This document discusses various types of electrical energy losses that occur from generation to consumption of electricity. It outlines losses that take place during transmission (5-8% loss), at substations during voltage transformation, and in distribution lines (about 40% of total losses). Improving insulation, transmission voltage levels, and distribution line equipment can help reduce losses. The document also discusses energy losses at the building level from appliances, wiring, and transmission lengths. Using efficient appliances and improving building wiring/cables can lower energy use and losses.

1. LOW ENERGY ELECTRICAL
APPLIANCES

2. Electricity

3. Loss at generation level

4. • Electrical energy loss also occurs in the process
of delivering energy from the point of generation
to consumption.
These are broadly grouped as
• transmission losses
• substation losses and
• distribution losses.

5. Transmission loss
• This is the electrical energy lost owing to the
electrical characteristics of transmission lines.
• Transmission Energy losses on a large
electrical system range from 5-8%.
How to Prevent:
• Better insulation
• Shorter distances between transmitters
• by transmitting electricity at higher voltage

6. Substation loss
• This is the electrical energy spent in
transforming voltage level step-up or step-down
at the grid or distribution substation.
ways to improve:
• Improve efficiency of transformers.

7. Distribution loss
Two types:
1. Technical loss:
caused by the resistance of the conductor, transformer and regulator
loss, corona loss in extra high voltage or ultra high voltage,
dielectric loss especially in under ground cables, energy meter
loading loss, power factor loss, voltage drop loss and overload loss.
2. Non-technical loss:
They are theft or pilferage by metered and unmetered customers, illegal
connection, incorrect operation of the meter and illegal use in
collaboration with the utility's personnel and others.
ways to improve:
• improving distribution line performance
• improvements in the equipment such as transformers

8. Electric Energy Losses: statistics
• Currently a significant amount (about 10
percent) of electric energy produced by power
plants is lost during transmission and
distribution to consumers. About 40 percent of
this total loss occurs on the distribution
network.
• A modest 10 percent reduction in distribution
losses would, therefore, save about 65 billion
kWh of electricity

9. Energy loss at building level
Energy loss at buillding level occurs due to various reasons
:
1. Use of Less efficient electrical appliances
2.High Resistance properties of the wiring used
3. the electricity passed along extension cords increases
the length of the transmission so a certain percentage of
the power is lost
ways to improve:
1. use efficient low energy electrical appliances
2. Low resistance wires and cables
3. Reduce the length of transmission as far as possible.

10. Energy loss at building level
1. Circuit components:
As energy is transmitted along a circuit, a certain
percentage of the power is lost. This is due to the energy
required to move the electricity from the power
generation source to the user.
2. Wires and cables :
the cables have finite resistance and so there is loss in
current flow.
3. Lighting
4. Electric motors and inverters
5. Lifts and escalators
6. Alarm systems

11. Low Energy Electrical Appliances

12. • One should buy appliances with green ratings on energy consumption.
The following are the symbols to identify such products. They consume
20-30% less than the common products.
• Energy Star specifications differ with each item, and are set by either the
Environmental Protection Agency or the Department of Energy.
All European manufactures and retailers must provide
information of energy efficiency for a large portion of
household electrical items. It is best to go for products rated
‗A‘ as they are more efficient, more economical and minimize
harm to the environment.
Energy Star = certifies that certain electrical appliances have
low energy consumption rates below an agreed level when on
‗stand-by‘ mode.

13. LIGHTING
• The Energy Star is awarded to only certain bulbs that meet strict efficiency,
quality, and lifetime criteria.
• Energy Star qualified fluorescent lighting uses 75% less energy and lasts up
to ten times longer than normal incandescent lights.
• Energy Star Qualified Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting:
• Reduces energy costs — uses at least 75% less energy than incandescent
lighting, saving on operating expenses.
• Reduces maintenance costs — lasts 35 to 50 times longer than incandescent
lighting and about 2 to 5 times longer than fluorescent lighting. No bulb-
replacements, no ladders, no ongoing disposal program.
• Reduces cooling costs — LEDs produce very little heat.
• Is guaranteed — comes with a minimum three-year warranty — far beyond
the industry standard.
• Offers convenient features — available with dimming on some indoor
models and automatic daylight shut-off and motion sensors on some
outdoor models.
• Is durable — won‘t break like a bulb.

