If you are also considering replacing or retrofitting parking lot poles, garages, bollards, floods and other areas with a better option, this workshop is for you. Speaker Stan Walercyk will examine what works best for certain applications and the costs associated with them. If you have considered light emitting diodes and thought that performance and pricing were not good enough, a lot has changed since 2009. Real-life estimates, high-tech control systems and other issues will also be discussed.

1. EXTERIOR LIGHTING
LED, INDUCTION, HPS, MH,
PLASMA, FLUORESCENT
STAN WALERCZYK, CLEP, LC
LIGHTING WIZARDS
8/8/10 version 1

2. WHO ARE YOU?
• Please introduce yourselves
– Name
– Company (optional)
– Function
• If too many people, please somebody from Chula
Vista, Marty Turock at San Diego Regional Street
Lighting Working Group and Kenny Perez at Nate
Mullen Visual Concepts introduce themselves,
because they have been making some neat stuff
happen down here
– If anybody else has new and relevant news, please share
2

3. STAN WALERCZYK’S BIO
• 21 years experience
– Distribution, maintenance, installer, retrofit contractor, fixture designer,
consultant, lighting designer, policy maker, researcher
• 500+ projects
• 30+ published articles
• 600+ seminars
• IESNA Member 1995 - 2008
– Currently on Spectrally Effects Committee
• Certified Lighting Energy Professional by AEE
– CLEP Review Board member
• Lighting Certified by NCQLP
• Consultant for California Title 20 and Federal EPACT
• Consultant for Army Corp of Engineers Construction Energy Research
Lab
• Assisted on DOE spectrally enhanced lighting research
• DOE CALiPER Guidance Committee member
3

4. NO
ENDORSEMENTS
• Although several manufacturers and
models are listed, none are endorsed
• Easier to talk about specifics than
generalities
4

5. FORMAT
• Please ask questions when we are on that
subject
• Periodic breaks
5

6. BACKGROUND INFO
• HPS (High pressure sodium)
– Yellow light
– 24,000+ rated hours
• MH (Metal Halide)
– White light
– 20,000 rated hours for over 300W
– 10,000 - 15,000 rated hours for most lower wattage
– Probe start, which are also called standard, not very good
• Mercury Vapor (also called merc vap)
– White light
– 24,000+ rated hours
– Low lumens per watt, so should be replaced
6

7. FIRST LET’S TALK ABOUT
LEDs
7

8. HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Department of Energy Solid State Lighting
– Google search ‘doe ssl’
• CALiPER test reports
• Benchmark reports
• Gateway studies
• Fact sheets
• Webinars and more
– Good streetlighting webinar on July 20, which you can get PDF
– Lighting Facts
• www.lightingfacts.com
– Municipal Streetlighting Consortium
• www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/gatewaydemos_consortium.html
8

9. HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Department of Energy
– Commercial Building Energy Alliances
• Technology and System Specification
Development
– LED Site (Parking Lot) Lighting
– High Efficiency Parking Structure Lighting
– And some interior and nonlighting ones
• www2.eere.energy.gov/buildings/alliances/tech
nologies.html
9

10. HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Energy Star
– www.energystar.gov
• L Prize
– www.lightingprize.org
• Lighting For Tomorrow SSL Awards
– www.lightingfortomorrow.com
• Next Generation Luminaires Design Competition
– www.ngldc.org
10

11. HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Lighting Research Center
– www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/index.asp
• LEDs Magazine
– www.ledsmagazine.com
• Architectural SSL Magazine
– www.architecturalssl.com
11

12. HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Iowa Energy Center
– Exterior Lighting Demonstration Project
• LED, induction, MH & CFL comparisons
• Tri-level LED pole fixtures
– Low level late night
– Medium level when students and staff
– High level for snow removal
• Students manually measured footcandles
• Occupancy sensors and other controls
• Data management system
• www.energy.iastate.edu/ERS/presentations.htm
• Even worth it to travel to Des Moines
– Could also see bridge and office building
12

13. HELPFUL EMAIL
• Postings: From the Desk of Jim Brodrick
– About once a week
– postings@lightingfacts.com
13

14. LED
• It is amazing how much LEDs have
improved just over the last year
– Some manufacturers have products that provide
over 100 lumens per watt out of the fixture at
steady state temperature
• Which is much better than any other technology
– Even at 70 or lower lumens per watt out of the
fixture and being able to aim the light where it
should go is better than other technologies for
many applications
– Pricing has really come down
14

15. LED
• We now have good tools to compare LED kits and fixtures
with each other and with other technologies
– L70
• LEDs typically do not burn out, just get dimmer and dimmer over time,
so rated life is based on when have 70% of initial lumens
– LM79
• Initial lumens per watt out of the fixture at steady state temperature,
where lumens are directed, etc.
• Make sure performed by a lab approved by the DOE
– LM80
• At least 6000 hour so lumen maintenance data for the LED package
• Energy Star requires 6000 hour lumen maintenance of 94.1% for
35,000 hour life or 91.8% for 25,000 hour life
• Verify in situ temperature of the LED package in the fixture
• Lumen maintenance is just one aspect of luminaire life and reliability
– Highly recommended not buy any LED product unless they
have very good LM79 and LM80 numbers
15

16. LED
• Energy Star Rating
– This can make it easier, because good LM79 and LM80
ratings are necessary to qualify
– There may be no Energy Star category for exterior
fixtures yet
• Manufacturers that have deep enough pockets to
handle any potential large warranty issues and
have a long enough proven track record
• DOE has been working with many of the big box
chain stores to help reduce amount of low price
junky LED products that are sold
– Including trying to get stores to only carry products that
have been tested for lumen maintenance
16

17. LED
• Looking ahead…
– By 2015, just five years away
• LEDs could provide 130+ lumens per watt out of the
fixtures
• Pricing should be significantly less, like maybe $100 -
$200 for a cobrahead or shoebox pole fixture
replacing 100- 150W HPS
– That will probably make other technologies
obsolete for many applications
17

