respiration
Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with a net production of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Aerobic respiration includes the link reaction, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation. The link reaction forms acetyl-CoA from pyruvate. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA to produce NADH, FADH2, and ATP. The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP synthase uses this proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP during oxidative phosphorylation. The structure of the mitochondrion supports these functions through cristae that increase surface area for the electron transport chain and an intermembrane space
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is a series of reactions where glucose and oxygen are broken down to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose outside the mitochondria, producing some ATP and pyruvate. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria, where the Krebs cycle further breaks it down, producing more ATP and electrons/hydrogen. These electrons are passed through the electron transport chain, producing large amounts of ATP through chemiosmosis as oxygen accepts the electrons. Overall, aerobic cellular respiration produces 36 ATP from one glucose molecule.
Unit 6
Cellular respiration involves three main stages to break down glucose and produce energy in the form of ATP. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing 2 ATP per glucose. The citric acid or TCA cycle takes place in the mitochondria and completes the oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide, producing 2 ATP and other electron carriers per glucose. Finally, the electron transport system uses these carriers to power ATP synthesis, producing 34 additional ATP per glucose through chemiosmosis. Together, these stages fully break down one glucose molecule to produce a net total of 38 ATP through aerobic respiration using oxygen.
GEN BIO 1 (JET^J NATASHA).ppmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmtx
Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration both break down glucose to produce energy, but they differ in their mechanisms and yields. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and fully breaks down glucose into carbon dioxide and water, releasing much more energy in the form of 38 ATP molecules. Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and can only partially break down glucose via fermentation, releasing much less energy as only 2 ATP molecules. Both mechanisms allow organisms to live in different environments and provide energy, with aerobic respiration being more efficient but requiring oxygen.
Green Book 7
Cellular energy is obtained through breaking chemical bonds in foods like glucose. ATP is the main carrier of energy in cells, gaining phosphate groups for energy storage and losing them for energy release. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and uses oxygen to produce ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through light-dependent and light-independent reactions in chloroplasts.
Green Book 7
1) Cellular energy is obtained through breaking chemical bonds in foods during cellular respiration, with ATP being the main carrier of energy in cells. ATP is regenerated through adding and removing phosphate groups.
2) Cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. Without oxygen, anaerobic respiration occurs through lactic acid or alcohol fermentation.
3) Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through the light-dependent and light-independent reactions in chloroplasts.
Combustion of glucose is respiration. The equatio.pdf
Combustion of glucose is respiration. The equation for the combustion of glucose
is: C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) --> 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) Essentially, sugar (C6H12O6) is burned, or
oxidized, down to CO2 and H2O, releasing energy (ATP) in the process. Why do cells need
ATP? ALL cellular work -all the activities of life - requires energy, either from ATP or from
related molecules. A lot of oxygen is required for this process! The sugar AND the oxygen are
delivered to your cells via your bloodstream. This process occurs partially in the cytoplasm, and
partially in the mitochondria. The mitochondria is another organelle in eukaryotic cells. like the
chloroplast, the mitochondria has two lipid bilayers around it, and its own genome (indicating
that it may be the result of endosymbiosis long ago). In some ways similar to the chloroplast, the
mitochondria also has two main sites for the reactions: The matrix, a liquidy part of the
mitochondrion, and the christae, the folded membranes in the mitochondrion. 1: Glycolysis
(\"splitting of sugar\"): This step happens in the cytoplasm. One Glucose (C6H12O6) is broken
down to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. Results in the production of 2 ATPs for every glucose.
(page 113 of your book goes into painful detail about this process, but all YOU need to know is
that glucose is split into to 2 molecules of pyruvate!) 2: Transition Reaction: Pyruvic Acid is
shuttled into the mitochondria, where it is converyed to a molecule called Acetyl CoA for further
breakdown. 3: The Krebs Cycle, or Citric Acid Cycle: Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, the
liquid-y part of the mitochondria. In the presence of Oxygen gas (O2), all the hydrogens (H2)
are stripped off the Acetyl CoA, two by two, to extract the electrons for making ATP, until there
are no hydrogens left - and all that is left of the sugar is CO2 - a waste product - and H2O
(exhale). The Krebs cycle results in the production of only ~4 ATPs, but produces a lot of
NADH, which will go on to the next step... Hans Krebs won the Nobel Prize in 1953 for his
discovery of the Citric Acid Cycle. 4: The Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis (\"the
big ATP payoff\"). Occurs in the christae of the mirochondria, the folded membranes inside the
chloroplast. Electrons from Hydrogen are carried by NADH and passed down an electron
transport chain to result in the production of ATP. Results in the production of ~32 ATPs for
every glucose. Peter Mitchell won the Nobel Prize in 1978 for his work on energy production in
mitochondria, called the Chemiosmotic Theory.
Solution
Combustion of glucose is respiration. The equation for the combustion of glucose
is: C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) --> 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) Essentially, sugar (C6H12O6) is burned, or
oxidized, down to CO2 and H2O, releasing energy (ATP) in the process. Why do cells need
ATP? ALL cellular work -all the activities of life - requires energy, either from ATP or from
related molecules. A lot of oxygen is required for this process! The sugar A.
Cell respiration
This document summarizes cellular respiration and its key stages and processes. It begins by outlining the overall reaction where glucose and oxygen are broken down to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. It then describes the two main catabolic pathways of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration and fermentation. The remainder of the document delves into the four main stages of aerobic respiration - glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation - and explains the products and purpose of each stage. It concludes by discussing what happens in the absence of oxygen and provides an overview of alcoholic fermentation.