14. To qualify for Energy Star certification, LED lighting products must pass a
variety of tests to prove that the products will display the following
characteristics:
• Brightness is equal to or greater than existing lighting technologies
(incandescent or fluorescent) and light is well distributed over the area
lighted by the fixture.
• Light output remains constant over time, only decreasing towards the end
of the rated lifetime (at least 35,000 hours or 12 years based on use of 8
hours per day).
• Excellent colour quality. The shade of white light appears clear and
consistent over time.
• Efficiency is as good as or better than fluorescent lighting.
• Light comes on instantly when turned on.
• No flicker when dimmed.
• No off-state power draw. The fixture does not use power when it is turned
off, with the exception of external controls, whose power should not exceed
0.5 watts in the off state.

15. • Products such as fans, refrigerators, HVAC system, washing machines, etc.
consume a lot of energy. So care should be taken to first check the ratings of
these appliances before installing them to reduce the energy consumption.
 CFL‘S
• A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL; also called compact fluorescent
light, energy-saving light, and compact fluorescent tube) is
a fluorescent lampdesigned to replace an incandescent lamp; some types fit
into light fixtures formerly used for incandescent lamps.
• CFLs radiate a light spectrum that is different from that of incandescent
lamps. Improved phosphor formulations have improved the perceived
colour of the light emitted by CFLs, such that some sources rate the best
"soft white" CFLs as subjectively similar in colour to standard incandescent
lamps
• The most important technical advance has been the replacement of
electromagnetic ballasts with electronic ballasts; this has removed most of
the flickering and slow starting traditionally associated with fluorescent
lighting.

16. • CFLs have two main components: a gas-filled tube (also called
bulb or burner) and a magnetic or electronic ballast. For their
principles of operation.
• An electronic ballast and permanently attached tube in an
integrated CFL
• Standard shapes of CFL tube are single-turn double helix,
double-turn, triple-turn, quad-turn, circular, and butterfly.
• CFLs can also be operated with solar powered street lights,
using solar panels located on the top or sides of a pole and
light fixtures that are specially wired to use the lamps.
• The average rated life of a CFL is 8 to 15 times that of
incandescents.[10] CFLs typically have a rated lifespan of
6,000 to 15,000 hours, whereas incandescent lamps are
usually manufactured to have a lifespan of
750 hours or 1,000 hours

17. • For a given light output, CFLs use 20 to 33 percent
of the power of equivalent incandescent lamps.
• The cold-cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) is a newer form of CFL.Their
advantages are that they are instant-on, they are compatible with timers,
photocells, and dimmers, and they have a long life of approximately 50,000
hours. CCFLs are an effective and efficient replacement for lighting that is
turned on and off frequently with little extended use.
• Lights with timers and movement sensors should be installed in public
places which consume energy only when the space is in use otherwise
turned off.

18. LED LIGHTS
• An LED lamp (LED light bulb) is a solid-state
lamp that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as
the source of light.
• LED lamps offer long service life and high
energy efficiency, but initial costs are higher
than those of fluorescent and incandescent
lamps.

19. LED lamp
• An LED lamp (LED light bulb) is a solid-state lamp that uses
light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the source of light.
• Since the light output of individual light-emitting diodes is small compared
to incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps, multiple diodes are often used
together. In recent years, as diode technology has improved, high power light-
emitting diodes with higher lumen output are making it possible to replace other
lamps with LED lamps.
• LEDs are damaged by operating at high temperatures, so LED lamps typically
include heat management elements such as heat sinks and cooling fins.
• LED lamps offer long service life and high energy efficiency, but initial costs are
higher than those of fluorescent and incandescent lamps.
• Compared to fluorescent bulbs, advantages claimed for LED light bulbs[2] are that
they contain no mercury (unlike aCompact fluorescent lamp or CFL), that they turn
on instantly, and that lifetime is unaffected by cycling on and off, so that they are well
suited for light fixtures where bulbs are often turned on and off.
• LED light bulbs are also mechanically robust; most other artificial light sources are
fragile.