18. LED
• If LED fixtures and kits will be so much
better and less expensive in a few years
should you buy them now or wait?
– Let’s use the computer analogy
– So, if your existing system is in good shape and
fairly efficient, maybe wait
– But if your existing system is not in the best
shape or is not efficient, probably buy
– For new construction, since have to buy
something anyway, LED fixtures are usually
already cost effective
18

19. LED
• Maybe we will see fixtures with internal
clocks or photocontrol loops, so the drivers
underdrives the LEDs to begin with, and
slowly increase milliamps over rated life to
maintain light levels
• This could also be done with a central
control system
• At least one induction fixture manufacturer
slowly increases generator wattage over
time to provide better lumen maintenance
19

20. MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
• Again no endorsements
• Beta Lighting
– Division of Ruud Lighting in Wisconsin
– Got into exterior LED lighting in a big way sooner than
any other company
– More sales, experience, DOE studies and track record
than any other manufacturer
– Edge, LEDway and other product lines
– Mainly made in the USA.
– www.betaled.com
20

21. MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
• Leotek
– Especially new Green Cobra
– www.leotek.com
• GE, divisions of Philips, Holophane, etc.
21

22. MANUFACTURERS, ETC.
• There are numerous other manufacturers from the USA,
China, etc.
• Ecofit recently introduced kits for cobraheads, etc. with
very good thermal design
– www.ecofitlighting.com
• Some manufacturers that do not have long track record
may have potential problems that they are not aware of
– Such as thinking that they have sufficient surge protection and then
customers finding out the hard way that they do not
• In a year or two it should be a much more even playing
field
22

23. THREE
IMPORTANT
ATTRIBUTES
OF
LEDs
23

24. 1. DIRECTING LIGHT
WHERE IT SHOULD
• Well designed LED fixtures can properly
illuminate between fixtures and around
designated perimeters without providing an
excessive blob of light directly underneath
fixtures, like all other light sources, including HPS,
MH, LPS, MV, fluorescent and induction
• That excessive blob of light wastes energy, so
LED fixtures can save energy
• Plus it is easy for well designed LED fixtures to be
full cut-off, which is dark sky friendly
24

25. 2. LONG LIFE
• Although some LED fixture manufacturers are
quoting 150,000+ hours, it may be more realistic
to consider 50,000+ or 60,000 - 70,000 hours
– Which is considerably longer than HPS, LPS, MH, MV
and is about the same as useable life for induction
• This long life can save cities, town, counties and
other customers a lot on maintenance labor and
parts
25

26. 3. BI-LEVEL LIGHTING
• Some good LED fixtures can have bi-level or
dimming drivers and occupancy sensors for
high/low lighting
• This can save a lot of KWH in parking lots,
garages, walkways, etc.
– This does not work well when there are trees and
bushes near fixtures that the branches moving in the
wind trigger the sensors
• IESNA states lower light levels are appropriate
when less traffic, so light levels could reduced late
at night, which can also save considerable KWH
and is friendlier to observatories
26

27. NOW LET’S GET
INTO SOME
DETAILS
REGARDING LEDs
AND OTHER
TECHNOLOGIES
27

28. CITIES THAT HAVE INSTALLED
OR HAVE DECIDED TO GO WITH
LED STREETLIGHTS
• Anchorage, Alaska was the first major U.S. city to
go with LED streetlights
• Pittsburgh, San Jose and numerous other cities
have decided to go LED
• The big dog is Los Angeles, which is planning to
replace 140,000 HPS streetlights over 5 years
– First phase selected Beta and Leotek after testing several
manufacturer’s fixtures
– Every year LA plans invite several manufacturers for
mock-ups, to avoid getting stuck with outdated technology
28

29. BETA’S LEDWAY COBRAHEAD
29

30. LEOTEK’S GREEN COBRA
30

31. WHAT AT LEAST ONE
UTILITY IS DOING
• Pacific Gas & Electric is the largest utility in the country
– For cities and towns in its turf that switch to LED
• Dedicated lower electric rate
• Rebates
• Technical design assistance
• Turnkey volume discount pricing and installation
• 1st year total warranty and remaining 4 year parts warranty
– Following are at least some manufacturers that are on PG&E’s pre-
approved LED street light list
• Beta Lighting www.betaled.com
• Cooper Streetworks www.cooperlighting.com
• LED Roadway Lighting www.ledroadwaylighting.com
• Leotek www.leotek.com
• Check on PG&E’s website about additional manufacturers and models
www.pge.com 31

32. FOR WHITE LIGHT AREA
LIGHTING, THERE IS MORE
THAN COBRAHEADS
• Following slide will show examples of
several exterior LED fixtures
– Although garage and canopy fixtures can
be considered interior or damp location,
they are included in this seminar
32

33. AREA LIGHTING
Canopy
Outdoor area
Parking structure
Wall pack
The Edge by Beta Lighting Bollard

34. THERE ARE ALSO SEVERAL
LED FIXTURES AND KITS FOR
ACORN, COACH LANTERN,
ETC. FIXTURES
• Precision Paragon
– www.p-2.com
• Holophane
– www.holophane.com
• Sylvania
– www.sylvania.com
• And others
– One concern with kits is how can LM79 and LM80 be done when
there are so many fixtures that these kits can go into
34

35. LEDs ON
MISSISSIPPI BRIDGE
• LEDs can also be used for aesthetics
– RGB (red, green & blue) LEDs are the primary light colors
– Certain of the these colored LEDs can be dimmed and other can get
more drive current to provide various colors
– Applications include building walls and bridges
– My good friend, Michael Lambert, was the lead designer on the
Norbert Beckey Bridge in Iowa
• The bridge and it’s approaches are 3,018 feet overall length with about
1,500 feet of the steel structure lighted. The total installed cost for the
project was $350,000 with Musco donating $250,000. The controller
and program is Nicolaudie's "Sunlite" shown at the link below... it's a
great little program and the controller fits in the palm of your hand. You
can download the software for free.... but the controller runs about
$600, and of course you need that to control any fixtures. Which is why
they let you have the software for nothing.
– http://www.nicolaudie.com/
35

