Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass.
Gasifi cation is a process in which combustible materials are partially oxi-dized or partially combusted. The product of gasifi cation is a combustible synthesis gas, or syngas. Because gasifi cation involves the partial, rather than complete, oxidization of the feed, gasifi cation processes operate in an oxygen-lean environment. As fi gure 1 indicates, the stoichiometric oxygen-to-coal ratio for combustion is almost four times the stoichiometric oxygen-to-coal ratio for gasifi cation of Illinois #6coal.
Research was conducted on various stove design (wood, charcoal, bricks) that could be potentially modified in stove for desired purpose. Of the stoves gasifiers and Rocket stoves were two of the core design for design work.
BIOMASS GASIFICATION,gasification and gasifier.
A slide about biomass gasification including brief description about thermo-chemical conversion process and applications
Gasification process for generating producer gas by updraft, downdraft etc. and advantage and disadvantages of gasifier and application of producer gas for generating electricity or motive power for running the engine.
A short introduction to Gasification process and a brief description on various types of Gasifiers used in industries to obtain fuel and energy through this presentation.
References:-
1. http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2012/01/types-gasifier/
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasification
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkHKXz3VaFg
4. https://www.google.co.in/
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purificationAwais Chaudhary
This project includes production of syngas from biomass and its purification. Firstly we discuss feasibility and availability of raw material. Then we have literature survey. A lot of techniques are there to produce syngas, we have discuss process selection. Environmental considerations are also have been discussed. Piping and instrumentation (P&ID) diagrams also have been attached. At the end we've our conclusion and our recommendations.
21. COFIRING BIOMASS WITH COAL FOR POWER GENERATION.pptRENERGISTICS
Cofiring is a near term, low-cost option for efficiently and cleanly converting biomass to electricity by adding biomass as a partial substitute fuel in high-efficiency coal boilers. It has been demonstrated, tested, and proved in all boiler types commonly used by electric utilities.
Gasifi cation is a process in which combustible materials are partially oxi-dized or partially combusted. The product of gasifi cation is a combustible synthesis gas, or syngas. Because gasifi cation involves the partial, rather than complete, oxidization of the feed, gasifi cation processes operate in an oxygen-lean environment. As fi gure 1 indicates, the stoichiometric oxygen-to-coal ratio for combustion is almost four times the stoichiometric oxygen-to-coal ratio for gasifi cation of Illinois #6coal.
Research was conducted on various stove design (wood, charcoal, bricks) that could be potentially modified in stove for desired purpose. Of the stoves gasifiers and Rocket stoves were two of the core design for design work.
BIOMASS GASIFICATION,gasification and gasifier.
A slide about biomass gasification including brief description about thermo-chemical conversion process and applications
Gasification process for generating producer gas by updraft, downdraft etc. and advantage and disadvantages of gasifier and application of producer gas for generating electricity or motive power for running the engine.
A short introduction to Gasification process and a brief description on various types of Gasifiers used in industries to obtain fuel and energy through this presentation.
References:-
1. http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2012/01/types-gasifier/
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasification
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkHKXz3VaFg
4. https://www.google.co.in/
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purificationAwais Chaudhary
This project includes production of syngas from biomass and its purification. Firstly we discuss feasibility and availability of raw material. Then we have literature survey. A lot of techniques are there to produce syngas, we have discuss process selection. Environmental considerations are also have been discussed. Piping and instrumentation (P&ID) diagrams also have been attached. At the end we've our conclusion and our recommendations.
21. COFIRING BIOMASS WITH COAL FOR POWER GENERATION.pptRENERGISTICS
Cofiring is a near term, low-cost option for efficiently and cleanly converting biomass to electricity by adding biomass as a partial substitute fuel in high-efficiency coal boilers. It has been demonstrated, tested, and proved in all boiler types commonly used by electric utilities.
