This is very important topic for Laparoscopic surgeons,as bile injury is not uncommon,how to approach such biliary injuries is prime to know for evolving surgeons.This slide would also helpful for surgery residents.
Bile duct injuries represent a complex clinical scenario seen with increased frequency owing to
aberrant anatomy
more lap cholecystectomies being performed
Incidence :
0.1-0.2 % in open cholecystectomy
0.4-0.6 % in lap cholecystectomy
Bile duct injuries represent a complex clinical scenario seen with increased frequency owing to
aberrant anatomy
more lap cholecystectomies being performed
Incidence :
0.1-0.2 % in open cholecystectomy
0.4-0.6 % in lap cholecystectomy
Component seperation technique for the repair of very large ventral hernias nikhilameerchetty
Includes all the ventral hernia repairs with the loss of domain and the various methods of component separation technique with their success rate for their repair ,few videos showing the methods of repair in addition to the latest techniques of repair .
In Depth review of the Surgical management of esophageal carcinoma including management overview, endoscopic management, Type of surgeries, Open, and minimally invasive, Extent of lymphadenectomy. Literature review of evidence for type of surgery and complications
Safe Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Techniques that are discussed here are based on current literature and Evidence Based Medicine guidelines and reviews.
BILE DUCT INJURY DURING LAPAROSCOPIC cholecystectomy- causes-detection;manage...fiaz fazili
Bile duct injuries (BDI) take place in a wide spectrum of clinical settings. The mechanisms of injury, previous attempts of repair, surgical risk and general health status importantly influence the diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making pathway of every single case. A multidisciplinary approach including hepatobiliary surgeon , endoscopy and interventional radiology specialists is required to properly manage this complex disease-the best treatment is prevention--do no more harm-have low threshold for conversion;call for help of seniors or expertise or refer to higher center
Component seperation technique for the repair of very large ventral hernias nikhilameerchetty
Includes all the ventral hernia repairs with the loss of domain and the various methods of component separation technique with their success rate for their repair ,few videos showing the methods of repair in addition to the latest techniques of repair .
In Depth review of the Surgical management of esophageal carcinoma including management overview, endoscopic management, Type of surgeries, Open, and minimally invasive, Extent of lymphadenectomy. Literature review of evidence for type of surgery and complications
Safe Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Techniques that are discussed here are based on current literature and Evidence Based Medicine guidelines and reviews.
BILE DUCT INJURY DURING LAPAROSCOPIC cholecystectomy- causes-detection;manage...fiaz fazili
Bile duct injuries (BDI) take place in a wide spectrum of clinical settings. The mechanisms of injury, previous attempts of repair, surgical risk and general health status importantly influence the diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making pathway of every single case. A multidisciplinary approach including hepatobiliary surgeon , endoscopy and interventional radiology specialists is required to properly manage this complex disease-the best treatment is prevention--do no more harm-have low threshold for conversion;call for help of seniors or expertise or refer to higher center
Bile duct injury:How safe is emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy?KETAN VAGHOLKAR
laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the gold standard . But its safety in acute cholecystitis is debatable. The traditional dictum to wait for 6 weeks before contemplating removal of the gall bladder still remains the safest option rather than removing the gall bladder on an emergency basis and heightening the chances of bile duuct injury leading to a surgical disaster.The presentation outlines the evaluation and management of bile duct injuries.
Difficult Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy-When and Where is the Need to Convert?Apollo Hospitals
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has now become the treatment of choice for the gall bladder stone. With increasing experience, surgeon has started to take more difficult cases which were considered relative contra indications for laparoscopic removal of gall bladder few years back.
We conducted this study at our hospital and included all laparoscopic cholecystectomy done from May'08 to January'10. Total time taken in surgery, conversion rate and complication rate were analysed. Factors making laparoscopic cholecystectomy difficult were also analysed. We defined difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy when we found -dense fibrotic adhesions in and around Callot's triangle, gangrenous gall bladder, empyma, large stone impacted at gall bladder neck, contracted gall bladder, Mirrizi's syndrome, h/o biliary pancreatitis, CBD stones, acute cholecystitis of <72 hrs duration.
Out of 206 cases done during above period, 56 cases were considered difficult. Only two cases were converted to open.