36. 36

37. 37

38. WALL WASHING EMC
BUILDING IN IOWA
• Another Mike Lambert project
• Custom Musco LED fixtures
• Reduced wattage by 88.5% replacing
MH
38

39. WALL WASHING EMC
BUILDING IN IOWA
39

40. WHITE LEDs AT WHITE HOUSE
40

41. LED ISSUES
THAT YOU
SHOULD BE
AWARE OF
41

42. LED DRIVE CURRENT
• Drive current or milliamp (ma) is sort of
like ballast factor (BF) for T8s
– Higher ma or BF is more light and wattage
– But lumens per watt with various T8 BF
ballasts is linear
– But T8 lamp life is not shortened with high
BF, as long as BF is not over 1.20
42

43. LED DRIVE CURRENT
OUTPUT MULTIPLIERS EXAMPLE
color temperature lumen multiplier
6000K 1.00
4300K 0.80
3500K 0.75
ambient temperature lumen multiplier
-20C, -4F 1.11
10C, 50F 1.04
25C, 77F 1.00
40C, 104F 0.96
drive
lumen power L70 hours @
current
multiplier multiplier 15C, 59F
(milliamps)
175 0.6 0.5 >150,000
350 1.0 1.0 >150,000
525 1.3 1.5 70,000
drive current (milliamps) L70 hours @ 15C, 59F
350 >150,000
525 117,000
700 64,000
43

44. LED DRIVE CURRENT
• Although increasing drive current shortens
LED life, can still be a good strategy
– Can get by with fewer LEDs per fixture, so initial
cost can be less
– With occupancy sensors can go high/low light
levels with one driver per fixture
• For example 700ma for high and 375ma for low
• For many parking garages and parking lots, the lights
can be in low mode a majority of the time, so overall
life will still be good
44

45. KELVIN
• As shown in previous table higher Kelvin LEDs
provide more lumens
• Some LED fixture manufacturers lean toward
6000K, because highest lumens
• Other LED fixture manufacturers lean toward
4000 - 4500K, because less bluish and more like
moonlight and MH
• 6000K LEDs may work very well in cities and
4000 - 4500K LEDs may be better in towns
• Newly developed 4000 - 4500K LEDs with lower
CRI are getting closer and closer to matching
lumens of 6000K LEDs
45

46. LED LIFE
• LED life is based on when still provides 70% of initial
lumens
– Rated life for other lighting sources is when 50% of the lamps have
burned out and 50% are still working
– LEDs can be called the mercury vapor of this generation, because
merc vap does not usually burn out, just gets dimmer and dimmer
over time
• I have been under 1000W merc vap hibays that only provides about 5
footcandles on the floor, but maintenance point up, see the lamps are
still on, and do not want to replace them
– Customers who buy LED fixtures will have to learn when they
should be replaced, even when they are still working
• I have already seen many 1st generation LED exit signs that are still
working, but do not provide sufficient light for NFPA or city codes, and
facility people do not want to replace them because they are still
working
46

47. LED LIFE
• Since high lumen white LEDs are a relatively new
technology and keep improving
– Please be very aware that rated lives are projections, and
even the best projections are still projections
– For example 100,000 hour rated LED
• Never turned off, would take 11.4 years to lose projected 30% of
initial lumens
– A lot of different stuff can happen to an LED chip in 11 years
• On 4000 hours per year would take 25 years to lose projected
30% of initial lumens
– A lot more can happen in 25 years
• Even if the LEDs last 100,000 hours, will cherry
picker trucks or lifts be required to clean fixtures
much more frequently?
47

48. LED LIFE
• Just because one LED fixture manufacturer states
100,000 or 150,000 hours and another one lists
50,000 or 50,000+ hours does not automatically
make one better
– One fixture manufacturer just may be much more
conservative
• Especially when comparing to induction, may be
best to use 50,000, 60,000 or 70,000 hours for both
technologies
• IES in TM21 is considering LED fixture rated life
should not be more than 6 times what the LED
chips are rated for
– Currently LED chips are tested for 6000 hours
– Which would max at 36,000 hours 48

49. USA Average Nighttime
Temperatures
courtesy of Beta Lighting 49

50. Derived Lumen Depreciation Data
(From LED Manufactures LM-80 Data)
courtesy of Beta Lighting 50

51. Light Loss Factors – LEDway Street
Lighting Luminaire
night time drive 50K hr 100K hr
ambient ¡C c urrent LLF LLF
350 0.98 0.92
5 525 0.89 0.76
700 0.77 0.57
350 0.95 0.88
10 525 0.86 0.71
700 0.74 0.52
350 0.93 0.83
15 525 0.82 0.65
700 0.70 0.48
350 0.90 0.78
20 525 0.78 0.60
700 0.66 0.43
350 0.86 0.73
25 525 0.74 0.54
700 0.63 0.39
courtesy of Beta Lighting 51

52. LED LIFE
• Leotek recently had Intertek do worst case thermal tests
– Green Cobra fixtures with
• 80 Lumileds LEDs, which is the maximum number of LEDs that will fit
– 150C maximum LED junction temperature rating
• 700 ma, which is the highest drive current
– Test 1
• Junction temperature was below 75C
– Leaving 75C to spare
– Test 2 (burying fixture in one inch of sand)
• Junction temperature was below 80C
– Leaving 70C to spare
• You can get this February 17, 2010 report from Leotek
– www.leotek.com
• So Leotek feels very confident that their Green Cobras will
work quite well even in areas, like Miami, New Orleans,
Houston, Phoenix & Las Vegas
52

53. DRIVER LIFE
• Heat is the enemy of all electronics, including
ballasts and drivers
• Just like electronic ballasts, the achilles heel of
LED drivers are the electrolytic capacitors
• So what if LEDs can last 100,000+ hours if the
driver only lasts 50,000 - 60,000 hours
• Some fixture manufacturers are using drivers with
mil spec capacitors and state that the drivers can
last as long as the LEDs
– That may be true, but again, that is a projection
• Maybe it would be good to remote the drivers in
the base of pole fixtures so easy access
53

