The prostate gland secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm. It normally enlarges with age due to a balance between cell growth and death being disrupted. The main cause of enlargement is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), where cells multiply faster than they die. BPH symptoms include frequent urination and weak urine stream. Diagnosis involves exams and ruling out other causes. Mild cases are treated with lifestyle changes while moderate-severe cases may require medicines or surgery like transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the prostate gland. It is located below the bladder and in front of the rectum. The prostate secretes fluid that nourishes sperm. Common prostate problems include enlarged prostate (BPH), prostate cancer, and prostatitis. BPH causes urinary symptoms due to pressure on the urethra. Prostate cancer develops from gland cells and can spread to other organs if not detected early. Diagnosis involves exams, tests like PSA, and biopsies. Treatment depends on the condition but may include medications, surgery, radiation, or watchful waiting.
The document discusses urethral stricture, which refers to scarring in the urethra that narrows the passageway for urine. It describes the anatomy of the male urethra and its divisions. Common causes of urethral stricture include trauma, infections like gonorrhea, prolonged catheterization, and complications after surgery. Left untreated, stricture can lead to urinary retention, infections, kidney damage from back pressure, and fistula formation. Symptoms include weak urinary stream and sudden retention.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia by Sayed EleweedySayed Eleweedy
This document discusses benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It defines BPH as a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs in most men as they age. The document covers the prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, evaluation, and management of BPH. It discusses how BPH results from an interaction between aging, genetics, androgens like dihydrotestosterone, and growth factors. The document also outlines the natural history of BPH and potential complications if left untreated.
The prostate gland is located in the male reproductive system and commonly enlarges with age in a condition known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). As men age, BPH symptoms emerge such as frequent and hesitant urination that result from the enlarged prostate pressing on the urethra. Treatment options range from minimally invasive procedures that use heat or lasers to destroy excess prostate tissue to more invasive surgical procedures. After surgery, a catheter is typically used and sexual function often returns after recovery, though the surgery can cause retrograde ejaculation in which semen enters the bladder rather than being expelled.
This document discusses varicoceles, which are abnormal dilations and tortuosity of the internal spermatic veins. It provides definitions, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, associated pathological processes like testicular hypotrophy, and effects on semen quality. Key points include that varicoceles are more common on the left side and prevalence increases with infertility. Causes involve increased venous pressure and valvular incompetence. Diagnosis involves physical exam and ultrasound to assess reflux and testicular size. Associated issues involve hypotrophy, though catch-up growth may occur after repair, and effects on semen quality are unclear in adolescents.
This document discusses benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also known as an enlarged prostate. It begins by covering the anatomy and physiology of the prostate gland. It then defines BPH, describes its causes including hormonal changes, and risk factors like aging and obesity. The document outlines the pathophysiology of BPH in which dihydrotestosterone stimulates prostate cell growth. It also covers the clinical manifestations of BPH including irritative and obstructive symptoms. Diagnostic tests and treatments are summarized, including drug therapies, minimally invasive procedures like TUMT and TUNA, and laser prostatectomy.
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the prostate gland. It is located below the bladder and in front of the rectum. The prostate secretes fluid that nourishes sperm. Common prostate problems include enlarged prostate (BPH), prostate cancer, and prostatitis. BPH causes urinary symptoms due to pressure on the urethra. Prostate cancer develops from gland cells and can spread to other organs if not detected early. Diagnosis involves exams, tests like PSA, and biopsies. Treatment depends on the condition but may include medications, surgery, radiation, or watchful waiting.
The document discusses urethral stricture, which refers to scarring in the urethra that narrows the passageway for urine. It describes the anatomy of the male urethra and its divisions. Common causes of urethral stricture include trauma, infections like gonorrhea, prolonged catheterization, and complications after surgery. Left untreated, stricture can lead to urinary retention, infections, kidney damage from back pressure, and fistula formation. Symptoms include weak urinary stream and sudden retention.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia by Sayed EleweedySayed Eleweedy
This document discusses benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It defines BPH as a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs in most men as they age. The document covers the prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, evaluation, and management of BPH. It discusses how BPH results from an interaction between aging, genetics, androgens like dihydrotestosterone, and growth factors. The document also outlines the natural history of BPH and potential complications if left untreated.
The prostate gland is located in the male reproductive system and commonly enlarges with age in a condition known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). As men age, BPH symptoms emerge such as frequent and hesitant urination that result from the enlarged prostate pressing on the urethra. Treatment options range from minimally invasive procedures that use heat or lasers to destroy excess prostate tissue to more invasive surgical procedures. After surgery, a catheter is typically used and sexual function often returns after recovery, though the surgery can cause retrograde ejaculation in which semen enters the bladder rather than being expelled.