20. Solar powered appliances
• Other renewable resource products such as solar
cooker, solar water heaters solar lights. Chargers
etc. can be used. Thus reducing the conventional
energy usage.
Photovoltaic solar panels
that generate electricity
can supplement a home
with a renewable source of
electricity.

21. CONDUCTORS USED FOR
REDUCING ELECTRICAL ENERGY

22. HTS wires
• (abbreviated high-Tc or HTS) are materials
that have a superconducting transition
temperature (Tc) above 30 K (−243.2 °C)
• have 100 times the capacity of conventional
wires without energy loss due to electrical
resistance
• modernize and expand the Nation‘s electricity
delivery system
• term high-temperature
superconductor was used interchangeably
with cuprate superconductor for
compounds such as bismuth strontium
calcium copper oxide (BSCCO) and yttrium
barium copper oxide (YBCO).

23. HTS materials
• . Cuprate superconductors (and other unconventional
superconductors) differ in many important ways
from conventional superconductors, such as elemental
mercury or lead, which are adequately explained by the BCS
theory.
• There also has been much debate as to high-temperature
superconductivity coexisting with magnetic ordering in
YBCO,[8] iron-based superconductors, several
ruthenocuprates and other exotic superconductors, and the
search continues for other families of materials. HTS areType-
II superconductors, which allow magnetic fields to penetrate
their interior in quantized units of flux, meaning that much
higher magnetic fields are required to suppress
superconductivity. The layered structure also gives a
directional dependence to the magnetic field response.

24. Need for advanced cables and
conductors
• increase the delivery capacity of electricity
systems,
• to improve the affordability of electric services
by reducing the need for new rights-of-way,
• to enhance efficiency by reducing energy losses.
• And to replace the conventional conductors such
as aluminium and copper with a more efficient
option

25. Application-Result-Challenge
• HTS technology has been applied to the key aspects
of the electricity system—generation, delivery and
control.
• higher capacity HTS power lines c provide a new
approach to building transmission and distribution
systems thus reducing the footprint and allowing
additional capacity to be placed in service within
existing rights-of-way.
• to develop economic processing methods for
manufacturing ductile wires while using ceramic
materials that are characteristically brittle and
granular

26. HTS Fault current limiters (FCLs)
• has potential to save utilities money and make
the modern grid more efficient by protecting
electric grid equipment from damages and by
helping to avoid outages.
• This added level of protection may, in turn,
allow connectivity between power substations to
increase grid flexibility and flow control.

27. limitation
• However, to reach their full potential, HTS
equipment will require the capability to operate
over a wide range of voltage and power, as our
current electricity system does.

28. USE OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN
HOUSEHOLD LEVEL

29. • Few electrical appliances in building level :
 Refrigerator
 Airconditioner
 Ceiling fans
 Elevator
 Lights
 Heaters
 Generators
 Electric devices.
 Kitchen appliances.
 Electric motors.

30. HOME APPLIANCES..
• Home appliances are electrical machines which
accomplish some household functions, such as cooking
or cleaning.

31. • Home appliances can be mainly classified into
following types :
1. Major appliances or white goods
2. Small appliances or brown goods.
• Brown goods usually require high technical
knowledge and skills, while white goods need
more practical skills.

32. Major appliances :
• A major appliance, or domestic appliance, is
usually defined as a large machine which
accomplishes some routine housekeeping task,
which includes purposes such as cooking, food
preservation in household.
• White goods/major appliances
comprise major household
appliances and may include
air conditioner, dishwasher,
clothes dryer, drying cabinet,
freezer, refrigirator, kithchen stove..