54. Philips Advance Drive Lifetimes
in Beta LED Fixtures
courtesy of Beta Lighting 54

55. Philips Advance Driver Lifetime
Projection Caveats
 Driver life projections are accurate only for Beta
LED fixtures (EDGE & LEDway at 350mA LED
drive current), each manufacturer must account for
the thermal impact of their fixture design on
components.
 This data does not constitute a warranty. The data
represents accelerated life testing and electronic
industry accepted component life modeling to a
0.5% failure rate.
 Philips Advance model numbers covered by this life
model include: LEDINTA0350C425FO,
LEDINTA0700C210FO, LEDINTA700C140F3O.
courtesy of Beta Lighting 55

56. LIFE REALITY CHECK
• Even based on 50,000 hour projected life, that is
12.5 years based on dusk to dawn operation
• Just think what can fail in 12.5 years with hot sun,
cold, rain, etc.
– Solder joints
– Wires
– Capacitors and/or other components in drivers
– LEDs (which may be most resilient)
• Expand this to 100,000 hour projected life, which
would be 25 years
• This issue also applies to other long life
technologies, such as induction, which will be
discussed later 56

57. WARRANTY
• Standard warranty is 5 years parts
• Warranty can usually be negotiated longer,
like up to 10 years
– With a moderate initial price increase
• Be cautious of long warranties from fixture
manufacturers that maybe have only been
in business for a year or so
57

58. GLARE CONCERN
• At certain angles some LED fixtures can be
considered glary
– Like looking into several high wattage MR16
narrow spots
– Usually not a deal killer, but be aware
• Widelite Vizoled fixtures have indirect
lighting, which reduces glare
58

59. MODULAR DESIGN
• Some LED fixtures are modular so parts are easily
replaceable for maintenance and upgrades
– LED panels
– Driver(s)
• LEDs are improving lumen watts about 20% per year
• For example
– If fixtures with 4 LED panels are purchased now, maybe in 3 - 5
years, each fixture could be retrofitted with 3 LED panels, providing
the same amount of light, but saving almost 25% wattage
• On the other side, if an LED fixture lasts for 50,000, which
for dusk to dawn, that will be about 12 years, and new high
performance fixtures then may be much smaller and
different design
59

60. RECYCLING
• There is a lot of valuable metal, used as
heat sinks, etc. in LED fixtures
• This should be recycled
• Several manufacturers have programs
to pay for their old LED fixture returned
and offer a discount on new LED
fixtures for down the road
60

61. FTE
• Fitted-Target Efficacy metric
– May become a very common and important term
for many exterior LED lighting fixtures
• But NEMA may prefer something else based on watts
per square foot after seeing problems in TER (Target
Efficacy Rating)
– Similar to luminaire efficacy, but differentiates
useful lumens from those that may cause glare,
wasted light, and /or light trespass
– Also addresses uniform target coverage and light
pollutions and/or light trespass
61

62. BUG
• Stands for Backlight, Uplight and Glare
• In the process of replacing terms like
full cut-off
– But many people still feel more comfortable
with old terminology
62

63. LED APPROXIMATE LUMENS PER WATT
CHIP FIXTURE
TIME AT STEADY STATE
WITHOUT DRIVER OR
FRAME TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
INCLUDING FIXTURE
LOSSES
EFFICIENCY
PAST 70 40
2009 100 70
2010 120-130 90-100
2011 150- 160 120-130
Although some chips have better LPW without
heat losses, other chips perform better in real
life applications
63

64. CALiPER Testing: Measurable Progress
80
Vertical lines show range from
70
best to worst luminaire efficacy
60
50
40 10/01-1/09
1/08-5/08 6/08-9/08
30 6/07-12/07
12/06-5/07
20
10
Average Efficacy of SSL (lm/W)
0
2006 2009
CALiPER Results Over Tim e
64
Source: Department of Energy

65. LED DEVICE PERFORMANCE
PROJECTIONS
Metric 2007 2010 2012 2015
Efficacy-Lab
120 160 176 200
(lm/W)
Efficacy-
Commercial Cool 84 147 164 188
White (lm/W)
Efficacy-
Commercial Warm 59 122 139 163
White (lm/W)
OEM Lamp Price-
25 10 5 2
Product ($/klm)
US DOE SSL R&D MYPP, March 2008, table 4-2. 65

66. LED LUMINAIRE PERFORMANCE PROJECTIONS
Metric 2007 2010 2012 2015
Device Efficacy-
Commercial Cool White
(lm/W, 25 degrees C) 84 147 164 188
Efficacy-Commercial
59 122 139 163
Warm White (lm/W)
Thermal Efficiency 85% 89% 91% 95%
Efficiency of Driver 85% 89% 91% 95%
Efficiency of Fixture 77% 84% 88% 95%
Resultant luminaire
efficiency 56% 66% 73% 86%
Luminaire Efficacy-
Commercial Cool White 47 97 121 161
(lm/W)
Luminaire Efficacy-
Commercial Warm White 33 80 101 140
(lm/W)
66
US DOE SSL Multi-Year Program Plan, March 2008, table 4-11.