This document discusses varicoceles, which are abnormal dilations and tortuosity of the internal spermatic veins. It provides definitions, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, associated pathological processes like testicular hypotrophy, and effects on semen quality. Key points include that varicoceles are more common on the left side and prevalence increases with infertility. Causes involve increased venous pressure and valvular incompetence. Diagnosis involves physical exam and ultrasound to assess reflux and testicular size. Associated issues involve hypotrophy, though catch-up growth may occur after repair, and effects on semen quality are unclear in adolescents.
This document discusses benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also known as an enlarged prostate. It begins by covering the anatomy and physiology of the prostate gland. It then defines BPH, describes its causes including hormonal changes, and risk factors like aging and obesity. The document outlines the pathophysiology of BPH in which dihydrotestosterone stimulates prostate cell growth. It also covers the clinical manifestations of BPH including irritative and obstructive symptoms. Diagnostic tests and treatments are summarized, including drug therapies, minimally invasive procedures like TUMT and TUNA, and laser prostatectomy.
This document discusses benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and its treatment. It begins with a case study of a 60-year-old male patient presenting with urinary difficulties. It then defines bladder outlet obstruction and discusses the pathophysiology and symptoms of BPH, including increased voiding pressures and residual urine. Treatment options covered include lifestyle changes, medications like alpha blockers and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, and procedures like transurethral resection of the prostate. Complications of treatment are also summarized.
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men after skin cancer. The risk increases after age 50 and more than 75% of cases are diagnosed in men over 65. Symptoms may include difficulty urinating or blood in the urine. Diagnosis involves a physical exam, PSA test, and biopsy of the prostate. Treatment depends on the stage and grade of cancer and may include watchful waiting, surgery to remove the prostate, radiation therapy, and hormone or chemotherapy if it has spread. Nursing care focuses on managing symptoms, preventing complications, and educating patients about treatments and self-care.
This document describes a case of a 48-year-old male patient presenting with right lumbar pain and swelling for 9 months and 3 months respectively. On examination, a non-tender cystic mass was palpable in the right lumbar region. Investigations including ultrasound and CT scan revealed a renal cyst. The document then provides an overview of renal cysts, discussing simple cysts, complicated cysts, and the Bosniak classification system for cystic renal masses. Based on imaging findings, the patient's cyst was likely a Bosniak Category II cyst.
Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that involves inserting a narrow telescope through a small incision in the abdomen to visualize internal organs. It can be used both diagnostically to investigate issues like infertility, masses, or suspected abnormalities, and therapeutically to treat conditions like endometriosis, myomas, ectopic pregnancies, and more. Potential risks include injuries to internal organs from trocar insertion or diathermy, bleeding, infection, and port site complications. Careful patient selection and surgical technique can help reduce risks.
This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on urethral strictures. It recommends actively engaging students by showing blank slides first and asking what they know about each topic before providing the information. The presentation follows a standard format covering introduction, anatomy, etiology, clinical features, investigations, management, and prevention of urethral strictures. Slides provide brief bullet points on each topic. Links are included to access the full presentation online or download it for mobile use by scanning a QR code.
A benign (not cancer) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hyperplasia and BPH.
This document provides information about bladder carcinoma, including:
1. Bladder carcinoma is the most common cancer of the urinary tract, affecting men more than women. It is most common in the elderly, around ages 67-70.
2. Risk factors include family history, chemical exposure, smoking, irradiation, arsenic exposure, and urinary disorders. Preneoplastic abnormalities and carcinoma in situ can develop.
3. Transitional cell carcinoma accounts for 90% of bladder cancers and can range from low to high grade. Staging involves determining if the cancer is superficial, invasive, or metastatic. Treatment depends on the stage and grade.
The document discusses the anatomy and diagnostic evaluation of prostate cancer. It describes the prostate as a walnut-sized gland located below the bladder and surrounding the urethra. The primary function is to produce seminal fluid. Diagnostic workup involves PSA levels, digital rectal exam, prostate biopsy and various imaging modalities like CT, MRI, bone scan and PSMA PET/CT to stage disease extent and metastasis. Gleason scoring is used to grade prostate cancer based on architectural patterns seen on biopsy.
The document discusses acute urinary retention and acute renal failure. It defines the conditions and outlines their causes, which can be pre-renal, renal, or post-renal in nature. The evaluation and management of the conditions is also described. Causes include issues like decreased perfusion, obstruction, toxicity, and inflammation. Treatment involves supportive care, addressing the underlying cause, and dialysis in some situations to manage electrolyte and acid-base imbalances.
This document provides an overview of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) including its etiology, pathology, clinical findings, and investigation. It notes that BPH begins as microscopic nodules in the transitional zone of the prostate that can grow and compress surrounding tissue. Common symptoms include urinary frequency, urgency, and nocturia. Evaluation involves assessment of lower urinary tract symptoms, digital rectal exam, urinalysis, post-void residual measurement, and in some cases urodynamic testing. BPH is a common condition among older men that results from changes in hormone levels and growth factors.