Biomass Co-firing: A transition to a low carbon futurevivatechijri
Biomass Co-firing is defined as simultaneous combustion of different fuels in the same boiler, provides one alternative to achieve emission reductions. This is not only accomplished by replacing fossil fuel with biomass, but also as a result of interaction of fuel reactants of different origin, e.g. biomass and coal. Co-firing of biomass with fossil fuels provides means to reduceSO2, and CO2 emissions and it also may reduce NOx emissions. It is assumed that there is no net emission of CO2 from biomass combustion as plants use the same amount of CO2 during growth that is released in combustion On the other hand utilisation of solid biofuels and wastes sets new demand for boiler process control and boiler design, as well as for combustion technologies, fuel blend control and fuel handling system. Cofiring with biomass offers a cheap and practical means of reducing carbon emissions using existing infrastructure. The capital costs for cofiring are generally low and usually limited to retrofitting boilers with modified delivery systems. Compared to other forms of renewable energy, the up-front investments needed for co-firing in existing boilers are fairly small. These retrofits are often substantially less expensive than the costly overhaul that would otherwise be needed to meet increased emissions standards.
Thermal Engineering is a specialised sub-discipline of Mechanical Engineering that deals exclusively with heat energy and its transfer between not only different mediums, but also into other usable forms of energy. A Thermal Engineer will be armed with the expertise to design systems and process to convert generated energy from various thermal sources into chemical, mechanical or electrical energy depending on the task at hand. Obviously, all Thermal Engineers are experts in all aspects of heat transfer.
Many process plants (basically somewhere where some raw material or resource is converted into something useful, e.g. power plants, oil refineries, plastic manufacturing plants, etc.) contain countless components and systems which have to be designed in terms of their heat transfer; it is particularly important to ensure that not too much heat is retained so the component or process is not disrupted. Conversely, some processes or systems are designed to use heat to their advantage and a Thermal Engineer must make sure enough heat is generated and used wisely (i.e. sustainably).
Giving out a idea of how much we are capable in using fossil fuels and Biogas and giving an idea of utilization so that economically as well as it will be benefited to environment.
biomass boiler to steam turbine to power generationAbhishekBobade4
Biomass boilers represent a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to heating and energy production. They utilize organic materials such as wood pellets, wood chips, agricultural residues, or even dedicated energy crops to generate heat or electricity. These systems have gained traction as a renewable energy solution, particularly in areas where biomass resources are abundant. In this comprehensive overview, we'll delve into the workings, benefits, challenges, and applications of biomass boilers.
### Introduction to Biomass Boilers
Biomass boilers function similarly to conventional boilers, but with a focus on utilizing biomass fuels instead of fossil fuels like coal, oil, or natural gas. The combustion of biomass materials within these boilers releases energy in the form of heat, which can be utilized for various heating purposes, including space heating, hot water production, or even industrial processes.
### Working Principles
The operation of a biomass boiler typically involves several key stages:
1. **Fuel Feed:** Biomass fuel, such as wood pellets or chips, is automatically or manually fed into the combustion chamber.
2. **Combustion:** Inside the combustion chamber, the biomass undergoes combustion, releasing heat energy.
3. **Heat Transfer:** Heat from the combustion process is transferred to water, steam, or air via heat exchangers.
4. **Heat Distribution:** The heated medium (water, steam, or air) is circulated through a distribution system to provide heat to the desired application.
5. **Emissions Control:** Advanced biomass boilers often incorporate emission control technologies to minimize pollutants released during combustion, ensuring environmental compliance.
### Types of Biomass Boilers
Biomass boilers come in various configurations, including:
1. **Stoker Boilers:** These feature a grate where biomass fuel is fed, allowing for continuous combustion.
2. **Fluidized Bed Boilers:** Utilize a bed of inert material (e.g., sand) to support and burn biomass fuel, offering high combustion efficiency.
3. **Pellet Boilers:** Specifically designed to burn wood pellets efficiently, offering automated feeding and combustion processes.