With growing experience and technical advancement surgery can be completed in most of the difficult cases. This is important because recently it is shown in literature that laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with less morbidity than open method irrespective of duration of the surgery.
Dr Pradeep Jain Reviews, Fortis Hospital - Laparoscopy Surgery New HorizonesDr Pradeep Jain Reviews
Dr Pradeep Jain Reviews, Fortis Hospital - Laparoscopy Surgery New Horizones. High volume experience of Dr Pradeep Jain means better outcome for patients.
Capital Financing 501 is a tax-exempt commercial paper program that provides
Massachusetts 501 (c)(3) institutions with a low-cost source of capital that can be
borrowed and repaid efficiently.
CBDSs are one of the medical conditions leading to surgical intervention. They may occur in 3%–14.7% of all patients for whom cholecystectomies are preformed. When patients present with CBD, the one important question that should be answered: what is the best modality of treatment under the giving conditions? There are competing technologies and approaches for diagnosing CBDS with regard to diagnostic performance characteristics, technical success, safety, and cost effectiveness. Management of CBDS usually requires two separate teams: the gastroenterologist and the surgical team. One of the main factors in the management is initially the detection of CBDS, before, during, or after cholecystectomy. The main options for treatment are pre- or postoperative ERCP with endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy (EST), laparoscopic or open surgical bile duct clearance. There are other options for the treat- ment of CBDS such as electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL), extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), dissolving solutions, and laser lithotripsy. It is unlikely that one option
will be appropriate for all clinical circumstances in all centers. Variables such as disease status, patient demographics, availability of endoscopic, radiological and surgical expertise, and healthcare economics will all have significant influence on practice
Post cholecystectomy pancreatitis: a misleading entity KETAN VAGHOLKAR
Cholecystectomy is one of the commonest hepatobiliary procedures performed in general surgical practice. Both laparoscopic as well as open cholecystectomies have their place in modern-day surgical practice. Post cholecystectomy syndrome is a known entity affecting approximately 20% of patients who have undergone cholecystectomy. Post cholecystectomy pancreatitis is an uncommon and rare complication. A case of acute early post cholecystectomy pancreatitis is presented to create an awareness of this rare but misleading and morbid complication.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. Historical perspective
First planned cholecystectomy in the world
was performed by Carl Langenbuch in 1882.
First choledochotomy was performed by
Couvoisser in 1890.
First iatrogenic bile
duct injury was
described by Sprengel in 1891.
Prof. Dr. Med Erich Muhe of Boblingen,
Germany, performed the first laparoscopic
cholecystectomy in 1985.
3. Biliary Anatomy
a. Right hepatic duct.
b. Left hepatic duct.
c. Common hepatic duct.
d. Portal vein.
e. Hepatic artery.
f. Gastroduodenal artery.
g. Right gastroepiploic artery.
h. Common bile duct.
i. Fundus of the gallbladder.
j. Body of the gallbladder.
k. Infundibulum.
l. Cystic duct.
m. Cystic artery.
n. Superior
pancreaticoduodenal artery.
Schwartz‟s Principles of Surgery, 8th Ed.,McGraw-Hill Companies, 2005.
4. Classic anatomy of biliary tree is present in only 30% of individuals,
so it may be said that anomalies are rule, not the exception.
( Maingot‟s abdominal operations)
Stewart et al. Bile Duct Injuries During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
5. Anatomy
Calot's triangle
bounded by cystic duct,
cystic artery, and
common hepatic duct.
Hepatocystic triangle
bounded by gallbladder
wall and cystic duct, liver
edge, and common
hepatic duct; the cystic
artery (and hence Calot's
triangle) lies within this
space.
(Maingot‟s abdominal operation)
6. Aim of the laparoscopic
cholecystectomy
Surgery (TODAY)->Discharge on same/next day
Complicated / Injury
Long hospital stay
Repeated investigations like USG and
ERCP
Radiologic interventions
Re-operations
7. Laparoscopic
cholecystectomy Pros and
cons
General advantages
Shorter stay in hospital
Faster recovery period
Reduced post-op recovery time
Less postoperative pain
Improved cosmetic outcome
Disadvantage
Increase in serious bile duct
and injuries
complications
8. Operating Room Setup
•
•
Reverse Trendelenburg (30
degrees) with left arm out at
90 degrees relative to the
body‟s axis
Titled left 15 degrees after
optical trocar placement
10. Introduction
Open cholecystectomy was standard practice
for treatment of symptomatic gall bladder
disease until late 1980‟s.