Management of bening prostatic hyperplasiadrujudud
This document provides an overview of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) management presented by Dr. Muhammad Ujjudud Musa. It discusses the surgical anatomy, pathology, history, examination, investigations, and various treatment options for BPH including watchful waiting, medical therapy, minimally invasive treatments, and surgery. Surgical treatments covered include transurethral incision of the prostate, transurethral resection of the prostate, and open prostatectomy. Post-operative care and complications are also reviewed.
A urethral stricture is a narrowing of the urethra caused by scarring that can develop from infections, injuries, or other trauma. Men are more susceptible to urethral strictures since their urethras are longer. Common causes include sexually transmitted diseases, catheterization, or other instrumentation of the urethra. Symptoms include a slow or weak urine stream, pain while urinating, and blood in the urine. Diagnosis involves imaging tests of the urethra. Treatment options depend on the severity and location of the stricture, and may include gradual stretching through dilation, cutting the scar tissue, or surgical reconstruction of the urethra.
This document discusses rectal polyps, which are fleshy growths that can protrude from the lining of the rectum. Rectal polyps are a common anorectal disorder that can occur in both children and adults. They may be benign, pre-malignant, or malignant. The document outlines the etiology, types, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of rectal polyps. The treatment of choice is polypectomy, which is the surgical removal of the polyp in a painless day procedure. The polyp is examined after removal for further analysis. In Ayurveda, rectal polyps are considered a type of anorectal disorder called Sahaja Arsha.
Priapism is a prolonged, unwanted erection that continues hours beyond sexual stimulation. There are two main types: ischemic (low-flow) priapism which is painful and involves little blood flow out of the penis, and non-ischemic (high-flow) priapism which is painless and involves an abnormal connection allowing high arterial inflow. Ischemic priapism is a medical emergency requiring aspiration of blood from the penis and injection of medications to induce detumescence within 4-6 hours to prevent permanent erectile dysfunction. Treatment options depend on duration and include aspiration, intracavernosal injections of medications, or surgical shunting if conservative measures fail.
Acute urinary retention is defined as the painful inability to void with relief after catheterization. It is caused by bladder outlet obstruction from conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia, urethral stricture, or neurological impairment. Risk factors include older age, larger prostate size, and lower urinary flow rate. For management, watchful waiting is appropriate for mild symptoms while more severe or recurrent cases may require medical treatment with alpha blockers or 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, or surgical options like transurethral resection of the prostate.
The urethra's main job in males and females is to pass urine outside the body. This thin tube also has an important role in ejaculation for men. When a scar from swelling, injury or infection blocks or slows the flow of urine in this tube, it is called a urethral stricture. Some people feel pain with a urethral stricture.
This document discusses a horseshoe kidney and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for treating kidney stones in a horseshoe kidney. It begins by defining a horseshoe kidney as two distinct kidney masses connected by an isthmus of tissue across the midline. It then discusses the embryology, incidence, variations, associated anomalies, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of stones in a horseshoe kidney. Key points are that PCNL is the treatment of choice for large stones (>1.5-2 cm) in a horseshoe kidney due to the anatomy making percutaneous access easier compared to a normal kidney. Access is typically through an upper pole calyx for the best access. Flexible instruments may help reach more
The document discusses prostate cancer including anatomy, staging, Gleason scoring, treatment options, and side effects. It covers imaging like CT and MRI scans to visualize the prostate and surrounding structures. Radiation treatments like IMRT, Tomotherapy, Cyberknife and seed implants are described in detail, noting their ability to precisely target the prostate gland and avoid nearby organs to minimize side effects. Typical radiation protocols are provided for low and higher risk prostate cancer cases.
This document provides tips and instructions for using PowerPoint presentations on bladder calculi (stones). It recommends showing blank slides to students and asking them to provide information before presenting content. Reviewing content again at the end is also suggested. The document then provides an outline of learning objectives and topics to cover, including introduction, anatomy, etiology, pathophysiology, pathology, classification, clinical features, investigations, management, prevention, and guidelines. Sample content is provided for some slides. Overall, the document outlines a strategy for an active learning session on bladder calculi using PowerPoint presentations.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly affects men over 50 years old. BPH causes obstruction of urine flow due to enlargement of the prostate pressing on the urethra. Symptoms include frequent and urgent urination, weak urine stream, and incomplete bladder emptying. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and urinalysis. Treatment options include medications to shrink the prostate, minimally invasive procedures, or surgery if medications are not effective. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for complications and educating patients on symptom management and lifestyle changes.
This document discusses benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and its treatment. It begins with a case study of a 60-year-old male patient presenting with urinary difficulties. It then defines bladder outlet obstruction and discusses the pathophysiology and symptoms of BPH, including increased voiding pressures and residual urine. Treatment options covered include lifestyle changes, medications like alpha blockers and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, and procedures like transurethral resection of the prostate. Complications of treatment are also summarized.