67. Round 7
Bollards Side-by-Side Comparison
800
600
SSL
MH
400
CFL
200
Luminaire Output
0
Same Model 0 4 8 12 16 20
Similar Distribution
Type III or House-Side Shield Luminaire Efficacy
Source: Department of Energy 67

68. 68

69. 69

70. Incumbent Technology - HPS
100 Watt HPS
70 Watt HPS
Trial Technology - LED
60 LED Type 3
(350 mA)
30 LED Type 2
(525 mA)
Graphics above show a representation of the uniformity of the
illumination provided by each of the technologies
courtesy of Beta Lighting 70

71. DOE
GATEWAY
STUDIES
71

72. RALEY’S SUPERMARKET
PARKING LOT STUDY
• West Sacramento
• Compared 320W pulse start MH cobraheads with
high performance bilevel LED fixtures
– Not really apples to apples comparison because
cobraheads are so bad
• DOE study released on March 2009
– www.ssl.energy.gov/gatewaydemos_results.html
• 1st Source Lighting is planning to install some
induction fixtures and have PG&E/DOE make light
measurements
72

73. I-35W BRIDGE
MINNEAPOLIS
• New construction pole fixtures
– Compared with simulated HPS
• Biggest advantage of LED is projected reduced maintenance,
which requires lane closures to replace 30,000 hour rated HPS
lamps
• DOE study released on August 2009
– www.ssl.energy.gov/gatewaydemos_results.html
73

74. MORE GATEWAY
STUDIES
• Lija Loop, Portland, Oregon
– Oregon Energy Trust project
• Gresham, Oregon
– PGE
– Should be available soon
• Palo Alto, California
– Compared HPS, LED & Induction
• T.J. Maxx, Manchester, New Hampshire
• Oakland, California
74

75. TROPHY CHIPS
• In production runs, there are often some
LED chips that have very high lumens per
watt, which can be called trophy chips
• Be cautious of sample fixtures, especially
for large projects
– If free or directly furnished sample fixture(s)
from a manufacturer look very good, buy one or
more samples through a third party and
compare performance with original ones
75

76. BIRD CONCERNS
• Good LED fixtures are designed so LED
junction temperatures do not get too hot
• Depending on fixture design, you may want
to be aware of poop from medium to large
birds, including sea gulls, 6 month or longer
periods, that many parts of California can go
without rain
– Maybe get the spikes or other devices on top of
fixtures so birds do not land and do their
business
76

77. LOOK FOR THESE APPLICATIONS
FOR LEDS
• Where full cut-off for dark sky and maybe
other concerns is important
• Where getting sufficient light in far corners of
necessary area without excessive light
underneath fixture
77

78. LOOK FOR THESE APPLICATIONS
FOR LEDS
• 24 hour applications, like garages, because
most potential savings
• Garages and parking lots where can use
occupancy sensors for high/low or on/off
lighting
– Neither of these shorten LED life, like they can
for other lighting technologies
– No long warm up and restrike times like HID
78

79. LOOK FOR THESE APPLICATIONS
FOR LEDS
• Replacing relatively low wattage HPS and standard or probe
start MH lamps with magnetic ballasts
– Lower wattage HID lamps and ballasts are considerably less
efficacious than higher wattage ones
• HPS (initial lumens per watt including magnetic ballast)
– 69 for 100W
– 107 for 400W (55% better)
• MH (initial lumens per watt including mag ballast)
– 65 for 175W
– 79 for 400W (22% better)
– Lower wattage MH lamps typically have much shorter lamp life than
higher wattage ones
– For example, 10,000 hours for 175W and 20,000 hours for 400W
79

80. LOOK FOR THESE APPLICATIONS
•
FOR LEDS
Replacing relatively low wattage HPS and standard or probe start MH
lamps with magnetic ballasts
– Higher wattage and lumen HID lamps and the fixtures for them often cost
about the same as lower wattage versions
• But since more LEDs are required to replace high wattage HID fixtures, LED
fixtures with more LEDs cost significantly more than LED fixtures with fewer LEDs
• HPS because ugly yellow color and low S/P ratio
• HID fixtures with low fixture efficiency, bad optics, not dark sky
compliant, etc.
– A few fixture type examples
• Typical cobra head
• Acorn without reflector which would prevent too much uplight
• Ballasts in existing fixtures nearing end of rated life
• Have to buy new fixtures anyway, so can do financials by subtracting
cost of baseline fixtures
80

81. LOOK FOR THESE APPLICATIONS
FOR
• New construction LEDS
– Often fewer LED pole fixtures will be required,
because of better distribution patterns
• So even if the unit pricing on LED fixtures is more, if
need fewer of them, poles, foundations and trenching,
the total job cost can be significantly less, not even
including electrical savings
• I clearly saw this for a new parking lot for one of my
clients in the San Francisco Bay Area comparing
pulse start quartz MH lamps with magnetic ballasts in
high performance vertical base up fixtures compare to
high performance LED fixtures
– Required 20% less LED fixtures, poles, labor, etc.
81

82. LED with PV
• This is getting more popular, but many
of the systems only provide about as
much light as a 60 - 100W
incandescent light bulb and are quite
expensive
• One higher lumen example is
Carmanah’s 1500 series
www.carmanah.com
– Up to 6800 lumens with Beta Lighting Edge
or LEDway
– Programmable system for light output
through the night for various geographical
areas
– Optional occupancy sensors
– $6000 - $8000 without pole or labor
82

83. 2009 NEXT GENERATION LUMINAIRES
BEST IN CLASS
• GE Lighting’s Evolve R150
– 4900 lumens
– 91.0 watts
– 53.8 lumens per watt
83

84. 2009 NEXT GENERATION LUMINAIRES
BEST IN CLASS
• Philips Wide-Lite’s VizorLED
– 4112 lumens
– 68.4 watts
– 60.1 lumens per watt
84

85. WHAT ABOUT
OTHER LIGHTING
TECHNOLOGIES?
85

86. HPS
(HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM)
86

87. HPS
• Inexpensive, relatively long life & for lower
wattages the arc tube can be considered a
point source
• If existing magnetic ballasts and fixtures
are in good shape and if yellow light with
only about 20 CRI is okay
– Could consider switching to 40,000 hour rated
non-cycling or double arc tube HPS lamps
now and converting to LED or something else
later
87

88. INDUCTION
(AND COMPARISONS TO LED)
88

89. INDUCTION
• Basically fluorescent lamps without
cathodes, so not much to degrade, except
phosphors
• Generators are the equivalent to ballasts
and drivers
• White light, high CRI, long life, low glare,
good for cold, instant on & no restrike time
– And no lumen drop with low Kelvin like LED
89