At present 90% of cholecystectomies performed
by LC which is one of the commonest surgical
procedure in world.
Unfortunately, widespread application of LC led
to concurrent rise in incidence of major bile
duct injuries (BDI),which are more complicated
than after open procedures.
Since its introduction and routine use in 1990s,
the incidence of biliary injuries has doubled
from 0.2% to 0.4% and remained constant
despite advances in knowledge, technique, and
technology.
12. Thermal Injuries
Inappropriate use
of electrocautery
near biliary ducts
May lead to
stricture and/or
bile leaks
Mechanical
trauma can have
similar effects
Lahey Clinic, Burlington, MA.1994
13. Bile duct injuries during
cholecystectomy
In 1990s, high rate of biliary injury was due
to learning curve effect.
Surgeon had 1.7% chance of a bile duct
injury occuring in first case and 0.17% at
the 50th case.
However most surgeons passed through
learning curve, steady – state reached,
but there has been no significant
improvement in the incidence of biliary
duct injuries.
14. Biliary Injuries during
Cholecystectomy
Open cholecystectomy has been associated
historically with 0.2% to 0.5% risk of
postoperative Biliary tract injuries.
On other hand LC has been associated with 2.5fold to 4-fold increase in the incidence of
postoperative BDI compared with OC.
15. These preventable injuries can be
devastating,
increasing
morbidity,
mortality, and medical cost, while
decreasing the patient‟s quality of life.
Biliary injuries will always exist, and we
need to be aware of the best methods to
avoid, evaluate, and treat them.
16. Incidence of IBDI following cholecystectomy (%)
Author
IBDI incidence following
OC
IBDI Incidence following
LC
Mc Mohan et al,1995
0.2
0.81
Strassberg et al, 1995
0.07
0.5
Shea et al,1996
0.19-0.29
0.36-0.47
Targarona et al, 1998
0.6
0.95
Lillemoe et al, 2000
0.3
0.4-0.6
Gazzaniga et al, 2001
0.0-0.5
0.07-0.95
Savar et al,2004
0.18
0.21
Moore et al,2004
0.2
0.4
Misra et al,2004
0.1-0.3
0.4-0.6
Gentileschi et al,2004
0.0-0.7
0.1-1.1
Kaman et al,2006
0.3
0.6
17. Risk Factors for Biliary
tract injury
Surgeon related factors
Lack of experience (learning curve)
Misidentification of biliary anatomy
Intraoperative bleeding
Lack of recognition of anatomical variations of
biliary tree
Improper interpretation of IOC
Improperly functioning equipment
18. Risk for biliary tract injury
Patient related
Acute and chronic cholecystitis
Empyema
Long standing recurrent disease ->
fibrosis
Porcelain gallbladder
Obesity
Previous surgery
Male sex
Advanced age
19. The Effect of Acute Cholecystitis on
Lap. cholecystectomy complications
Complication rate three times greater than
for elective LC.
Early cholecystectomy (72 h) outcome
better than delayed cholecystectomy.
Conversion rate to open cholecystectomy
is higher than elective cholecystectomy
35% vs 9%.
20. Risk Factors for biliary tract
injuries Anatomic Variations
Present in 18 – 39% cases
Dangerous variations predisposing to BTI are present in only 3-6%
of cases
Abnormal biliary anatomy
Short cystic duct, cystic
duct entering in the right
ductAccessory right
hepatic duct
Arterial anomalies
Right hepatic artery running
parallel to the cystic duct
Anomalous or accessory
right hepatic artery
23.
Summary of Causes of Bile
Duct Injuries
Misidentification of
Common bile duct
Common hepatic duct
An aberrant duct (usually on the right side)
Technical failure such as
Slippage of clips placed on the cystic duct
Inadvertent thermal injury to CBD
Tenting of CBD during clip placement
Disruption of a bile duct entering directly into gallbladder fossa .