Respiration in plants
The document summarizes various aspects of cellular respiration in plants. It discusses cellular respiration, where glucose and other molecules are broken down to release energy stored as ATP. It also describes the different pathways of respiration - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport system. The final stages of aerobic and anaerobic respiration are compared, noting that aerobic respiration fully breaks down glucose to carbon dioxide and water, yielding more ATP. The roles of fermentation, the fate of pyruvic acid, and the amphibolic nature of respiration are also summarized.
diss.pptx
The Earth is pretty old. Our current, best estimate is that it is 4.54 billion years old, plus or minus 50 million years.
Since then, however, a lot has happened. To help clarify the Earth’s timeline, geologists have divided the Earth’s history into various eras and periods. Each division of time represents a change in something, which happened on the planet.
Learn more about the Earth’s history and geologic time scales, on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily.
This episode is sponsored by the Tourist Office of Spain
In Spain, you can find accommodations like you can find everywhere else: hotels of all luxury levels and even hostels. However, you also find something in Spain that you can’t find everywhere: Paradores.
A Parador is a luxury accommodation usually in a refurbished historic building, like a monastery or a castle, or in a modern building with a panoramic view.
There is an official network of over 90 Paradores scattered all over the country in every region.
In my many trips to Spain, I’ve stayed at several Paradores, and it is always a unique experience that adds an extra cultural element to every trip. I’ve stayed at ones in Guadalupe, Cáceres, and Costa Brava.
You can research visiting one of the many Paradores in Spain before your next visit by going to Spain.info.
Once again, that is Spain.info.
The Earth is so old, that to make sense of its history, geologists have come up with divisions. These divisions are very broad and cover millions to billions of years, depending on what the division is. Each division also has subdivisions that can themselves be further subdivided.
The three primary temporal divisions of Earth’s history are eons, eras, and periods.
An eon is a very broad division of history, and there have really only been three eons. The Archean, which goes from the formation of the Earth to about 2.5 billion years ago. The Proterozoic, which goes from 2.5 billion years ago to about 540 million years ago, and the Phanerozoic, which goes from 540 million years ago to today.
There is also sometimes a fourth eon called the Hadean which would be from the formation of the Earth to 4 billion years ago, but it is really hard to study that period by itself, so it is often just lumped with the Archean.
I actually studied geology and geophysics for several years, and the use of eons seldom came up. Occasionally you would hear about the Archean, but the other eons are so broad as to not generally be useful.
The Archean is the period where continents started to form and the very simplest life began.
The Proterozoic is the eon where oxygen appeared, up to the beginning of complex multi-cellular life.
In the Archean and Proterozoic, there is little to nothing in the way of fossils, because there was nothing that could become fossilized yet. There are some fossilized stromatolite beds, which are mats of bacteria, but that is about it.
The rest of this episode will focus on the Phanerozoic Eon. That is whe
Summary of Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration involves three main stages to break down glucose and produce ATP as energy. [1] Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP. [2] The pyruvate then enters the mitochondrion, where the citric acid cycle further oxidizes it and produces more ATP and electron carriers. [3] Finally, the electron transport chain uses these carriers to pump protons across a membrane and produce a large amount of ATP through chemiosmosis. Overall, the process fully oxidizes one glucose molecule into 6 carbon dioxide molecules and produces 38 ATP.
the-150225090149-conversion-gate02.pdf
Respiration is the process by which organisms break down carbohydrates to release energy. It occurs through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that ultimately produce ATP, the energy currency of cells. There are three main stages of aerobic respiration: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces a small amount of ATP. In the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is further oxidized and more ATP is generated. Finally, the electron transport chain uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor to produce the most ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic respiration can generate up to 38 ATP per glucose molecule.
respiration in plants- ASWINKUMAR
Respiration is the process by which organisms break down carbohydrates to release energy. It occurs through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that ultimately produce ATP, the energy currency of cells. There are three main stages of aerobic respiration: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria and is further oxidized, producing more ATP and NADH/FADH2. These electron carriers feed into the electron transport chain, where their electrons are transferred to oxygen to drive ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic respiration is highly efficient, producing up to 38 ATP per glucose
aerobic and anaerobic respiration.pptx
Aerobic respiration is a process that uses oxygen to break down glucose and produce energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water. It involves glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration breaks down glucose without oxygen, producing energy and lactic acid.
Respiration in plants
This slides contains basic information about glycolysis, citric acid cycle and growth and development respiration.
Similar to AnswerCellular respirationWe breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2.pdf (20)
Cell biology& biochemistry for Zoology students. (CSS & PCS Zoology)
Cell biology& biochemistry for Zoology students. (CSS & PCS Zoology)
GEN BIO 1 (JET^J NATASHA).ppmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmtx
GEN BIO 1 (JET^J NATASHA).ppmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmtx
Combustion of glucose is respiration. The equatio.pdf
Combustion of glucose is respiration. The equatio.pdf
More from aquacare2008
1 ans ErgonomicsDefinition Ergonomics defines from two Greek .pdf
1 ans :
Ergonomics
Definition : Ergonomics defines from two Greek words ergon means work and nomoi means a
natural laws, to create a word that means the science of work and a person’s relationship to that
work. It is a term thrown around by health professionals and marketing mavens with a cavalier
attitude. For some it has a very specific meaning.
The scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and
other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods
to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.It is the attempt
to make work better that ergonomics becomes so useful. And that is also where making things
comfortable and efficient comes into play.
Ergonomics is commonly thought of in terms of products. But it can be equally useful in the
design of services or processes.