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men after skin cancer. The risk increases after age 50 and more than 75% of cases are diagnosed in men over 65. Symptoms may include difficulty urinating or blood in the urine. Diagnosis involves a physical exam, PSA test, and biopsy of the prostate. Treatment depends on the stage and grade of cancer and may include watchful waiting, surgery to remove the prostate, radiation therapy, and hormone or chemotherapy if it has spread. Nursing care focuses on managing symptoms, preventing complications, and educating patients about treatments and self-care.
This document describes a case of a 48-year-old male patient presenting with right lumbar pain and swelling for 9 months and 3 months respectively. On examination, a non-tender cystic mass was palpable in the right lumbar region. Investigations including ultrasound and CT scan revealed a renal cyst. The document then provides an overview of renal cysts, discussing simple cysts, complicated cysts, and the Bosniak classification system for cystic renal masses. Based on imaging findings, the patient's cyst was likely a Bosniak Category II cyst.
Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that involves inserting a narrow telescope through a small incision in the abdomen to visualize internal organs. It can be used both diagnostically to investigate issues like infertility, masses, or suspected abnormalities, and therapeutically to treat conditions like endometriosis, myomas, ectopic pregnancies, and more. Potential risks include injuries to internal organs from trocar insertion or diathermy, bleeding, infection, and port site complications. Careful patient selection and surgical technique can help reduce risks.
This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on urethral strictures. It recommends actively engaging students by showing blank slides first and asking what they know about each topic before providing the information. The presentation follows a standard format covering introduction, anatomy, etiology, clinical features, investigations, management, and prevention of urethral strictures. Slides provide brief bullet points on each topic. Links are included to access the full presentation online or download it for mobile use by scanning a QR code.
A benign (not cancer) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hyperplasia and BPH.
This document provides information about bladder carcinoma, including:
1. Bladder carcinoma is the most common cancer of the urinary tract, affecting men more than women. It is most common in the elderly, around ages 67-70.
2. Risk factors include family history, chemical exposure, smoking, irradiation, arsenic exposure, and urinary disorders. Preneoplastic abnormalities and carcinoma in situ can develop.
3. Transitional cell carcinoma accounts for 90% of bladder cancers and can range from low to high grade. Staging involves determining if the cancer is superficial, invasive, or metastatic. Treatment depends on the stage and grade.
The document discusses the anatomy and diagnostic evaluation of prostate cancer. It describes the prostate as a walnut-sized gland located below the bladder and surrounding the urethra. The primary function is to produce seminal fluid. Diagnostic workup involves PSA levels, digital rectal exam, prostate biopsy and various imaging modalities like CT, MRI, bone scan and PSMA PET/CT to stage disease extent and metastasis. Gleason scoring is used to grade prostate cancer based on architectural patterns seen on biopsy.
The document discusses acute urinary retention and acute renal failure. It defines the conditions and outlines their causes, which can be pre-renal, renal, or post-renal in nature. The evaluation and management of the conditions is also described. Causes include issues like decreased perfusion, obstruction, toxicity, and inflammation. Treatment involves supportive care, addressing the underlying cause, and dialysis in some situations to manage electrolyte and acid-base imbalances.
This document provides an overview of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) including its etiology, pathology, clinical findings, and investigation. It notes that BPH begins as microscopic nodules in the transitional zone of the prostate that can grow and compress surrounding tissue. Common symptoms include urinary frequency, urgency, and nocturia. Evaluation involves assessment of lower urinary tract symptoms, digital rectal exam, urinalysis, post-void residual measurement, and in some cases urodynamic testing. BPH is a common condition among older men that results from changes in hormone levels and growth factors.
Management of bening prostatic hyperplasiadrujudud
This document provides an overview of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) management presented by Dr. Muhammad Ujjudud Musa. It discusses the surgical anatomy, pathology, history, examination, investigations, and various treatment options for BPH including watchful waiting, medical therapy, minimally invasive treatments, and surgery. Surgical treatments covered include transurethral incision of the prostate, transurethral resection of the prostate, and open prostatectomy. Post-operative care and complications are also reviewed.
A urethral stricture is a narrowing of the urethra caused by scarring that can develop from infections, injuries, or other trauma. Men are more susceptible to urethral strictures since their urethras are longer. Common causes include sexually transmitted diseases, catheterization, or other instrumentation of the urethra. Symptoms include a slow or weak urine stream, pain while urinating, and blood in the urine. Diagnosis involves imaging tests of the urethra. Treatment options depend on the severity and location of the stricture, and may include gradual stretching through dilation, cutting the scar tissue, or surgical reconstruction of the urethra.