4. **Gasification Boilers:** Employ a two-stage process involving pyrolysis and gasification of biomass to produce a combustible gas that is then burned in the boiler.
#BiomassBoilers
#RenewableEnergy
#SustainableHeating
#GreenEnergy
#CleanHeat
#BiomassEnergy
#ClimateAction
#EnergyEfficiency
#Bioenergy
#CarbonNeutral
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
1. INTRODUCTION:
Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers
to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass.
As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or
indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be
achieved by different methods which are broadly classified into: thermal, chemical, and
biochemical methods.
GAS PRODUCTION:
The most obvious, and visible sources of biomass are High quality timber will continue to be
processed by sawmills for the construction, furniture and other industries, and these too will
produce residues and co-product such as offcuts, bark and sawdust that are also potentially suitable
fuel.
Further information about potential sources of biomass fuels:
Forestry
Arboriculture
Sawmills
Biomass Direct Combustion and Co-Firing
Biomass direct combustion is generally based on the Rankine cycle, where a steam
turbine is employed to drive the generator. This type of system is well developed, and
available commercially around the world. Most bioelectricity plants today are direct-fired .
In direct combustion, steam is generated in boilers burning solid biomass which has
been suitably prepared (dried, baled, chipped, formed into pellets or briquettes or
otherwise modified to suit the combustion technology). Direct combustion technologies
may be divided into fixed bed, fluidized bed and dust combustion
2. In fixed bed systems, the biomass fuel burns in a layer on a grate which moves to
transport the fuel through the furnace towards ash removal. Fixed bed technologies are
reliable and generally have relatively low investment costs compared with other direct
combustion technologies.
However, a given fixed bed boiler design can usually handle
only a limited range of biomass fuel types.In fluidised bed boilers, the fuel burns in a constantly
mixing suspension of hot, inert, granular bed material (usually silica sand or dolomite) into which
combustion air enters from below. Because of the very effective mixing achieved, fluidised bed
plants are very flexible in their ability to burn different biomass fuel types, although the fuel particle
size must be relatively uniform. Fluidised bed systems have high investment and operating
costs.
In dust combustion, fuel in the form of small particles such as sawdust or fine wood
shavings is injected along with air into the combustion chamber, and combustion takes
place with the fuel in suspension.
Fluidised bed systems are rapidly becoming the preferred technology for larger systems
(>10MW e ) because of their superior combustion characteristics. Biomass direct
combustion plants are typically relatively small, usually less than 100MW e . With
higher capital and operating costs than other direct combustion systems, fluidised bed
systems are normally only considered for applications with capacity over about 20 MW th .
Dust combustion systems are available for thermal capacities between 2 and 8 MW.
The smaller scale of biomass direct combustion systems leads to generally higher unit
costs and lower plant efficiencies compared with large-scale fossil fuel plants.
Biomass co-firing refers to the combustion of a mixture of fossil fuels such as coal and
biomass fuels. Biomass proportions in co-firing range from a few percent up to
approximately 40%, although most existing commercial projects are in the range of 3 to
5% by mass. Most biomass co-firing today is practiced on pulverised coal boilers, at
power stations with capacities in the range 50-700MW e .
Co-firing is a very attractive option for producing electricity from biomass because it takes
advantage of the large investment, established power generation infrastructure and higher
efficiencies of existing large-scale power plants while requiring comparatively low investment costs
to include a fraction of biomass in the fuel. Because of the lower nitrogen and sulphur
contents in biomass compared with coal, and the virtually CO 2 -neutral nature of biomass-to-
power production chains, biomass co-firing can be a very effective method for
reduction of NO x , SO x and greenhouse gas emissions from fossil-fuelled power plants.
The options for implementing biomass co-combustion in pulverised coal power stations
may be divided into three categories:
In direct co-firing, the appropriately prepared biomass is fed directly into the coal
furnace. There are a number of ways in which this may be done. The simplest approach
involves blending the biomass with coal on the fuel pile and providing the mixed fuel as
input to the coal mills before supply to the boiler’s coal feeding system. This method is
generally used at low biomass blend percentages.