33. Small appliances :
• Small appliance refers to a class of home
appliances that are portable or semi-portable or
which are used on tabletops, countertops, or
other platforms.

34. Rating Operating
Appliances Units/ Month
(Watts) Hrs/Day
40 6 7
Incandescent Bulbs
60 6 11
Fluorescent Tube light 40 10 12
Night Lamp 15 10 4.5
Mosquito Repellent 5 10 1.5
Fans 60 15 27
Air Coolers 175 8 42
Air Conditioners 1500 6 270
Refrigerator 225 15 101
Mixer/Blender/ 450 1 13.5
Toaster 800 0.5 12
Hot Plate 1500 0.5 22.5
Oven 1000 1 30
Electric Kettle 1500 1 45
Electric Iron 1500 1 45
Water heater-Instant Type (1-2 Ltr
3000 1 90
capacity)
Water heater-Storage
2000 1 60
type (10-20 Ltr capacity)
Immersion rod 1000 1 30
Vacuum Cleaner 700 0.5 11
Washing Machine 300 1 9
Water pump 750 1 22.5
TV 100 10 30

35. Electric stove
toaster
grinder
Dish
washer

36. -
REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION AT
HOUSEHOLD LEVEL
• The Domestic Sector accounts for 30% of total energy consumption
in the country. There is a tremendous scope
• to conserve energy by adopting simple measures.
It would be useful to know which gadget consumes how much
electricity. Economic use of home appliances can help in
reducing electricity bills.
The following table shows the energy consumption of various
appliances normally used at home:

37. Lighting
• Turn off the lights when not in use
• Take advantage of daylight by using light-colored, loose-
weave curtains on your windows to allow daylight to
penetrate the room. Also, decorate with lighter colors
that reflect daylight
• De-dust lighting fixtures to maintain illumination
• Use task lighting; instead of brightly lighting an entire
room, focus the light where you need it
• Compact fluorescent bulbs are four times more energy
efficient than incandescent bulbs and provide the same
lighting
• Use electronic chokes in place of conventional copper
chokes

38. • Fans
• Replace conventional regulators with electronic
regulators for ceiling fans
• Install exhaust fans at a higher elevation than ceiling
fans
• Electric iron
• Select iron boxes with automatic temperature cutoff
• Use appropriate regulator position for ironing
• Do not put more water on clothes while ironing
• Do not iron wet clothes

39. Kitchen Appliances
• Mixers
• Avoid dry grinding in your food processors
( mixers and grinders) as it takes longer time than liquid grinding
• Microwaves ovens
• Consumes 50 % less energy than conventional electric / gas stoves
• Do not bake large food items
• Unless you're baking breads or pastries, you may not even need to preheat
• Don't open the oven door too often to check food condition as each opening
leads to a temperature drop of 25°C
• Electric stove
• Turn off electric stoves several minutes before the specified cooking time
• Use flat-bottomed pans that make full contact with the cooking coil
• Use Solar Water Heater – a good replacement for a electric water heater

40. Electronic Devices
• Do not switch on the power when TV and Audio Systems are not in use i.e.
idle operation leads to an energy loss of 10 watts/device
• Computers
• Turn off your home office equipment when not in use. A computer that runs
24 hours a day, for instance, uses - more power than an energy-efficient
refrigerator.
• If your computer must be left on, turn off the monitor; this device alone
uses more than half the system's energy.
• Setting computers, monitors, and copiers to use sleep-mode when not in
use helps cut energy costs by approximately 40%.
• Battery chargers, such as those for laptops, cell phones and digital cameras,
draw power whenever they are plugged in and are very inefficient. Pull the
plug and save.
• Screen savers save computer screens, not energy. Start-ups and shutdowns
do not use any extra energy, nor are they hard on your computer
components. In fact, shutting computers down when you are finished using
them actually reduces system wear - and saves energy