This document discusses rectal polyps, which are fleshy growths that can protrude from the lining of the rectum. Rectal polyps are a common anorectal disorder that can occur in both children and adults. They may be benign, pre-malignant, or malignant. The document outlines the etiology, types, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of rectal polyps. The treatment of choice is polypectomy, which is the surgical removal of the polyp in a painless day procedure. The polyp is examined after removal for further analysis. In Ayurveda, rectal polyps are considered a type of anorectal disorder called Sahaja Arsha.
Priapism is a prolonged, unwanted erection that continues hours beyond sexual stimulation. There are two main types: ischemic (low-flow) priapism which is painful and involves little blood flow out of the penis, and non-ischemic (high-flow) priapism which is painless and involves an abnormal connection allowing high arterial inflow. Ischemic priapism is a medical emergency requiring aspiration of blood from the penis and injection of medications to induce detumescence within 4-6 hours to prevent permanent erectile dysfunction. Treatment options depend on duration and include aspiration, intracavernosal injections of medications, or surgical shunting if conservative measures fail.
Acute urinary retention is defined as the painful inability to void with relief after catheterization. It is caused by bladder outlet obstruction from conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia, urethral stricture, or neurological impairment. Risk factors include older age, larger prostate size, and lower urinary flow rate. For management, watchful waiting is appropriate for mild symptoms while more severe or recurrent cases may require medical treatment with alpha blockers or 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, or surgical options like transurethral resection of the prostate.
The urethra's main job in males and females is to pass urine outside the body. This thin tube also has an important role in ejaculation for men. When a scar from swelling, injury or infection blocks or slows the flow of urine in this tube, it is called a urethral stricture. Some people feel pain with a urethral stricture.
This document discusses a horseshoe kidney and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for treating kidney stones in a horseshoe kidney. It begins by defining a horseshoe kidney as two distinct kidney masses connected by an isthmus of tissue across the midline. It then discusses the embryology, incidence, variations, associated anomalies, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of stones in a horseshoe kidney. Key points are that PCNL is the treatment of choice for large stones (>1.5-2 cm) in a horseshoe kidney due to the anatomy making percutaneous access easier compared to a normal kidney. Access is typically through an upper pole calyx for the best access. Flexible instruments may help reach more
The document discusses prostate cancer including anatomy, staging, Gleason scoring, treatment options, and side effects. It covers imaging like CT and MRI scans to visualize the prostate and surrounding structures. Radiation treatments like IMRT, Tomotherapy, Cyberknife and seed implants are described in detail, noting their ability to precisely target the prostate gland and avoid nearby organs to minimize side effects. Typical radiation protocols are provided for low and higher risk prostate cancer cases.
This document provides tips and instructions for using PowerPoint presentations on bladder calculi (stones). It recommends showing blank slides to students and asking them to provide information before presenting content. Reviewing content again at the end is also suggested. The document then provides an outline of learning objectives and topics to cover, including introduction, anatomy, etiology, pathophysiology, pathology, classification, clinical features, investigations, management, prevention, and guidelines. Sample content is provided for some slides. Overall, the document outlines a strategy for an active learning session on bladder calculi using PowerPoint presentations.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly affects men over 50 years old. BPH causes obstruction of urine flow due to enlargement of the prostate pressing on the urethra. Symptoms include frequent and urgent urination, weak urine stream, and incomplete bladder emptying. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and urinalysis. Treatment options include medications to shrink the prostate, minimally invasive procedures, or surgery if medications are not effective. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for complications and educating patients on symptom management and lifestyle changes.
This document discusses benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It begins with the anatomy of the prostate gland and defines BPH as non-malignant prostate tissue growth due to aging. Risk factors for BPH include increasing age and family history. Clinical evaluation involves history, physical exam including digital rectal exam, and testing like PSA and ultrasound. Treatment options range from lifestyle changes and medications like alpha blockers and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors for mild-moderate BPH to surgical interventions like TURP for severe cases. The document provides details on evaluation and management approaches for BPH.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland in older men. As men age, the prostate may grow large enough to squeeze the urethra and obstruct the flow of urine. BPH generally begins producing symptoms after age 50. Risk factors include increasing age and family history. Symptoms include frequent urination, weak urine stream, and incomplete bladder emptying. Diagnosis involves a digital rectal exam and other tests to rule out prostate cancer. Treatment options include watchful waiting, medications to shrink the prostate or relax muscles, and surgery to remove part of the prostate if symptoms are severe. Nursing care focuses on managing symptoms, preventing complications, and educ
This document discusses benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It begins with the anatomy and development of the prostate gland. BPH is defined as a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate that narrows the urethra. Risk factors include increasing age and family history. Symptoms include difficulty urinating and frequent urination. Medical management includes alpha blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors to shrink the prostate. Minimally invasive options for BPH include transurethral microwave thermotherapy, transurethral needle ablation, laser therapies, and urethral stents. More invasive options are transurethral resection of the prostate and transurethral incision of the prostate.