(Goal of dissection should be conclusive identification of cystic structure
within Calot triangle)
(If the cystic duct and cystic artery are conclusively and correctly identified
before dividing, more than 70% of bile duct injuries would be avoided )
24. Technique
Four methods of identification of cystic
structures during cholecystectomy
1) Routine cholangiography
2) Critical view technique
3) Infundibular technique-> widely used
4) Dissection of main bile duct with visualization of
cystic duct or common duct insertion->
( increased chance of either thermal or
retraction injury to CBD, aberrant insertion of
cystic duct can also complicate this approach)
25. Routine intra-op cholangiogram
(IOC)
Laparoscopic ultrasonography
Performed routinely or not ?
Done via presumed cystic duct
If this happens to be CBD, injury has already
occurred!!
IOC does not identify all aberrant ducts
Arterial anatomy not identified
IOC does not prevent BDI but may reduce its
severity ( if correctly performed & interpreted, IOC
can prevent complete CBD transection)
IOC higher rate of intra-op identification of BDI
decreased cost of treatment & shorter hospital stay
26.
If critical view not obtained due to inflamation or hostile
anatomy perform IOC prior to dividing cystic duct .
Routine IOC reduces CBD injuries from 0.58% to 0.39%
(American Medicare data base study)
27. Critical view of safety
Calot‟s triangle dissected
free of all tissue except
cystic duct & artery
Base of liver bed exposed
When this view is achieved,
the two structures entering
GB can only be cystic duct
& artery
Not necessary to see CBD
28. Infundibular technique, although widely used, is
prone to failure in situations where cystic duct is
hidden because of diffuculty retracting the
gallbladder as a result of severe inflammation or
one or more large stone effacing or fusing the
cystic duct-common duct junction.
In such situation, area where infundibulum
narrows can be interpreted to be cystic duct
when it is actually the cystic duct and common
duct together.
29. (A)Usual anatomy when infundibular technique applied. Cyst ductgallbladder junction is characterized by a flaring tunnel
shape(boldlines). Arrow represents circumferential dissection of CDgallbladder junction during infundibular technique.
(B) Inflammation can pull CBD on the gallbladder creating similar
flaring tunnel shape. As a result, CBD mistaken for cystic duct,
resulting in classic injuries.
CD, cystic duct;CHD, common hepatic duct. (Strasberg S. Error traps and
vasculo-biliary injury in laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy. J
Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2008;15(3):285;)
30. Cystic duct or CBD?
2 – 3mm wide
5mm wide
CD > 5mm – Is it CBD?
Even with low cystic CBD goes behind Duct behind duodenum
duct insertion, CD duodenum
must be CBD
rarely goes behind
duodenum
Double cystic duct
very rare
No vessels on
surface
--
Vessels on
surface
2 ducts seem to go towards
inflammed Gallbladder –
one must be CBD
--
32. Strasburg Classification
Type A Cystic duct leaks or leaks
from small ducts in liver bed
Type B Occlusion of aberrant
right hepatic ducts
Type C Transection of aberrant
right hepatic ducts
Type D Partial (<50%) transection
of major bile duct
Type E Transection involve >50%
Subdivided as per Bismuth
classification into E1 to E5
33. Strasburg Classification,
cont’d
E: injury to main duct
(Bismuth)
E1: Transection >2cm from
confluence
E2: Transection <2cm from
confluence
E3: Transection in hilum
E4: Seperation of major ducts
in hilum
E5: Type C plus injury in hilum
34. Class I CBD mistaken for cystic duct, but error recognized before
CBD is divided.
Class II Damage to CHD from clips or cautery placed on duct. Often
occurs where visibility is limited due to inflammation or bleeding.
Class III Most common (60%), CBD mistaken for cystic duct. Common
duct is transected and variable portion that includes junction of cystic
and common duct is excised .
Class IV Damage to right hepatic duct , either because this structure is
mistaken for cystic duct, or injured during dissection.
35. Bile duct injury
Prevention should be main point
(much more important than treatment)
ALL laparoscopic cholecystectomies ARE difficult!
None of them is easy!
If injury occurred, …
who should treat it?
when should it be treated?
how should it be treated?
36. Prevention
30 laparoscope, high quality imaging equipment
Firm cephalic traction on fundus & lateral traction on
infundibulum, so cystic duct perpendicular to CBD
Dissect infundibulo-cystic junction
Expose “Critical view of safety” before dividing cystic
duct
Convert to open, if unable to mobilise infundibulum or
bleeding or inflammation in Calot‟s triangle
Routine intra-op cholangiogram
Intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasound (IOUS) .