90. INDUCTION
• Philips introduced their QL system in 1991 and Sylvania
introduced their Icetron system in 1997
– Lamp and generator can cost $150 - $200
• Induction has become quite popular over the last two
years with so many companies pushing fixtures and kits
with less expensive Chinese and Korean induction
systems
– Have seen kits with Chinese induction systems as low as $100
• Up to mid 2009 could compete very well with LEDs in
many applications
– Now, especially for Type II long narrow streetlighting distributions,
high performance LED fixtures are significantly better
– Induction can still be a very good solution in applications where
lighting distribution is not that important, like in acorn and coach
lantern fixtures, bollards, etc.
90

91. INDUCTION
• Although induction lamps and generators are often rated
for 100,000 the useable system life is more like 60,000 or
70,000 hours, while there is sufficient light and not that
many lamps or generators have burned out
– So recommend life cycle comparisons of both induction and LED
systems at 60,000 or 70,000 hours
– Even at 60,000 hours, that is 15 years at 4000 hours per year, and
many things can go wrong in 15 years being exposed to time and
the elements
• Induction is a very mature technology, that will probably
not improve very much, if at all
– Maybe 70 - 75 lumens per watt out of fixture
– While LED fixtures may double that by 2015
91

92. INDUCTION
• Induction lamps are large, nothing like a point source, so it is very
difficult to aim the light
– So there is usually an excessive blob of light underneath fixtures, which is
a waste of wattage
– While LEDs can be aimed to shine light where it needed
• Although kits and fixtures with Philips or Sylvania induction systems
used to have significant price advantages over LED, that gap has
shrunk or disappeared
– One advantage of induction is that high lumen lamps and generators cost
about as much as low lumen lamps and generators
– While for more lumens, more LEDs are required, which increases the cost
– For quantities of about 1000, can get LED cobrahead fixtures to replace
100 - 150W HPS for about $300 and to replace 250W for about $400 -
$500
• In about 5 years those prices should come down to about $100 - $200, which
should make other technologies obsolete
92

93. INDUCTION
• Both Philips and Sylvania have stated that they
are into induction for the long haul
– Philips should introduce dimming generators soon
– Sylvania should introdue 40-50W and 200W lamps and
bilevel generators soon
• But with LED rapid improvement and price
reduction
– Chinese and Korean induction lamp & ballast
manufacturers could stop making induction products or
go out of business
– Induction fixture manufacturers could stop making
induction products or go out of business
– Sales companies in this country could stop trying to sell
induction products 93

94. INDUCTION
• So customers of Chinese or Korean induction systems in
numerous fixtures may not be able to get
– Technical assistance
– Warranty support
– Replacement parts
• Be cautious of induction fixture manufacturers that have
only been in business for a year or two, that offer 10 year
warranties
• Bottom line
– If decide on induction, highly recommend only use Philips or
Sylvania lamps and generators and get fixtures from
manufacturers that they support and have a long proven track
record
– And make sure you get real IES photometric files from respected
independent test labs
• Not just reports generated internally with software, which can make
anything look good 94

95. LED vs. INDUCTION
STREETLIGHTS
• The short version of my white paper is
or available on my website for free
– Its eight pages has the same information
that is in this seminar
– I am working on expanding it, so it will
have detailed information that is not in this
seminar
95

96. HPS, INDUCTION & LED COBRAHEAD GENERAL COMPARISON TABLE
EOL lumen EOL system initial EOL fixture initial fixture initial EOL fixture
lighting lamp rated life initial EOL fixture
qualifier mainten- lumens wattage lumens per lumens efficiency lumens per fixture lumens
source wattage hours lumens lumens
ance (approx.) (277V) watt per watt (approx.) watt lumens per watt
clear 24,000 -
HPS 100 9,500 75% 7125 130 73 55 75% 55 7125 41 5344
lamp 40,000
60,000 -
Sylvania 70 6,500 64% 4160 77 84 54 70% 59 4550 38 2912
100,000
60,000 -
Philips 85 6,000 70% 4200 85 71 49 70% 49 4200 35 2940
100,000
60,000 -
Induction Sylvania 100 8,000 64% 5120 103 78 50 70% 54 5600 35 3584
100,000
60,000 -
Sylvania 150 12,000 64% 7680 156 77 49 70% 54 8400 34 5376
100,000
60,000 -
Philips 165 12,000 70% 8400 165 73 51 70% 51 8400 36 5880
100,000
4000K 50 1W 50,000+
NA 70% NA 67 NA NA NA 58 3866 40 2706
350ma LEDs - 100,000
4000K 40 1W 50,000+
NA 70% NA 70 NA NA NA 61 4239 42 2967
525ma LEDs - 100,000
LED
6000K 40 1W 50,000+
NA 70% NA 50 NA NA NA 72 3606 50 2524
350ma LEDs - 100,000
6000K 30 1W 50,000+
NA 70% NA 54 NA NA NA 67 3624 47 2537
525ma LEDs - 100,000
notes
EOL is end of life. NA is not applicable. Real rated life is discussed in related white paper. HPS and LED info is generic. Induction fixture info is also generic.
100W generator is used with Sylvania 70W induction lamp. For induction EOL numbers are based on 100,000 hours, and EOL numbers would be better at 60,000.
Listed induction fixture efficiency is better than most IES files, because includes when lamps are properly prepared and some recent fixture improvements.
LED fixtures are tested as complete units, not based on components.
4000K includes 4000 - 4500 Kelvin. Some people think that 6000K is too blue. LEDs driven at 350ma would have longer life than at 525ma.
Table does NOT include where the available lumens out of the fixture are directed. LED fixtures direct light where necessary, so fewer lumens are required.
Since Induction lamps have same or worse optical control as HPS, their EOL fixture lumens should match HPS EOL fixture lumens.
Listed LED specs would provide sufficient light for minimum footcandles between fixtures and around designated perimeters, but maybe not for average footcandles.
Stan Walerczyk of Lighting Wizards www.lightingwizards.com 2/20/10 version
96