41. Refrigerator
• Regularly defrost manual-defrost refrigerators and freezers; frost
buildup increases the amount of energy needed to keep the motor
running.
• Leave enough space between your refrigerator and the walls so that
air can easily circulate around the refrigerator
• Don't keep your refrigerator or freezer too cold.
• Make sure your refrigerator door seals are airtight
• Cover liquids and wrap foods stored in the refrigerator. Uncovered
foods release moisture and make the compressor work harder.
• Do not open the doors of the refrigerators frequently
• Don't leave the fridge door open for longer than necessary, as cold
air will escape.
• Use smaller cabinets for storing frequently used items
• Avoid putting hot or warm food straight into the fridge

42. Washing machines
• Always wash only with full loads
• Use optimal quantity of water
• Use timer facility to save energy
• Use the correct amount of detergent
• Use hot water only for very dirty clothes
• Always use cold water in the rinse cycle
• Prefer natural drying over electric dryers

43. Air Conditioners
• Prefer air conditioners having automatic temperature cut off
Keep regulators at ―low cool‖ position
• Operate the ceiling fan in conjunction with your window air conditioner to spread the
cooled air more effectively throughout the room and operate the air conditioner at higher
temperature
• Seal the doors and windows properly
Leave enough space between your air conditioner and the walls to allow better air
circulation
• A roof garden can reduce the load on Air Conditioner
• Use windows with sun films/curtains
• Set your thermostat as high as comfortably possible in the summer. The less difference
between the indoor and outdoor temperatures, the lower will be energy consumption.
• Don't set your thermostat at a colder setting than normal when you turn on your air
conditioner. It will not cool your home any faster and could result in excessive cooling.
• Don't place lamps or TV sets near your air-conditioning thermostat. The thermostat senses
heat from these appliances, which can cause the air conditioner to run longer than
necessary.
• Plant trees or shrubs to shade air-conditioning units but not to block the airflow. A unit
operating in the shade uses as much as 10% less electricity than the same one operating in
the sun.

44. For a given light output, CFLs use 20
to 33 percent of the power of
equivalent incandescent lamps
Electrical power equivalents for differing lamps [20]
Electrical power consumption Minimum light output
Watts (W) lumens (lm)
Compact fluorescent Incandescent
9–13 40 450
13–15 60 800
18–25 75 1,100
23–30 100 1,600
30–52 150 2,600

45. • The cold-cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) is a
newer form of CFL. CCFLs use electrodes without a
filament. The voltage of CCFLs is about 5 times
higher than CFLs, and the current is about 10 times
lower. CCFLs have a diameter of about 3
millimeters.
• Their advantages are that they are instant-on, like
incandescents, they are compatible with timers,
photocells, and dimmers, and they have a long life of
approximately 50,000 hours. CCFLs are an effective
and efficient replacement for lighting that is turned
on and off frequently with little extended use (for
example, in a bathroom or closet).

46. Alternative methods for
electrical energy used

47. Hydro electricity
• By far the best way to generate electricity.
• Dams are built on rivers and the force of the
flowing waters
isused to rotate
turbines which
in turn produce
electricity.

48. ADVANTAGES
• It can handle seasonal(as well as daily) high
peak loads.
DISADVANTAGES
• The utilisation of stored water is sometimes
complicated by demands for irrigation.

49. Renewable sources of energy
• WIND POWER
• High velocity winds make the blades of the wind
turbine rotate
• This rotation of
wind turbine is
converted to electrical
current by means of
a generator.

50. ADVANTAGES
• No pollution, no harmful by-products.
• Renewable source of energy.
DISADVANTAGES
• Inconsistent winds may hinder the energy
generation rate.

51. Solar power
• Used for heating, cooking, electricity production
,etc.
• The sun‘s rays are trapped in the solar cells and
then converted into electricity.

52. ADVANTAGES
• Renewable source
• No air or water pollution caused.
DISADVANTAGES
• No energy is produced during night time.
• The initial cost is high. Solar power stations are
expensive to build.