3. INDIRECT CO-FIRING
Alternatively, the biomass fuel preparation and feeding may be handled by a separate system which
then feeds the prepared biomass to the coal burners or to separate, dedicated burners.Indirect co-firing
involves separate gasification of the biomass to produce a low calorific value fuel gas which
is then burnt in the coal-fired boiler furnace.
The gasifier is usually of the air-blown, atmospheric pressure, circulating fluidised bed type.
Indirect co- firing avoids risks to burner and boiler operation associated with direct combustion, but
is more expensive than direct co-firing and is currently only available for wood fuels.
In parallel co-firing, biomass is combusted in a separate boiler and the steam produced
is fed to a coal-fired power station where it is upgraded to the higher temperature and
pressure conditions of the large coal plant.
The overall efficiency of conversion from energy in biomass to electrical energy is thereby
increased. In an alternative form of parallel co-firing, the flue gases from combustion of biomass in
a separate combustion chamber are fed into the boiler of the coal power plant. The need for a
separate biomass combustion installation in parallel co-firing leads to higher costs.
BIO MASSGASIFICATION:
Gasification is the conversion by partial oxidation at elevated temperature of a
carbonaceous feedstock into a gaseous fuel. The product gas is a mixture of hydrogen,
carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide, water vapour, and small quantities of
heavierhydrocarbons. The oxidising medium is normally air, oxygen or steam. Inorganic
residues and an oil-tar fraction are also produced in the process.
4. The product gas generally has a heating value between one tenth and half that of natural
gas,depending on the composition of the biomass input and the gasification process employed. This
gas may be burnt in boilers or, after cleanup to remove tars, may be used as a fuel in engines
or gas turbines.
Gasification enables the production of bioelectricity using modern aeroderative gas
turbines, giving relatively high efficiency (compared with Rankine cycle systems) and
low unit costs at the modest scales of biomass systems. Gasification also provides a route
for small scale, decentralised bioelectricity production using gas engines.
A number of gasifier designs have been demonstrated for use with biomass. These can be
categorised as either fixed bed or fluidised bed. In the updraft gasifier, the
biomass is fed into the top of the unit and moves slowly downward as it goes through the
different stages of the gasification process, with ash emerging at the bottom of the
reactor.
Air is fed through from the bottom through a grate. Just above the grate, air
comes into contact with hot char and combustion occurs. The resultant hot gases rise and
heat the biomass further up, causing pyrolysis in that layer. The gases released rise
further and dry the incoming biomass in the top layer, before exiting the gasifier at the
top. This type of gasifier produces significant amounts of tars in the fuel gas and is not
suitable for applications using gas engines or gas turbines.
5. In the downdraft gasifier, the biomass and air move in the same direction, and the product
gas leaves the reactor after passing through the hot zone. Temperatures of around 1000 o C
in the hot zone cause cracking of some of the tars in the gas, and the product gas from
downdraft gasifiers usually have low tar content.
In fluidised bed gasifiers, biomass particles undergo drying, pyrolysis and gasification in
a hot, fluidised mixture with inert bed material and air. The fluidised bed process enables
good heat transfer between the gas and solid phases, and the high temperatures involved
also provide some cracking of tars in the gas. Circulating fluidised bed gasifiers employmore
turbulent mixing than bubbling fluidised bed systems, and use cyclones to separate
solid particles from the gas stream before returning them to the bottom of the riser
section. Fluidised bed gasifiers have higher throughput capacities than fixed bed gasifiers
and have less stringent requirements for fuel type (they can process mixtures of woody
and herbaceous fuels) or condition (they can process reasonably wet biomass).
Much recent development activity has focused on fluidised bed systems and system
coupling with combined cycle gas and steam turbines. For combined cycle applications, pressurised
fluidised bed gasifiers avoid the need to compress the fuel gas prior to burning it in the combustion
chamber of the gas turbine.