This document discusses benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and its management. It begins by defining BPH as a benign enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly occurs in aging men. It then covers the anatomy and histology of the prostate, causes of BPH, pathophysiology and effects of BPH, symptoms, diagnostic tests including DRE, PSA, uroflowmetry, and management options like watchful waiting, lifestyle changes, medications such as alpha blockers and 5-ARIs, and surgeries.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly affects aging men. It occurs when the prostate grows larger, squeezing the urethra and causing problems with urination. Common symptoms include frequent urination, weak urine stream, and inability to fully empty the bladder. Treatment options include medication to reduce prostate size or relieve symptoms, or surgery to remove part of the prostate if medication is not effective. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for complications and helping patients properly manage their condition.
Unit VII. Male reproductive system disorders.pptxSani191640
This document provides an overview of male reproductive system disorders including physical assessment techniques, diagnostic evaluations, and treatments. It focuses on disorders of sexual function like erectile dysfunction and its causes. It also discusses prostatitis including causes, signs/symptoms, and treatment. Finally, it provides extensive details on benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) including causes, diagnostic criteria, management options like medications and surgery, as well as pre/postoperative nursing considerations.
The document summarizes information about the anatomy, functions, common conditions and diseases of the prostate gland. It describes the prostate's location between the bladder and penis. Common prostate issues discussed include enlarged prostate (BPH), prostate cancer, and prostatitis. Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options are provided for each condition.
The 71-year-old man presents with lower urinary tract symptoms including poor urine stream, urinary frequency, nocturia, and post-micturition dribbling. On examination, his prostate is moderately enlarged and firm. Differential diagnoses include benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. For evaluation, laboratory tests including PSA, urinalysis, and renal function tests are recommended. Imaging with ultrasound and urodynamic studies may also be done. Treatment options for BPH include lifestyle changes, medications like alpha-blockers, and surgery such as transurethral resection of the prostate if other options are not effective.
Benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) is a common condition among aging men that can cause lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The document discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, evaluation, and management of BPE. Key points include that BPE is caused by both aging and androgens, and its prevalence increases significantly with age. The diagnostic evaluation of BPE involves taking a patient history, physical exam including digital rectal exam, urinalysis, prostate-specific antigen level, renal function tests, and uroflowmetry to evaluate urine flow. BPE can cause obstructive or irritative voiding symptoms and complications like urinary retention if not properly managed.
This document provides information about prostate cancer, including:
- It is a cancer that occurs in the prostate gland and is one of the most common cancers in men. While some types grow slowly, others can spread quickly.
- Risk factors include age, family history, and race. Many times it causes no symptoms but can sometimes cause urinary or sexual issues.
- Diagnosis involves exams, blood tests, and biopsies. Treatment depends on stage but can include surgery, radiation, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and active surveillance. Complications may include incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Prevention focuses on diet, exercise, and weight control.
BPH also called as benign prostate hypertrophy. #nursing #nursinglecture #study #teaching. This includes the nursing care plan and management. share to others. Only for study purpose.
This document provides information about benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and treatment options for an enlarged prostate. It discusses common symptoms of BPH, risk factors, evaluation and testing procedures. Treatment options covered include watchful waiting, medications, in-office therapies like TUMT and TUNA, and surgery. For each treatment, it provides details on how the procedure is performed, expected outcomes, advantages, and potential side effects to consider. The goal is to educate patients on understanding BPH and working with their doctor to select the most appropriate treatment based on their individual symptoms and risk factors.
Find the powerpoint (PPt.) on Benign hyperplasia of Prostate with proper explanation and references were taken from the well known Books (Bailey and Love textbook of Surgery and others).
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition in aging men that involves enlargement of the prostate gland. It often causes bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) such as frequent urination and weak urine flow. BPH-LUTS refers to these urinary symptoms linked to an enlarged prostate. Treatment involves medications like alpha-blockers and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors to shrink the prostate and relieve symptoms. For men with larger prostates or those where medications fail, surgery such as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) may be considered, though it carries risks like incontinence or sexual side effects.
This document discusses benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It begins by describing the anatomy and development of the prostate. It then explains that BPH involves the non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland due to hyperplasia of tissues. Common symptoms include frequent urination, urgency, and weak urine flow. Diagnosis involves digital rectal exam, urine flow rate tests, and ultrasound. Treatment options include medications like alpha blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors or surgical procedures like transurethral resection of the prostate. Complications can include urinary tract infections if left untreated.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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2. Introduction
• Prostate(ةَثوُم:)ال is a single, fibromuscular glandular organ, and the largest
accessory sex gland in men (about 2 × 3 × 4 cm).
• The prostate secretes a milky fluid which contains:
1. Citric acid
2. Proteolytic enzymes
3. Acid phosphatase
• The prostatic secretion is alkaline and helps neutralize the acidity in the
vagina.