Mastery of Surgery 6th ed.
37. Changing the Culture of
Cholecystectomy: Stopping Rules
Safety and avoiding BDI should be paramount
concern to surgeon performing LC.
LC can be converted to open procedure or even
aborted if local conditions present unacceptable
risks of danger.
As Strasberg points out, the negative effects of
conversion or even aborting procedure and
placing a cholecystostomy tube are minor
compared with the negative effect of a BDI.
Failure of progression of dissection, inability to
grasp and retract gallbladder, anatomic ambiguity,
poor visualization of field due to hemorrhage,
should trigger the surgeon to consider alternate
approach.
Conversion rate < 5% can be expected in hands of
38. Timing of Identification
• Intra-op
• Unexpected ductal structures seen
• Bile leak into field from lacerated or
transected duct
• Post-op
• Depends on continuity of bile duct &
• Presence or absence of bile leak
39.
Presentation of Bile Duct
Injuries
About 25% recognized intraoperatively.
About 25% discovered within 24 hours post- operative
About 50% present weeks to years post-operative.
Most BDI are not recognized intraoperatively, and patients sent home after
or within 24 hours.
Patients who fails to recover within first few days or develop progressive
vague abdominal symptoms.
Abdominal fullness, distension, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever and
chills.
Symptoms can leads to bilomas, biliary fistula, cholangitis, sepsis, or multi
organ system failure.
Clinical presentationBiliary obstructions-> anorexia, jaundice, liver enzyme elevation
Bile leaks
Both can occur simultaneously
Concomitant vascular injuries (complicate matter)
Obstruction secondary to biliary stricture appear weeks to month later and
may present with recurrent colangitis, obstructive jaundice, or secondary
biliary cirrosis.
40. Intraoperative Detection
If experienced, convert to Open Procedure and perform
Cholangiography (determine extent of injury)
If
not
experienced,
perform
cholangiogram
laparoscopically with intent of referring patient
(placement of drains)
Consult an experienced hepatobiliary surgeon
Quicker the repair, better the outcome!!!
Acute Management
Biliary catheter for decompression of biliary
tract and control of bile leaks
Percutaneous drainage of intraperitoneal bile
41. Clinical Presentation (post-op)
• Obstruction
• Clip ligation or resection of CBD
obstructive jaundice, cholangitis
• Bile Leak
• Bile from intra-op drain or
• More commonly, localized biloma or free
bile ascites / peritonitis, if no drain
• Diffuse abdominal pain & persistent ileus
several days post-op high index of
suspicion possible unrecognized BDI
42. Post-Operative Detection
Plan
Controlling sepsis, establish biliary drainage, postulate
diagnosis, type and extent of bile duct injury.
Broad-spectrum antibiotics
No need for an urgent laparotomy. Biliary reconstruction
in presence of peritonitis results a statistically worse
outcome.
No need for urgent with reconstruction of biliary tree.
Inflammation, scar formation and development of fibrosis
take several weeks to subside.
Reconstruction of biliary tract is best performed
electively after interval of at least 6 to 8 weeks.
43. BDI Management
Investigation
Ultrasonagraphy and CT -- Ductal
dilatation intra-abdominal collection and
dilatation of biliary tree.
Cholangiogram
ERCP—biliary anatomy and
assess the injury
PTC—define biliary anatomy
proximal to injury
MRCP—noninvasive (can miss
minor leaks)
HIDA scan -- If doubt exists, HIDA
scan can confirm leak but not the specific
leak site
MR angiography—vascular injuries
44. When realise that there is an injury, ASK for HELP!
If possible do not try to repair, even you are experienced
An experienced and FRESH surgeon should repair the
injury.
If it is impossible AND it is a difficult injury that you can not
treat, place catheters Lost‟, primarypatient. (end to end CBD
There is no „Tissue and refer the repair
repair) over T-tube???
stricture rate is high!!!
There is „Tissue Lost‟, biliodigestive anastomosis:
choledocoduodenostomy/ Roux-en-Y
hepaticojejunostomy
Primary repair high incidence of failure
percutaneous or endoscopic balloon dilatation
later
45. Preoperative Investigation and
Preparation for the Procedure
■ Communication with previous surgeon
■ Previous surgical report
■ Laboratory tests: bilirubin, alkaline
phosphatase, ALT, AST, albumin, coagulation
parameters, white blood cell count
Principles of Repair
■ Anastomosis should be tension free, with good blood
supply, mucosa to mucosa and of adequate caliber.