53. Geothermal energy
• Literally, geothermal means, "earth heat."
Geothermal energy harnesses the heat energy
present underneath the Earth.
• Hot rocks under the ground heat water to
produce steam. When holes are drilled in the
region, the steam that shoots up is purified and
is used to drive turbines, which power electric
generators.

54. ADVANTAGES
• Once a geothermal plant is build, it is generally
self-sufficient energy wise.
• Geothermal power plants are generally small
and have little effect on the natural landscape.
DISADVANTAGES
• If done incorrectly, geothermal energy can
produce pollutants.
• Improper drilling into the earth can release
hazardous minerals and gases.
• Geothermal sites are prone to running out of
steam.

55. Stored energy
• Energy storage is accomplished by devices or
physical media that store some form of energy to
perform some useful operation at a later time.
• The solar, tidal, wind energy produced can be
stored and can be used at a later stage when
there is an energy shortage.

57. How to reduce energy consumption
through passive techniques

58. Daylighting and energy conservation
• Daylighting is the practice of placing windows or other
openings and reflective surfaces so that during the day natural
light provides effective internal lighting. Particular attention
is given to daylighting while designing a building when the
aim is to maximize visual comfort or to reduce energy use.
• Energy savings can be achieved either from the reduced use of
artificial (electric) lighting or from passive solar heating or
cooling. Artificial lighting energy use can be reduced by
simply installing fewer electric lights because daylight is
present, or by dimming/switching electric lights automatically
in response to the presence of daylight, a process known
as daylight harvesting.

59. Types of daylighting used in architecture:
1. Windows
Windows are the most common way to admit daylight into a space. Their vertical
orientation means that they selectively admit sunlight and diffuse daylight at
different times of the day and year. Therefore windows on multiple orientations
must usually be combined to produce the right mix of light for the building,
depending on the climate and latitude.
Different types and grades of glass and different window treatments can also affect
the amount of light transmission through the windows.

60. 2. Clerestory windows
Another important element in creating daylighting is the use of clerestory
windows. These are high, vertically-placed windows. Clerestories can be used to
admit diffuse daylight that evenly illuminates a space such as a classroom or office.
Often, clerestory windows also shine onto interior wall surfaces painted white or
another light color. These walls are placed so as to reflect indirect light to interior
areas where it is needed. This method has the advantage of reducing the
directionality of light to make it softer and more diffuse, reducing shadows.

61. 3. Skylight
Skylight is any horizontal window, roof lantern or oculus, placed at the roof of
the building, often used for daylighting. Skylights admit more light per unit area
than windows, and distribute it more evenly over a space.
With proper skylight design, there can be significant energy savings in
commercial and industrial applications. Savings from daylighting can cut
lighting energy use by up to 80 percent.

62. 4. Light reflectors
Once used extensively in office buildings, the manually adjustable light reflector is
seldom in use today having been supplanted by a combination of other methods in
concert with artificial illumination. The reflector had found favor where the choices
of artificial light provided poor illumination compared to modern electric lighting.

63. 5. Light shelves
Light shelves are an effective way to enhance the lighting from windows.
The light shelf projects beyond the shadow created by the eave and reflects
sunlight upward to illuminate the ceiling. This reflected light can contain little heat
content and the reflective illumination from the ceiling will typically reduce deep
shadows, reducing the need for general illumination.

64. 6. Light tubes
Another type of device used is the light tube, also called a solar tube, which is
placed into a roof and admits light to a focused area of the interior. These
somewhat resemble recessed ceiling light fixtures. They do not allow as much heat
transfer as skylights because they have less surface area.

65. CONCLUSION

66. Thank you
• Abhishek Ray
• Akhilesh Krishna Yadav
• Devika Athaley
• Keertana
• Mithila Chaudhari
• Godhuli Singh
• N. shriya
• Swati Sinha
• Sampada Takalkar
• Naina Khurana