• Prostatic secretions enter the prostatic urethra via many prostatic ducts,
which makes up about 25% of the volume of semen and contribute to
sperm motility and viability.
4. Embryology
1. fetal testosterone stimulates urogenital sinus mesenchyme through
androgen receptors.
2. urogenital sinus mesenchyme acts on the overlying epithelium to
stimulate cell proliferation.
3. urogenital sinus epithelium then forms prostate ductal progenitor,
the prostatic buds.
4. prostatic buds then grow into the urogenital sinus mesenchyme.
5.
6. • Macroscopically the prostrate can be divided into lobes.
1. peripheral zone
2. internal zone
3. innermost zone
• In good histological sections it is possible to distinguish three
concentric zones
• *excretory ducts
8. Anatomy
• It is about the size of a chestnut (about 2 × 3 × 4 cm) and somewhat
conical in shape. The base is directed upward, and is applied to the
inferior surface of the bladder, the apex is directed downward, and is
in contact with the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm.
• The prostate is a firm, partly glandular and partly muscular body,
which is placed in the pelvic cavity. Immediately below the internal
urethral orifice, posterior to the lower part of the symphysis pubis,
above the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, in front of the
rectum, and surrounding the prostatic urethra.
11. Anatomy
• Arteries: inferior vesical artery > prostatic artery > urethral and capsular
branches, middle hemorroidal and internal pudendal arteries>minor
branches.
• Veins: prostatic venous plexus > internal iliac vein
• Lymph drainage: internal iliac nodes.
• Nerve supply: inferior hypogastric plexuses and the sympathetic nerves
stimulate the prostatic smooth muscle during ejaculation.
12. Prostate Enlargement
• The prostate slowly increases in size from birth to puberty, and then it
expands rapidly. The size attained by age 30 typically remains stable
until about age 45, when further enlargement may occur.
• Enlargement of the prostate to 2 to 4 times its normal size occurs
approximately 1/3 of all males over age 60.
• Generally a healthy adult prostate weighs about 20–25 grams.
14. BPH
• It is not cancer, and it does not raise your risk for prostate cancer.
• Disease of elderly men (average age is 60-65 years); prostate
gradually enlarges, creating symptoms of urinary outflow obstruction.
• The actual cause of prostate enlargement is unknown.
• Factors linked to aging, testosterone levels.
• Men who have had their testicles removed at a young age (for
example, as a result of testicular cancer) do not develop BPH. Also, if
the testicles are removed after a man develops BPH, the prostate
begins to shrink in size.
15. •Absent malignancy, most tissues in the body
shrink as we age. Why does the prostate
expand as men grow old?
16. Absent malignancy, most tissues in the body
shrink as we age. Why does the prostate expand
as men grow old?
• equilibrium between cell division and cell death
• androgens not only are required for normal prostatic cell proliferation
BUT
• also actively inhibit cell death
• progression of normal prostatic cells to terminally differentiated cells
IS BLOCKED
• thereby reduces the overall rate of cell death
• This leads to increasing gland size.
17. BPH
• BPH mainly occur periurethrally. (Note: prostate cancer occurs in the
periphery of the gland)
18. BPH symptoms
(Obstructive-type symptoms)
• Hesitancy.
• Weak stream.
• Nocturia.
• Intermittency.
• UTI/recurrent UtI.
• Urinary retention.
• Dribbling at the end of urinating.
• Straining to urinate.
• Strong and sudden urge to
urinate.
• Incomplete emptying of your
bladder.
19. BPH Diagnosis
• Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
• Urinalysis
• Urine culture
• Prostate-specific antigen
• BUN and CR
• Cystoscopy
• Post-void residual urine
• Urethrometry
• US
20. Diagnostic guidelines for BPH
• History:-
• prior and current illnesses
• prior surgery and trauma
• Current medication, including over-the-counter drugs
• Physical examination:-
• including DRE
• Urinalysis:-
• Routine and microscopic, culture and sensitivity. To rule out diagnoses other than BPH that
may cause LUTS and may require additional diagnostic tests.
• prostate-specific antigen (PSA):-
• Should be offered to patients who have at least a 10-year life expectancy and for whom
knowledge of the presence of prostate cancer would change management. Among patients
without prostate cancer, serum PSA may also be a useful surrogate marker of prostate size
and may also predict risk of BPH progression.
21. *NOTE*
IPSS or AUA Symptom Score
International Prostate Symptom Score or American Urologic
Association system score are recommended for an objective
assessment of symptoms at initial contact, for follow-up of symptom
evolution for those on watchful waiting and for evaluation of response
to treatment.