Implementation
Developing and Implementing an Ergonomics Process and is written from the stand point of the
early stages of initiating a process. The procedure begins with someone identifying the need and
approaching management for support than the champion. Typically, the champion should gather
data to provide management with justification for the project. Some of these topics were
addressed in Section but are reiterated here to provide an overview of the entire strategy or plan
of implementing a process. Once management has agreed to support the project, a sponsor is
selected from upper management. The corporate office sponsor is responsible for writing a
project charter that recognizes the business need for implementing an ergonomics process . The
charter will provide written documentation of management’s commitment to the project, stating
that safety and health is as important as production. Management should identify the appropriate
cost account for the project and give an estimated budget for implementation. Management
should also choose or recruit the project manager early in these stages so he or she may
participate in the planning process. The champion may be assigned the position of project
manager or another candidate may be recruited to fill the position. Depending on the
organizational structure there may also be facility project managers. The charter should also
provide for the formation of a multi-functional ergonomics team. Depending on the size of the
company, there may be a committee at each facility. Management should provide documented
authority to the manager and should authorize time and money expenditures for the committee. It
is the responsibility of the project manager to assign and communicate responsibilities to the
project . The ergonomics initiative is typically part of the health and safety department or the
engineering department. In addition to the creation of the committee, management should outline
its position on ergonomics in other areas.
For example, ergonomics should be a consideration for all new product designs, tools, new
f.
a) Binds to- dissociate from - operator - promoter.When the lactos.pdf
a) Binds to- dissociate from - operator - promoter.
When the lactose is present it binds to the repressor and forms a confirmation change in it so that
the repressor can no longer bind to the operator. And then RNA polymerase binds to the
promoter region and allows transcription.
Solution
a) Binds to- dissociate from - operator - promoter.
When the lactose is present it binds to the repressor and forms a confirmation change in it so that
the repressor can no longer bind to the operator. And then RNA polymerase binds to the
promoter region and allows transcription..
A gastric or stomach ulcer is regularly caused by an infection with .pdf
A gastric or stomach ulcer is regularly caused by an infection with bacterium Helicobacter pylori
(H. pylori) and long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as
ibuprofen and aspirin.
1. To detect an ulcer, first take a consideration of pre-medical history and execute a physical
exam.
2. Laboratory tests for H. pylori :
Blood tests are normally inaccurate and should not be regularly used and the breath test is the
most accurate.
For the breath test, eat or drink something containing radioactive carbon. H. pylori break down
the material in the stomach. Later, blow into a bag, which is then sealed. If infected with H.
pylori, your breath sample will contain the radioactive carbon in the form of carbon dioxide.
Endoscopy was used to examine the upper digestive system. During endoscopy, passes a hollow
tube equipped with a lens of endoscope down to throat and into esophagus, stomach and small
intestine. This endoscope had revealed the ulcers in the stomach.
If detects an ulcer, small tissue samples may be removed for examination in a lab for biopsy test.
A biopsy also identify whether H. pylori is in the stomach lining.
Solution
A gastric or stomach ulcer is regularly caused by an infection with bacterium Helicobacter pylori
(H. pylori) and long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as
ibuprofen and aspirin.
1. To detect an ulcer, first take a consideration of pre-medical history and execute a physical
exam.
2. Laboratory tests for H. pylori :
Blood tests are normally inaccurate and should not be regularly used and the breath test is the
most accurate.
For the breath test, eat or drink something containing radioactive carbon. H. pylori break down
the material in the stomach. Later, blow into a bag, which is then sealed. If infected with H.
pylori, your breath sample will contain the radioactive carbon in the form of carbon dioxide.
Endoscopy was used to examine the upper digestive system. During endoscopy, passes a hollow
tube equipped with a lens of endoscope down to throat and into esophagus, stomach and small
intestine. This endoscope had revealed the ulcers in the stomach.
If detects an ulcer, small tissue samples may be removed for examination in a lab for biopsy test.
A biopsy also identify whether H. pylori is in the stomach lining..
A packet is first of all considered to be as trhe unit of data that .pdf
A packet is first of all considered to be as trhe unit of data that is shared between end to an end.
The main nature of the packets is generally a lot of information is acquired or transferred like
dfifferent files, graphics, html from one place to another place through internet, so it is not
possible to send those information at a time. It will be divided in to some packets according to
their size which is taken along them will be transferred through packets to the routers and we can
take those informations to our gadjets or anything. It will change to different packets when they
pass through the different layers of network packets.
The packets are delivered from one place to another place by using differnt
protocols like Transfer control protocol and user datagram protocol. These two are responsible
for packet delivery through internet and this is how the information is passed from one work
station to another by using packets. without these it is very difficult to transfer.
Solution
A packet is first of all considered to be as trhe unit of data that is shared between end to an end.
The main nature of the packets is generally a lot of information is acquired or transferred like
dfifferent files, graphics, html from one place to another place through internet, so it is not
possible to send those information at a time. It will be divided in to some packets according to
their size which is taken along them will be transferred through packets to the routers and we can
take those informations to our gadjets or anything. It will change to different packets when they
pass through the different layers of network packets.
The packets are delivered from one place to another place by using differnt
protocols like Transfer control protocol and user datagram protocol. These two are responsible
for packet delivery through internet and this is how the information is passed from one work
station to another by using packets. without these it is very difficult to transfer..
The Citric Acid Cycle is the single most effectiv.pdf
The Citric Acid Cycle is the single most effective way for plants to metabolize the
\"nutrients\" that they receive. Unlike animals, plants find nutrition in the form of Carbon
Dioxide (CO2) and sunlight. There are many variations of the Citric Acid Cycle which help
account for differences in sunlight (too much/too little) and Carbon Dioxide (too much/too little).