Hepaticojejunostomy should be used in preference to either
choledochocholedocotomy or choledochoduodenostomy.
Anterior longitudinal opening in the bile duct with a long sideto-side anastomosis is preferred.
Dissection behind the ducts should be minimized in order to
minimize devascularization of the duct.
46. Timing of Repair
Factors favoring immediate repair are:
(1) Early referral
(2) Lack of right upper quadrant
bile collection
(3) Simple injuries
(4) No vascular injury and
(5) Stable patient
Factors favoring delayed repair are:
(1) Late (less than 1week after injury) referral
(2) Complex injuries (types E4, E5)
(3) Thermal etiology
(4) Concomitant ischemic injury
47. Strasburg classification
Type A
Type B & C
Potentialy serious injuries
More common since
introduction of LC
No reconstruction
Treated
endoscopicaly
Type B
Silen
t
Type D
<25
%
25% - 50% or
Caused by diathermy or
Repaired primarily Small bile duct
Over T-tube
Type C
Pain or cholangitis
many yrs. after
injury
Biliary fistula
Asymptomatic atrophy
of involved liver
Compensated by
hypertrophy of normally
drained liver
Type E (>50%)
Volume
less
Converted
to
Reconstruction by
hepaticojejunostomy
B,C and E1 to E5 are
major
biliary injuries
Reconstruction
Persistence
48. ERCP – multiple stents
• Lateral duct wall
injury or cystic duct
leak
transampullary stent
controls leak &
provides definitive
treatment
• Distal CBD must be
intact to augment
internal
drainage with
endoscopic stent
49. Simpler injuries types A and D may be treated in community
setting when discovered intraoperatively by endoscopic or percutaneous
techniques when they present in postoperative period.
More complex injuries that require hepaticojejunostomy for repair
(types B and C injuries and most to type E injuries).
More complex injuries types E1 and E2 may also be treated by
nonsurgical techniques when they present as strictures.
Notations >2 cm and <2 cm in types E1 and E2 indicate length of
common hepatic duct remaining.
50. Bile
leak
Immediate intra operative
diagnosis
injurMinor y
Delayed diagnosis
Major injury
Drainage
Low -output
High-output
Repair over
T-tube
Experienced
No experienced
Observe
hepatobiliary
hepato-Biliary surgeon surgeon available
ERCP
Resolve < 5-7 days Continued
Clip open duct Call second surgeon
Roux-en-Y hepaticoDrain
jejunostomy
Suspected CBD
IV antibiotics
injury
Transfer to tertiary
Cystic duct stump leak PTC to deliniate anatomy
centre
Control drainage
Duct of Luschka
Repair by experienced
Stent± sphincterectomy
hepatobiliary surgeon
Sphinctrectomy
51. Cholangiography (ERCP + PTC)
Percutaneous
(PTC)
transhepatic
cholangiography
Defines proximal anatomy
Allows
placement
of
percutaneous
transhepatic
biliary
catheters
to
decompress biliary tree treats or
prevents cholangitis & controls bile leak
52. ERCP – clips across CBD
CBD transection
normal-sized distal
CBD upto site of
transection
Percutaneous
transhepatic
cholangiography
(PTC) necessary
Surgery
58. Definitive management
Goal
Reestablishment of bile flow into proximal
GIT
In a manner that prevents cholangitis,
sludge or stone formation, restricturing &
progressive liver injury
Bile duct intact & simply narrowed
percutaneous or endoscopic dilatation
59. Treatment summary
Strasberg Type A – ERCP + sphincterotomy +
stent
Type B & C – Traditional surgical
hepaticojejunostomy
Type D – Primary repair over an adjacently
placed T-tube (if no evidence of significant
ischemia or cautery damage at site of injury)
More extensive type D & E injuries – Roux anY hepaticojejunostomy over a 5-F pediatric
60. Summary
• Multidisciplinary management of BDI
expertise of surgeons, radiologists &
gastroenterologists
• Mismanagement lifelong disability & chronic
liver disease
• BDI with lap. Chole results of operative
repair, excellent in Specialist Centres