22. Diagnostic guidelines for BPH
• In cases where the physician feels it is indicated, it is reasonable to
proceed with one or more of the following:
1. Post-void residual urine
2. Urethrometry
3. Voiding diary
4. BUN and CR
5. Sexual function questionnaire
23. Diagnostic guidelines for BPH
• The following diagnostic modalities are not recommended in the routine
initial evaluation of a typical patient with BPH-associated LUTS. BUT may
be required in patients with a definite indication, such as hematuria,
uncertain diagnosis, DRE abnormalities, poor response to medical therapy
or for surgical planning.
1. Cystoscopy
2. Cytology
3. Urodynamics
4. Radiological evaluation of upper urinary tract
5. Prostate ultrasound
6. Prostate biopsy
24. Treatment guidelines for BPH
• How bad your symptoms are and how much they bother you?
• lifestyle modification ?
• MEDICINES?
• SURGERY?
25. Treatment guidelines for BPH
Soooooo
How tell whether the patient needs lifestyle modification or
medications or surgery?
27. Treatment guidelines for BPH
• IPSS < 7: MILD symptoms
>Combination of lifestyle modification and watchful waiting<
• IPSS 8 – 18: MODERATE symptoms
• IPSS 19 – 35: SEVERE symptoms
>Watchful waiting/lifestyle modification, as well as medical, minimally
invasive or surgical therapies<
28. Lifestyle modifications with watchful waiting?
• Patients on watchful waiting should have periodic physician-monitored visits.
• Fluid restriction particularly prior to bedtime. Avoid drinking fluids within 2 hours
of bedtime.
• DO NOT drink a lot of fluid all at once.
• Timed or organized voiding. Go to the bathroom on a timed schedule, even if you
don't feel a need to urinate.
• Pelvic floor exercises regularly. Kegel exercises.
• Avoidance of caffeinated beverages, spicy foods.
• Reduce stress, avoidance or treatment of constipation. Nervousness and tension
can lead to more frequent urination.
• Avoidance/monitoring of some drugs (e.g., diuretics, decongestants,
antihistamines, antidepressants).
31. Medical treatment
• Alpha-1 blockers: relax the muscles of the bladder neck and prostate
capsule. (within 3 to 7 days).
• Terazosin (Hytrin®): are appropriate treatment options for LUTS
secondary to BPH. They do not alter the natural progression of the
disease.
• Finasteride (Proscar®): 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor. Several studies
have demonstrated that in addition to improving symptoms, the
natural history of BPH can be altered through a reduction in the risk
of acute urinary retention (AUR) and the need for surgical
intervention.
• Hormonal: Antiandrogens
32. Surgical Intervention
• Indications for surgical intervention:-
1. Sever symptoms.
2. Failure of treatment.
3. Patient do not want medical therapy.
4. Urinary retention.
5. Hydronephrosis.
6. Recurrent UTIs.
7. Recurrent blood in the urine.
8. Decreasing kidney function.
9. Bladder stones.
10.Hernias (inguinal).
33. Surgical Intervention
• Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP): This is the most common
and most proven surgical treatment for BPH (gold standard
treatment). TURP is performed by inserting a scope through the penis
and removing the prostate piece by piece.
34. Complications of TURP
• Failure to void.
• Erectile dysfunction.
• Bleeding.
• Clot retention.
• UTIs.
• Incontinence.
35.
36. Other Surgical Intervention
• Transurethral Incision of Prostate (TUIP): is appropriate surgical
therapy for men with prostate gland volumes less than 30 grams.
• Laser prostatectomy: Greenlight laser or photoselective vaporization
prostatectomy (PVP).
• Open prostatectomy : indicated for men whose prostates are too
large for TURP for fear of incomplete resection, significant bleeding or
the risk of dilutional hyponatremia (TURP syndrome).
37. TURP syndrome (BRIEFLY)
• Is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of a TURP
procedure.
• It occurs as a consequence of the absorption into the prostatic
venous sinuses of the fluids used to irrigate the bladder during the
operation. Symptoms and signs are varied and unpredictable.
• Fluid overload: The average rate of absorption is 20ml/min, and
therefore length of surgery may have an effect on the total volume
absorbed.
38. TURP syndrome (BRIEFLY)
The clinician must have a high index of suspicion for diagnosing TURP
syndrome in a patient who becomes unwell following a TURP
procedure.
39. TURP syndrome diagnosis (BRIEFLY)
• Acutely unwell, confused patient with a reduced Glasgow coma
scale score.
• Hyponatremia: Na < 120 mmol/L
• Hyperkalemia: K > 6.0mml/L
• Hyperglycemia.
• Hypothermia.
• Hyperammonemia.
• Intra-vascular hemolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation
(reduced platelet count, increased fibrin degradation products)
40. Management of TURP syndrome
The treatment of TURP syndrome is mainly supportive, and is most
successful where diagnosis is made early and interventions are
instituted before systemic complications occur.
The patient should preferably be transferred to a high dependency unit
and be attached to continuous monitoring.