Solution
The Citric Acid Cycle is the single most effective way for plants to metabolize the
\"nutrients\" that they receive. Unlike animals, plants find nutrition in the form of Carbon
Dioxide (CO2) and sunlight. There are many variations of the Citric Acid Cycle which help
account for differences in sunlight (too much/too little) and Carbon Dioxide (too much/too little)..
1.salbutamol sulfate (Ventolin)- the molecular formula of salbutamo.pdf
1.salbutamol sulfate (Ventolin):- the molecular formula of salbutamol sulfate (Ventolin) is
(C13H21NO3)2 • H2SO4
o Mechanism of action:- It stimulates 2 adrenergic receptors. It has a bronchodilator effect. It
causes the activation of enzyme adenyl cyclase, adenyl cyclase enzyme form cyclic AMP
(adenosine-mono-phosphate) from ATP (adenosine-tri-phosphate). Bronchial smooth relaxes in
the prsence of high level of cyclic AMP by which airway resistance decreases by lowering
intracellular ionic calcium concentrations. Release of bronchoconstrictor mediators such as
histamine, leukotreine from the mast cells in the airway inhibited by the high level of cyclic
AMP.
o side effects/adverse effects :-Its side effects/adverse effects depends on its dosage and route of
administration. The most common side effects of salbutamol is found a fine tremor of skeletal
muscle of hands and nervousness. Palpitation, tachycardia, chest discomfort, headache, muscle
cramps, hypokalemia, difficulty in micturition and paradoxical bronchospasm also caused by
salbutamol.
o potential medication interactions:- It can be given as tablet, syrup, inhaler, nebulizer solution
and intramuscular or intravenous injectable form. The medication of oral salbutamol is 2 to 4 mg
three times a day in adult and 1 to 2 mg three times a day in children. As per the requirement the
One to two puffs (100 to 200 microgram) of salbutamol metered dose inhaler is inhaled. As
nebulizer solution 1 to 2 ml of salbutamol nebulizer solution should be diluted with normal
saline to final volume of 2-4 ml is inhaled from a nebulizer. In severe acute attack, 5 to 10 ml
(each ml contain 50 microgram) of salbutamol injection can be given by intramuscularly or
intravenously.
2.Advair Diskus:- It is a combination of a corticosteroid and a beta2-adrenergic bronchodilator.
Mechanism of action:- It contains both fluticasone propionate and salmeterol. They both have
seprate mechanism of action given below:-
For Fluticasone Propionate:- It has anti-inflammatory activity and it is a synthetic trifluorinated
corticosteroid .In vitro it exhibit a binding affinity for the human glucocorticoid receptor.
Asthma caused by inflammation, Corticosteroids acts on actions on multiple cell types like, mast
cells, etc.
For Salmeterol Xinafoate:- It is is a selective LABA.In vitro, it is 50 times more selective for
beta2-adrenoceptors than albuterol. They are predominant adrenergic receptors found in
bronchial smooth muscle. And in heart beta1-adrenoceptors are predominant, it is comprising
10% to 50% of the total beta-adrenoceptors. The beta2-adrenoceptor agonist drugs contains
salmeterol, stimulates the intracellular adenyl cyclase, adenyl cyclase enzyme form cyclic AMP
(adenosine-mono-phosphate) from ATP (adenosine-tri-phosphate). Higher level of c-AMP
causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and release of mediators is inhibited by immediate
hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells. salmeterol is a potent.
Compco Systems Total payout next year = 4.86 billion.pdf
Compco Systems Total payout next year = 4.86 billion × 1.087 = $5.28 billion
Equity Value = 5.28 / (12.6% – 8.7%) = $135.46 billion Share price = $135.46 billion / 6.1
billion shares = $22.21
Solution
Compco Systems Total payout next year = 4.86 billion × 1.087 = $5.28 billion
Equity Value = 5.28 / (12.6% – 8.7%) = $135.46 billion Share price = $135.46 billion / 6.1
billion shares = $22.21.
Most scientists suspect that the reason of the dramatic crash of pop.pdf
Most scientists suspect that the reason of the dramatic crash of population of the snowshoe hare
is the decline of winer food, an epidemic disease, while swimming hares cannot distinguish the
small lakes and the large lkes, increase in territoriality. An area occupied by a mammal and
defend against the invasion by other members of same species is called territory. In polyandry
the females are larger and colourful than males. So the answer is d. Archaeopteryx is an extint
bird like dinosaur which is an intermediate stage between non avian and reptiles.
Solution
Most scientists suspect that the reason of the dramatic crash of population of the snowshoe hare
is the decline of winer food, an epidemic disease, while swimming hares cannot distinguish the
small lakes and the large lkes, increase in territoriality. An area occupied by a mammal and
defend against the invasion by other members of same species is called territory. In polyandry
the females are larger and colourful than males. So the answer is d. Archaeopteryx is an extint
bird like dinosaur which is an intermediate stage between non avian and reptiles..
1) The first abstract suggest that predator prey relationship outc.pdf
1) The first abstract suggest that predator / prey relationship outcome of P.fiesteria and
rhodomonas is determined by presence and absence of specific bacterium that is a alpha-
proteobacterium which have sequence similarity with roseobactor species present in toxic
dianoflagellete species. In the presence of this bacterial isolate consumption of rhodomonas is
increase that ultimately leads to the growth of Pfiesteria. Molecular analysis of ameboied stages
of toxic culture of clonal P. fiesteria species by verious research group suggested that P. fiesteria
species differe in response to fresh fish mucus, algal prey and inorganic nutrient enrichment
depending on funtional type or toxicity status. There are three functional type of P. fiesteria
ToxA, ToxB, NonIND depending upon their toxicity in the presence of fish, zoospore production
and attraction to fish excreta and mucus. So, this study suggest that Non IND strain should not
used for research about environment control on toxic strain of P fiesteria species.