97. ISOLUX DIAGRAM FOR
TYPE II STREET LIGHTING
• The following three isolux diagrams came from
PG&E for City of Santa Rosa, which currently has
100W HPS cobraheads
• Distribution patterns and amount of footcandles
would vary some what with various manufacturers
and models
– But general distribution patterns are pretty consistent for
HPS, induction and well designed LED cobraheads
• These are with bottom flat lensed HPS and
induction cobraheads
– SAG or drop lens would increase light between fixtures,
but also not be good for dark skies and light pollution on
house and opposite sides 97

98. 100W HPS

99. 85W INDUCTION

100. 70W LED

101. WHAT IS BETTER THAN
LUMENS PER WATT?
Footcandles, and really footcandles
where the light is necessary, per watt
101

102. FOOTCANDLES PER WATT
units 85W induction 100W HPS 60 LEDs
fixture mounting height feet 28 28 28
roadway width feet 40 40 40
pole spacing feet 120 120 120
illuminance - average maintained fc 0.64 0.78 0.69
illuminance - maximum maintained fc 1.6 2.3 1.3
illuminance - minimum maintained fc 0.1 0.3 0.4
uniformity - avg/min 6.4 2.6 1.7
system power watts 85 130 71
100 x avg fc/watt 7.5 6.0 9.7
100 x min fc/watt 1.2 2.3 5.6
based on the work by Chris Nye at Leotek, www.leotek.com
102

103. ELECTRONICALLY
BALLASTED
PS MH
(PULSE START
METAL HALIDE)
103

104. ELECTRONICALLY
BALLASTED PS MH
• Two types of PS MH
– Ceramic or CMH
• 90+ CRI
• Up to 110 lumens/watt
• Does not work with all electronic ballasts
• Long restrike times even with electronic ballasts
• Quite expensive
– Quartz
• 65 - 70 CRI
• Lower lumens per watt
• 30 second to few minute restrike time
• Usually can work on all electronic ballasts
• Relatively inexpensive 104

105. ELECTRONICALLY
BALLASTED PS MH
• Electronic ballasts (EHID)
– These have been quite expensive, like $150
– I have had concerns about heat, including in dark colored fixtures
blasted by summer sun, even when not on
• But at least Metrolight has an external pod, with excellent thermal
design
– www.metrolight.com
• PS MH lamp life may be up to 60,000 hours, but that should
be verified from lamp manufacturers’ and/or ballast
manufacturers’ extended warranty
105

106. ELECTRONICALLY
BALLASTED PS MH
• LEDs are probably better to replace up to175 or 250W HPS
or standard magnetically driven MH
• But electronically ballasted PS MH may be currently more
cost effective to replace 250, 400 and higher wattage HPS
or standard MH with magnetic ballasts
• Philips Widelite EON fixtures
– 2 or 3 PS MH lamps in a fixture with electronic ballast
– One lamp on at a time, for about 60,000 hours
• When burns out, Philips thinks that fixtures could be replaced with LED
fixtures
– Aiming at $250 for a cobrahead
– www.widelite.com
106

107. HID SHOE BOX FIXTURES
• This is more about parking lot than roadway
pole fixtures
• Yes, many of the designer horizontal lamp
fixtures look very good aesthetically, but
vertical base up fixtures usually provide
much better distribution and uniformity
107

108. LEP
(LIGHT EMITTING PLASMA)
108

109. LEP
• Luxim has developed a chicklet sized lamp with
plasma metal halides, driven by a high frequency
amplifier
– www.luxim.com
– LIFI Sta 41-01 Series
• 130 source lumens per watt and 83 system lumens per watt
• 290 system watts
• 24,000 lumens @ 80 CRI
• 50,000 rated hours
• 5500 Kelvin
• Dimmable
• Fast restrike time
• A real point source, so can direct the light where it should go
109

110. LIGHT EMITTING PLASMA
110

111. LIGHT EMITTING PLASMA
• This technology is quite expensive
• Cannot really compete against LED in
relatively low wattage applications
• But may be more competitive than
LEDs replacing 400W MH or HPS or
1000W MV
– So many LEDs would be required, which
brings the cost up
111

112. LIGHT EMITTING PLASMA
• First fixture manufacturer and model is Stray
Light’s Tesla
– http://straylightoptical.com
• Other fixture manufacturers are also working with
Luxim
• There are also competitors to Luxim
112

113. T5HO
113

114. T5HO
• Where it does not get too cold, T5HO pole fixtures
are an option
• But I do not think a very good option for most
applications
– Windage concern
• Pole, anchor bolts and foundation
– Blob of light
– Not that good lamp life
– T5HOs not very good lumens per watt anyway
• 20% less than high performance T8 systems
• 30% less than CMH with electronic ballasts
114

115. T8
115

116. T8
• Not recommended for pole fixtures and very cold
• Can be very good for numerous garage, carport
and open hallway applications
– I often like triangle shaped T8 fixtures in garages to
replace HPS, MH and MV
– In garages T8s, bi-level ballast and occupancy sensor
can work well in some applications
• High Performance T8 lamps and electronic
ballasts, as listed by the Consortium of Energy
Efficiency, www.cee1.org, can usually cost
effectively replace T12s & magnetic ballasts and
basic grade T8s & generic electronic ballasts
– High performance T8 systems are more efficacious
(lumens per watt) than T5HO and T5 systems 116

117. REGARDING
ALL
TECHNOLOGIES
117

118. USE MINIMUM, NOT
AVERAGE FOOTCANDLES
• Average footcandles have been the established
way to design for exterior applications and compare
options
• For HID and induction to provide sufficient light
between fixtures at to desired perimeter, they
provide excessive light underneath fixtures, which
is really a waste, but increase average footcandles
• But since good LED fixtures can get sufficient light
between fixtures and to desired perimeter without
providing excessive light underneath fixtures,
minimum footcandles should be used
– Good LED fixtures also have much better min/max ratios
118