However, pressurised gasifier systems are more complex and costly than atmospheric systems.
Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (BIGCC) systems can achieve efficiencies of up
to 50% for electricity production, although at this demonstration and early commercialisation stage
capital costs are high
APPLICATION:
U.S. biopower plants have a combined capacity of 7,000 MW. These plants use roughly 60 million
tons of biomass fuels (primarily wood and agricultural wastes) to generate 37 billion kWh of
electricity each year. That's more electricity than the entire state of Colorado uses in a year. As with
conventional power from fossil fuels, biopower is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Small, modular biopower systems with rated capacities of 5 MW or less can supply power in
regions without grid electricity. These systems can provide distributed power generation in areas
with locally produced biomass resources such as rice husks or walnut shells.
Modular biopower systems are a good choice for areas with limited central power grids, as long as
sufficient biomass is locally available for fuel. Such small biopower systems can power
communities and local industries.
Modular systems could also be hooked into existing transmission and distribution systems near the
rural homes, farms, ranches, and industries likely to produce and use biopower. Biopower systems
can improve power quality on weak transmission lines located far from central power plants.
Examples of energy consumers that might install biopower systems include commercial hog
farming operations, paper companies, and food processing plants with high energy costs and
stockpiles of corn cobs or rice husks needing disposal.
6. In the downdraft gasifier, the biomass and air move in the same direction, and the product
gas leaves the reactor after passing through the hot zone. Temperatures of around 1000 o C
in the hot zone cause cracking of some of the tars in the gas, and the product gas from
downdraft gasifiers usually have low tar content.
In fluidised bed gasifiers, biomass particles undergo drying, pyrolysis and gasification in
a hot, fluidised mixture with inert bed material and air. The fluidised bed process enables
good heat transfer between the gas and solid phases, and the high temperatures involved
also provide some cracking of tars in the gas. Circulating fluidised bed gasifiers employmore
turbulent mixing than bubbling fluidised bed systems, and use cyclones to separate
solid particles from the gas stream before returning them to the bottom of the riser
section. Fluidised bed gasifiers have higher throughput capacities than fixed bed gasifiers
and have less stringent requirements for fuel type (they can process mixtures of woody
and herbaceous fuels) or condition (they can process reasonably wet biomass).
Much recent development activity has focused on fluidised bed systems and system
coupling with combined cycle gas and steam turbines. For combined cycle applications, pressurised
fluidised bed gasifiers avoid the need to compress the fuel gas prior to burning it in the combustion
chamber of the gas turbine.
However, pressurised gasifier systems are more complex and costly than atmospheric systems.
Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (BIGCC) systems can achieve efficiencies of up
to 50% for electricity production, although at this demonstration and early commercialisation stage
capital costs are high
APPLICATION:
U.S. biopower plants have a combined capacity of 7,000 MW. These plants use roughly 60 million
tons of biomass fuels (primarily wood and agricultural wastes) to generate 37 billion kWh of
electricity each year. That's more electricity than the entire state of Colorado uses in a year. As with
conventional power from fossil fuels, biopower is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Small, modular biopower systems with rated capacities of 5 MW or less can supply power in
regions without grid electricity. These systems can provide distributed power generation in areas
with locally produced biomass resources such as rice husks or walnut shells.
Modular biopower systems are a good choice for areas with limited central power grids, as long as
sufficient biomass is locally available for fuel. Such small biopower systems can power
communities and local industries.
Modular systems could also be hooked into existing transmission and distribution systems near the
rural homes, farms, ranches, and industries likely to produce and use biopower. Biopower systems
can improve power quality on weak transmission lines located far from central power plants.
Examples of energy consumers that might install biopower systems include commercial hog
farming operations, paper companies, and food processing plants with high energy costs and
stockpiles of corn cobs or rice husks needing disposal.