Right environment condition (overencrichment of nutrient (N&P) - P. fiesteria exposed to large
number of finfish- increase toxin production- distroy fish epidermis- once fish dead- reduce its
toxin production- feeds on the fish either as zoospores or other forms
Whenenvironment condition change- finfish few or low in number - P.fiesteria become nontoxic
or dormant
P. fiesteria also effect people learning and reading capacity and couse other symptoms who are
very close to the contaminated water such as fishermen.
P. fiesteria growth is controlled by temperature and water quality.
3) Production of toxin, toxic activity and attraction to fresh fish tissue and excreta are the
responsed that activated by signal in variably toxic strains of P.fiesteria.
4) inorganic nutrient enrichment, presence of fresh fish and algal prey cause the development of
three strains
5) development of toxicity in Pfiesteria is caused by presence of fresh fish tissue and excreta and
its couse death of live fish. ToxA cause maximum killing have strong attraction to live fish
whereas Tox B has intermediate effect, and Non IND has negligible effect becouse have low
attraction to fresh fish and maximum zoospore production capacity.
2) THE symbiotic relationship of bacteria with Pfiesteria control its growth and consumption of
rhodomonas so to increase consumption of itself P.fiesteria adopt a colonization with bacteria.
Solution
1) The first abstract suggest that predator / prey relationship outcome of P.fiesteria and
rhodomonas is determined by presence and absence of specific bacterium that is a alpha-
proteobacterium which have sequence similarity with roseobactor species present in toxic
dianoflagellete species. In the presence of this bacterial isolate consumption of rhodomonas is
increase that ultimately leads to the growth of Pfiesteria. Molecular analysis of ameboied stages
of toxic culture of clonal P. fiesteria species by verious research group suggested th.
Sodium bicarbonate (Na+HCO3- ) is mildly alkaline.pdf
Sodium bicarbonate (Na+HCO3- ) is mildly alkaline and it reacts withacids: H+ +
HCO3- =H2CO3 (carbonic acid) which is unstable inwater and breaks down into water &
Carbon Dioxide : H2CO3(aq) --> H2O(l) + CO2 (g) . Inan open container at atmospheric
pressure, the CO2 escapes, so thereaction is irreversible. Alka Seltzer must contain some
mildacid in solid form, maybe acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). When placed in water, the acid and
bicarbonate react and fizz(CO2). Bicarbonate is useful in antacids for the same reason- stomach
acid (HCl) reacts with the bicarbonate producing waterand carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide
leaves (burp!) andonly water remains where there once was a strong acid.
Solution
Sodium bicarbonate (Na+HCO3- ) is mildly alkaline and it reacts withacids: H+ +
HCO3- =H2CO3 (carbonic acid) which is unstable inwater and breaks down into water &
Carbon Dioxide : H2CO3(aq) --> H2O(l) + CO2 (g) . Inan open container at atmospheric
pressure, the CO2 escapes, so thereaction is irreversible. Alka Seltzer must contain some
mildacid in solid form, maybe acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). When placed in water, the acid and
bicarbonate react and fizz(CO2). Bicarbonate is useful in antacids for the same reason- stomach
acid (HCl) reacts with the bicarbonate producing waterand carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide
leaves (burp!) andonly water remains where there once was a strong acid..
Multiplicity refers to the number of signals in t.pdf
Multiplicity refers to the number of signals in the NMR spectrum that correspond to
a single proton. A proton can be \"split\" by neighboring protons. This means that the nuclear
spin of one proton causes the spin of another to resonate at different frequencies. In the simplest
case, a proton with one neighbor shows up as a doublet (two peaks) instead of one single line.
The multiplicity of a signal is simply the number of such lines that correspond to a single proton
(or a single set of equivalent protons).
Solution
Multiplicity refers to the number of signals in the NMR spectrum that correspond to
a single proton. A proton can be \"split\" by neighboring protons. This means that the nuclear
spin of one proton causes the spin of another to resonate at different frequencies. In the simplest
case, a proton with one neighbor shows up as a doublet (two peaks) instead of one single line.
The multiplicity of a signal is simply the number of such lines that correspond to a single proton
(or a single set of equivalent protons)..
Three major parts of brainstem are midbrain, pons and medulla oblong.pdf
Three major parts of brainstem are midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Pons is present
between midbrain and medulla oblongata. Medulla controls breathing, blood pressure and heart
rate. Pons has tracks for signals to transfer fron cerebellum to the cerebrum. Mid brain controls
vision and hearing.
The three major parts of diencephalon are thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus. Thalamus is
the egg shaped structure. Hypothalamus is called the master gland. Pineal gland is part of
epithalamus.
Solution
Three major parts of brainstem are midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Pons is present
between midbrain and medulla oblongata. Medulla controls breathing, blood pressure and heart
rate. Pons has tracks for signals to transfer fron cerebellum to the cerebrum. Mid brain controls
vision and hearing.
The three major parts of diencephalon are thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus. Thalamus is
the egg shaped structure. Hypothalamus is called the master gland. Pineal gland is part of
epithalamus..
The question is a little unclear. Im going to guess that there are.pdf
The question is a little unclear. I\'m going to guess that there are 50 heads and 50 tails in the box
(same probability of a head or tail), so the number you are looking for is 100.