119. MAJOR VOLTAGE SPIKES
• This can especially be a concern for street
lights in areas that are prone to lightning
• Electronic HID ballasts, LED drivers and
induction generators in other applications
should be designed to handle voltage
spikes
119

120. ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY
• Yes, HID, induction and fluorescent
lamps have mercury, but
– Mercury levels have come down
dramatically over the years
– Rated hours are quite long for some
lamps
• Especially induction
– Some states, including California,
mandate recycling
120

121. ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY
• LEDs do not have mercury, but
– Toxic chemicals are used in production
– Considerable poundage of metal has to
be mined, melted and transported for
heat sinks
• All of which consumes considerable energy
and has environmental impacts
121

122. ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY
• Are LEDs really more environmentally friendly?
– We really do not know until Carnegie Mellon publishes
its cradle to cradle report for the DOE
– Although University of Pittsburgh’s Mascaro Center for
Sustainable Innovation’s ‘Life Cycle Assessment of
Streetlight Technologies’ is quite good
• www.ledsmagazine.com/news/7/3/12?cmpid=EnlLEDsMarch17201
• (I am so sick and tired of LED people using ‘toxic’ in front
of fluorescent, induction and HID and/or saying that LED is
so much environmentally friendly, that I tend to hang up
the phone on them, tell them to leave, etc.)
122

123. MADE IN USA?
• With this serious recession, keeping American
jobs is important, not just for LED fixtures, but also
with other fixtures
• Beta Lighting LED fixtures is just one example
– Cree LED crystals, phosphors and chips made in USA
• LED assembly done in China
– Philips/Advance drivers made in Mexico
– Fixtures made in Wisconsin, USA
• Do your own research for fixtures that you are
interested in
123

124. CAN IMPORTED LED &
INDUCTION STREET LIGHT
FIXTURES BE USED WITH
ARRA FUNDING?
• ARRA is American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
– a.k.a. stimulus funds
• Yes
– http://eecleanenergy.org/web/faqweb/about/faqframe.aspx
• There are some fixtures completely made outside
USA and even fixtures made mostly in this country
usually have some non-domestic components
124

125. SPECTRALLY ENHANCED
LIGHTING
• Older name is scotopically enhanced lighting
• Light sources with more blue content are considered
spectrally enhanced, and are usually considered brighter and
can improve visual acuity
• Not only do LEDs have more lumens per watt at high Kelvins,
but the high Kelvins, especially 6000K, are also spectrally
enhanced
• Induction usually available up to 5000K
• But benefits of spectrally enhanced lighting are probably not
valid in street lights when people really only get enough light
from one fixture at a time
– Can apply in parking lots and garages when multiple fixtures in view
125

126. WHAT ABOUT LIMITING
KELVIN TO MAX 3000K?
• International Dark Sky Association (IDA) has made claims
that exterior lighting should not be over 3000K, which would
limit short wavelengths, for various reasons
– DOE, NEMA, IALD do not agree and have responded
– After IDA met with DOE in early January, IDA came out with
‘Visibility, Environmental, and Astronomical Issues Associated with
Blue-Rich White Outdoor Lighting’ in May with references
• Have a problem with scare tactics, like on bottom of page 12
– “While a firm connection between outdoor lighting and cancer has
not yet been established, if true it is clear that the blue component of
such light would be a greater risk factor”
– Others may come out with a white paper or article later this year
showing that Kevin does not make that much difference in night time
light scattering, etc.
126

127. WHAT ABOUT LIMITING
KELVIN TO MAX 3000K?
• With what is known at this time, IDA’s credibility is
questioned
• But some induction sales people are using IDA’s premise as
a marketing advantage over LED, because there is no
lumen drop with lower Kelvin induction
127

128. CONTROL SYSTEMS
• There is an evolution of wireless and power
line carrier wave control systems, which can
– For all technologies signal the facility’s office
about
• Light sources not working
– Including HPS lamp cycling
• Lights on during day due to faulty photocell
– Especially for LEDs, can include
• Continuous or staged dimming
– When junction temperature too high
– When traffic is greatly reduced during the night, so need
less light
» Could also work for dimming induction generators and
dimming MH ballasts/amplifiers 128

129. CONTROL SYSTEMS
• Currently these control systems are
expensive and may worsen paybacks and
other financials instead of improving them
– You will have to decide
– Since each of these systems is usually
proprietary, which is a city, county or other
institution gets, they will probably be locked into
that company
– Control systems should get less expensive as
time goes on
129

130. CONTROL SYSTEMS
• New Philips Dynadimmer looks quite
interesting
– Electronic, programmable & stand alone
– Up to 5 dimming levels
– Up to 5 time periods
– Relatively inexpensive
– www.philips.com/dynadimmer
130

131. WRAP UP
• Questions
• Comments
• Applications
131

132. ALL OF STAN’S SEMINARS
• INTERIORS - LEDs vs. Incumbents
with a big dose of task ambient lighting
• EXTERIOR LIGHTING
LED, Induction, HPS, MH, LEP, Fluorescent
• FREE FOR ALL IN THE HIBAY ARENA Fluorescent,
Induction, LED & MH
• HOW LOW CAN YOU GO
– Which is 1/2 of Advanced Lighting Retrofit Options
• DIMMING vs. NON-DIMMING
10 Rounds in the Daylight Harvesting and Peak Load
Reduction Arena
• LIGHTING 101
• LIGHTING CONTROLS
– Planned for 2011
132
• Custom ones for specific purposes

133. LIGHTING BLOOPERS
• One arm of a local
government said
– We’re going to do
some new
streetlighting
– These cast poles
will look super in
our town
• Another
government office
said
– This is a historic
building
– The storefronts
and the awnings
need to stay
where they are
133

134. THAT’S ALL FOLKS
• Please fill out any applicable forms
• Contact information for Stan Walerczyk
– 925-944-9481(San Francisco Bay Area)
– stan@lightingwizards.com
– www.lightingwizards.com
• Thanks for attending
134