Solution
The question is a little unclear. I\'m going to guess that there are 50 heads and 50 tails in the box
(same probability of a head or tail), so the number you are looking for is 100..
The future value of investment is calculated as followsFuture valu.pdf
The future value of investment is calculated as follows
Future value = Present value ( 1+ interest rate) n
$ 18,205 = $ 4500 ( 1+r)10
( 1+r)10 = 4.0456
r = 15%
The annual rate of return to earn on this investment = 15%
Solution
The future value of investment is calculated as follows
Future value = Present value ( 1+ interest rate) n
$ 18,205 = $ 4500 ( 1+r)10
( 1+r)10 = 4.0456
r = 15%
The annual rate of return to earn on this investment = 15%.
The patient is susceptive to pneumococcal bacteremia while she was t.pdf
The patient is susceptive to pneumococcal bacteremia while she was taking amoxicillin from
starting. It is showing that patient has acquired an immunity against any bacteria; if the acquire
immunity is coming from mother. May be her mother was treated against bacterium
Corynebacterium diphtheriae for Diphtheria for that an immunity against the antibiotic penicillin
or erythromycin may be developed in the bacterium. That can be happened by high dose or break
of dose or long term dose. That resistivity for bacteria is retained in mother immune system;
through suggesting penicillin or erythromycin as an antigen for body. Such immunity then
carried through mother to her and now after some time even in normal doses the susceptibility
has developed for pneumococcus bacterium in Wanda.
Solution
The patient is susceptive to pneumococcal bacteremia while she was taking amoxicillin from
starting. It is showing that patient has acquired an immunity against any bacteria; if the acquire
immunity is coming from mother. May be her mother was treated against bacterium
Corynebacterium diphtheriae for Diphtheria for that an immunity against the antibiotic penicillin
or erythromycin may be developed in the bacterium. That can be happened by high dose or break
of dose or long term dose. That resistivity for bacteria is retained in mother immune system;
through suggesting penicillin or erythromycin as an antigen for body. Such immunity then
carried through mother to her and now after some time even in normal doses the susceptibility
has developed for pneumococcus bacterium in Wanda..
The Enthalpy of fusion, or heat of fusion is the change in enthalpy .pdf
The Enthalpy of fusion, or heat of fusion is the change in enthalpy resulting from the addition or
removal of heat from 1 mol of substance to change its state from a solid to liquid ( i.e.
MELTING process).
It is also called the latent heat of fusion, and the temperature at which it occurs is called the
Melting point.
Solution
The Enthalpy of fusion, or heat of fusion is the change in enthalpy resulting from the addition or
removal of heat from 1 mol of substance to change its state from a solid to liquid ( i.e.
MELTING process).
It is also called the latent heat of fusion, and the temperature at which it occurs is called the
Melting point..
Tested on ubuntu,Linux#include stdio.h #include string.h.pdf
//Tested on ubuntu,Linux
#include
#include
#include
#include //for getpid()
#include //for wait
/*Main function start*/
void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
pid_t pid;//storing process id
int i;
int status = 0;
/*Start for loop*/
for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
{
pid=fork();//forking process
if (pid == 0)// child process
{
/*Printing file name and process Id*/
printf(\"Filename: %s PID: %d\ \",argv[i],getpid());
return;
}else{
pid = wait(&status);//waiting for child process to complete
}
}/*End for loop*/
printf(\"done!\ \");
}
/*Main function End*/
/************output**************/
gopal@gopal:~/Desktop/chegg$ gcc fork.c -o program2
gopal@gopal:~/Desktop/chegg$ ./program2 *.c
Filename: Calculator.c PID: 22742
Filename: char2dArray.c PID: 22743
Filename: client.c PID: 22744
Filename: commandLine.c PID: 22745
Filename: directory.c PID: 22746
Filename: dLinkedList.c PID: 22747
Filename: duplicateArrayRemove.c PID: 22748
Filename: fileReading.c PID: 22749
Filename: fork.c PID: 22750
Filename: hailstone.c PID: 22751
Filename: hello.c PID: 22752
Filename: interest.c PID: 22753
Filename: inventory.c PID: 22754
Filename: largeNumber.c PID: 22755
Filename: lscat.c PID: 22756
Filename: main.c PID: 22757
Filename: nestedLoop.c PID: 22758
Filename: Person.c PID: 22759
Filename: prime.c PID: 22760
Filename: railCiper.c PID: 22761
Filename: random.c PID: 22762
Filename: readFile.c PID: 22763
Filename: rollercoaster.c PID: 22764
Filename: server.c PID: 22765
Filename: simple-cat.c PID: 22766
Filename: simple-ls.c PID: 22767
Filename: sumRecursion.c PID: 22768
Filename: Tree.c PID: 22769
done!
gopal@gopal:~/Desktop/chegg$ ./program2 Person.c server.c
Filename: Person.c PID: 22814
Filename: server.c PID: 22815
done!
Thanks a lot
Solution
//Tested on ubuntu,Linux
#include
#include
#include
#include //for getpid()
#include //for wait
/*Main function start*/
void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
pid_t pid;//storing process id
int i;
int status = 0;
/*Start for loop*/
for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
{
pid=fork();//forking process
if (pid == 0)// child process
{
/*Printing file name and process Id*/
printf(\"Filename: %s PID: %d\ \",argv[i],getpid());
return;
}else{
pid = wait(&status);//waiting for child process to complete
}
}/*End for loop*/
printf(\"done!\ \");
}
/*Main function End*/
/************output**************/
gopal@gopal:~/Desktop/chegg$ gcc fork.c -o program2
gopal@gopal:~/Desktop/chegg$ ./program2 *.c
Filename: Calculator.c PID: 22742
Filename: char2dArray.c PID: 22743
Filename: client.c PID: 22744
Filename: commandLine.c PID: 22745
Filename: directory.c PID: 22746
Filename: dLinkedList.c PID: 22747
Filename: duplicateArrayRemove.c PID: 22748
Filename: fileReading.c PID: 22749
Filename: fork.c PID: 22750
Filename: hailstone.c PID: 22751
Filename: hello.c PID: 22752
Filename: interest.c PID: 22753
Filename: inventory.c PID: 22754
Filename: largeNumber.c PID: 22755
Filename: lscat.c PID: 22756
Filename: main.c PID: 22757
Filename: nestedLoop.c PID: 22758
Filena.
SRP Signal recognition particle. The signal recognition particle (S.pdf
SRP: Signal recognition particle. The signal recognition particle (SRP) is an abundant, cytosolic,
universally conserved ribonucleoprotein (protein-RNA complex) that recognizes and targets
specific proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in
prokaryotes (Walter, 1981). So this is notan example of a gated channel or membrane pore. So
the option ( C ) is correct.
Solution
SRP: Signal recognition particle. The signal recognition particle (SRP) is an abundant, cytosolic,
universally conserved ribonucleoprotein (protein-RNA complex) that recognizes and targets
specific proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in
prokaryotes (Walter, 1981). So this is notan example of a gated channel or membrane pore. So
the option ( C ) is correct..
Some of the various financial position found in most hotels areRe.pdf
Some of the various financial position found in most hotels are:
Recording Revenue- In the hospitality industry, revenue recognition is fairly straightforward. For
both restaurants and hotels, revenue is earned when the meal or the hotel stay occurs. It is
important to note that reservations often include a deposit for the first night\'s stay. As this
deposit has not yet been earned, these deposits are not revenue yet. Payments received for
deposits are considered deferred revenue until they are earned.
Costs of Sales- Major costs in the hospitality industry include costs of food and labor. Food
costs, depending on the type of restaurant or resort, can be nearly half of a company\'s expenses.
Costs of sales should be recorded in line with revenue recognized. For example, if a company
serves 2,500 hamburgers in August that cost the company $4,000 and recognized $10,000 in
revenue in August, then the cost of the hamburgers should be recognized in August as well. This
entry would be recorded as a debit to cash and a credit to revenue for $10,000, as well as a debit
to cost of sales and a credit to inventory for $4,000. Food that was unprepared as of the end of
the month remains in inventory on the balance sheet.
Operating Expenses- Non-guest and patron costs of the company are reflected in the company\'s
operating expense accounts. When operating costs are incurred the company will make a debit to
operating expenses and a credit to cash or accounts payable, depending on whether the purchase
was made via cash or credit, respectively. Common operating expenses in the hospitality
industry are rent, insurance and non-client service salary expenses.
Capital Purchases- Serving meals or taking care of hotel guests usually requires a fair amount of
equipment. Industrial linen washers, stove tops, mixers and computers are all viewed as capital
expenditures. These items, which benefit more than one accounting period, are recorded with a
debit to fixed assets and a credit to cash at the time of purchase. Over the useful life of the
equipment the item is depreciated. Depreciation entries are made with a debit to depreciation
expense and a credit to accumulated depreciation. The accumulated depreciation and the fixed
asset account offset each other on the company\'s financial statements, so the equipments\' value
is always reported as cost less accumulated depreciation.
accounting division -the hotel division responsible for keeping track of the many business
transactions that occur in the hotel and managing the hotel\'s finances.
assets - resources available for use by a business, i.e, anything owned by the business that has
monetary value
average daily rate (ADR) - a key rooms department operating ration: rooms revenue divided by
number of rooms sold, Also called average room rate
balance sheet - a financial statement that provide information on the financial position of a hotel
by showing its assets, liabilities and equity on a given date
capture rate - T.
Retroactive interference when you learn some new things this memory.pdf
Retroactive interference: when you learn some new things this memory sometimes makes you to
forget you old memories. Same like in the above case, after seeing the criminals directly they
forgot the criminals they have seen in mugshots.
Solution
Retroactive interference: when you learn some new things this memory sometimes makes you to
forget you old memories. Same like in the above case, after seeing the criminals directly they
forgot the criminals they have seen in mugshots..
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Some of the various financial position found in most hotels areRe.pdf
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AnswerCellular respirationWe breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2.pdf
- 1. Answer: Cellular respiration: We breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2. Nowhere did we see O2 and CO2 in the same metabolic pathway, yet these two molecules are related and these molecules are interrelated when a glucose molecule oxidized in the presence of oxygen in eukaryotic cell finally release CO2 where carbon is going to get the oxygen from glucose. The remaining carbon skeleton in the metabolic pathways such as glycolysis followed by citric acid cycle finally "oxidative phopshorylation" are performed to generate metabolic energy Cellular respiration is the utilization of oxygen by the cell for the synthesis of metabolic products such as sugars, fats, proteins etc. In humans, cellular respiration takes place in cytosol & in the mitochondria (power hoses of the cell), in which the most of the metabolic processes takes place. Blood carries the oxygen to each cell in the body and again collects the carbon dioxide. The primary function of cellular respiration is to generate ATP, which traps some of the chemical energy of food molecules in its high- energy bonds (adenosine triphosphate). The process of generation of ATP is via glycolysis and Krebs’s cycle finally through oxidative phosphorylation. The overall balanced reaction of cellular respiration is: CHO+ 6O 6CO+ 6HO + ATP Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy In this reaction, glucose oxidized and oxygen reduced to CO2. Carbonic- Acid - Bicarbonate Blood buffer system & lungs: The bicarbonate buffering system of In the cellular respiration, involves an acid & base homeostatic mechanism further involving the equilibrium balance of carbonic acid(H2CO3), bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), and carbon dioxide (CO2) in order to maintain isotonic pH (7.4) in the blood and duodenum, among other tissues, to enable appropriate metabolic function. This reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, when cellular carbon dioxide (CO2) (lungs) reacts with water (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which in turn rapidly dissociates to form a hydrogen ion (exists in the solution as hydronium ion, H3O+) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3) The first step in cellular respiration is glycolysis. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process & takes place in cytosol, through which one glucose molecules is breakdown into two molecules of three-carbon pyruvate. The glycolysis of each glucose molecule generates 2 ATP molecules. ATP synthesis from anaerobic process is via glycolysis of glucose in the presence of various enzymes. Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+ + 2 H2O + heat Citric acid cycle:
- 2. The pyruvate generated by the glycolysis is converted into acetyl-CoA that enters into the citric acid cycle. Citric acid cycle involves a series of reactions that occur in the presence of "oxygen" & metabolic output is "CO2". Citric acid cycle generates NADH, which enters into the oxidative phosphorylation process. This cycle occurs in mitochondrial matrix and generates one ATP molecule only. Acetyl co-A + 3 NAD+ + FAD+ + inorganic phosphate + GDP + 2 water molecules -----> Coenzyme A-SH + 3 NADH + 3H+ + FADH2 + 1 GTP + 2 CO2 Here, CO2 is released due to aeronic citric acid cycle occured in mitochondria Coenzyme A: It is a thiol derivative that further reacts with a acetyl component of carboxylic acids to produce thioesters and finally enable to transfer fatty acids from cytosol to mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation Glycolysis (breakdown of glucose), oxidation of fatty acids and citric acid cycle releases NADH (hydrohenated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FADH2 (hydrogenated flavin adenine dinucleotide) molecules. These molecules carry electrons with high transfer potential. These electrons reduce the oxygen present in the mitochondria; this process produces a very high amount of energy (in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)). Solution Answer: Cellular respiration: We breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2. Nowhere did we see O2 and CO2 in the same metabolic pathway, yet these two molecules are related and these molecules are interrelated when a glucose molecule oxidized in the presence of oxygen in eukaryotic cell finally release CO2 where carbon is going to get the oxygen from glucose. The remaining carbon skeleton in the metabolic pathways such as glycolysis followed by citric acid cycle finally "oxidative phopshorylation" are performed to generate metabolic energy Cellular respiration is the utilization of oxygen by the cell for the synthesis of metabolic products such as sugars, fats, proteins etc. In humans, cellular respiration takes place in cytosol & in the mitochondria (power hoses of the cell), in which the most of the metabolic processes takes place. Blood carries the oxygen to each cell in the body and again collects the carbon dioxide. The primary function of cellular respiration is to generate ATP, which traps some of the chemical energy of food molecules in its high- energy bonds (adenosine triphosphate). The
- 3. process of generation of ATP is via glycolysis and Krebs’s cycle finally through oxidative phosphorylation. The overall balanced reaction of cellular respiration is: CHO+ 6O 6CO+ 6HO + ATP Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy In this reaction, glucose oxidized and oxygen reduced to CO2. Carbonic- Acid - Bicarbonate Blood buffer system & lungs: The bicarbonate buffering system of In the cellular respiration, involves an acid & base homeostatic mechanism further involving the equilibrium balance of carbonic acid(H2CO3), bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), and carbon dioxide (CO2) in order to maintain isotonic pH (7.4) in the blood and duodenum, among other tissues, to enable appropriate metabolic function. This reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, when cellular carbon dioxide (CO2) (lungs) reacts with water (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which in turn rapidly dissociates to form a hydrogen ion (exists in the solution as hydronium ion, H3O+) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3) The first step in cellular respiration is glycolysis. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process & takes place in cytosol, through which one glucose molecules is breakdown into two molecules of three-carbon pyruvate. The glycolysis of each glucose molecule generates 2 ATP molecules. ATP synthesis from anaerobic process is via glycolysis of glucose in the presence of various enzymes. Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+ + 2 H2O + heat Citric acid cycle: The pyruvate generated by the glycolysis is converted into acetyl-CoA that enters into the citric acid cycle. Citric acid cycle involves a series of reactions that occur in the presence of "oxygen" & metabolic output is "CO2". Citric acid cycle generates NADH, which enters into the oxidative phosphorylation process. This cycle occurs in mitochondrial matrix and generates one ATP molecule only. Acetyl co-A + 3 NAD+ + FAD+ + inorganic phosphate + GDP + 2 water molecules -----> Coenzyme A-SH + 3 NADH + 3H+ + FADH2 + 1 GTP + 2 CO2 Here, CO2 is released due to aeronic citric acid cycle occured in mitochondria Coenzyme A: It is a thiol derivative that further reacts with a acetyl component of carboxylic acids to produce thioesters and finally enable to transfer fatty acids from cytosol to mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation Glycolysis (breakdown of glucose), oxidation of fatty acids and citric acid cycle releases NADH (hydrohenated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FADH2 (hydrogenated flavin adenine dinucleotide) molecules. These molecules carry electrons with high transfer potential. These electrons reduce the oxygen present in the mitochondria; this process produces a very high
- 4. amount of energy (in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)).