This document discusses various topics related to child development and welfare. It begins by defining behavior and outlining different types of behavioral development in children. It then discusses behavioral problems, juvenile delinquency, theories of delinquency, and measures to prevent delinquency. Next, it covers topics such as children in difficult circumstances, the girl child and gender bias, child abuse, its types and effects. Other sections discuss battered baby syndrome, street children, child marriage, child placement options, and legislation related to children.

1. -RamNaik.M
7th Semester

2. BEHAVIOUR
 Range of actions and mannerisms made by organisms or
systems or artificial entities in conjunction with their
environment, which includes the other systems or organisms
around as well as the physical environment.
 It is the response of the system or organism to various
stimuli/inputs, whether internal/external; conscious/
subconscious; overt/covert and voluntary/involuntary.

3. Development of Behaviour
Motor Development
Adaptive Development
Language Development
Personal-Social Development
Motor Adaptive
Personal
&
Social
Language

4. BEHAVIOUR PROBLEMS
Antisocial
nature
Personality
disorders
Habit disordersPsychosomatic
disorders
Educational
disorders
Stealing, Lying, Gambling,
Cruelty, Sexual Offences,
Destructiveness
Jealousy
Day dreaming
Timidity
Shyness
Anxiety
Hysteria
unsociability
Masturbation
Thumb suckling
Bed wetting
Nail biting
Tremors
Headache
Asthma
Depression
Delusion
hallucination
School phobia
School failures
Backwardness

5. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
(under age violation of the law)
 Juvenile: A boy under 16 years or a girl under 18 years
of age.
 Delinquent(The Children’s Act 1960) : A child who has committed an
offense
• Delinquency is not merely “juvenile crime”.
• Includes all deviations from normal youthful behaviour.
Eg: Children who are habitually disobedient, who
desert homes, mix with immoral people, those with
behavioural problems, indulging in antisocial practices.

6. Incidence:
• 20% of all children and youth are at some time officially
delinquent
 In US  2% of children between 7 & 17 years attend juvenile
courts.
 India  Increasing during the past 2-3 years due to changes
in cultural pattern of people, urbanization and industrialization.
 Highest incidence  15 years & above
 Among boys  4-5 times more than girls

7. Juvenile delinquency activities include:
Substance abuse
Gang Involvement
Early sexual activities
Public and Private Vandalism

8. STRAIN THEORY
Crime is caused by the difficulty faced in achieving socially valued goals
by legitimate means by those in poverty
DIFFERENTIAL THEORY
Young people are motivated to commit crimes by delinquent peers and
learn criminal skills from them
LABELLING THEORY
Once labeled as deviant a young person may accept that role and be more
likely to associate with others who have been similarly labelled
MALE PHENOMENON
Youth crime is disproportionately committed by young men
THEORIES ON JUVENILE
DELINQUENCY

9. Causes:
 Feeble mindedness
 Physical defects
 Glandular abnormalities
Biological Social
Genetic
?
Others
Urbanization
Industrialization
Sex thrillers
Cheap recreation
Cinemas and TV
Step parents
 Separated parents
 Death of parents
Disturbed home conditions
Poverty, alcoholism, ignorance of child
care, parental neglect, too many children
Extra Y-chromosome
 XYY genotype

10. PREVENTIVE MEASURES
• Juvenile Delinquency Court
• Improvement of family life:
– Well-adjusted family.
– Parents prepared for parenthood.
– Meeting needs of children.
• Schooling:
– Healthy teacher pupil relationship.
• Social welfare services:
– Recreation facilities
– Parent counseling
– Child guidance
– Educational facilities
– Adequate general health services.

11. CHILDREN IN DIFFICULT CIRCUMSTANCES
Girl
Child
Homeless
Street children
Migrants & refugees
Working children
Trafficked children
Victims of crime
Orphaned or abandoned
Children affected by conflict
Children affected by HIV/AIDS
Children with disabilities
Children in bondage & prostitution
Children of ethnic and religious minorities
Children belonging to SCs, STs
Children of prisoners& sex workers

12. BATTERED BABY SYNDROME

13. Battered baby syndrome is defined as
“a clinical condition in young children, usually
under 3years of age who have received non-accidental
wholly inexcusable violence or injury, on one or more
occasions, including minimal as well as fatal trauma,
for what is often the most trivial provocation, by the
hand of an adult in a position of trust, generally a
parent, guardian or foster parent. In addition to
physical injury, there may be deprivation of nutrition,
care and affection in circumstances which indicates
that deprivation is not accidental”

14. Risk factors
• Low SES,
• Age <1yr,
• Inconsolable crying,
• Step children,
Symptoms
• Delayed visit to the emergency room with an injured child;
• An implausible explanation of the cause of a child's injury;
• Bruises that match the shape of a hand, fist or belt; cigarette burns;
scald marks; bite marks; black eyes; unconsciousness; bruises around
the neck; and
• A bulging fontanel in infants.
Diagnosis
• By an emergency room physician or pediatrician, or by teachers or
social workers.
• The presence of injuries at different stages of healing (i.e. having
occurred at different times) is nearly always indicative of BCS
• Often hindered by the excessive cautiousness of caregivers or by
actual concealment of the true origin of the child.
• Young parents,
• Multiple children,
• Substance abuse,
• Poor impulse control,
• Negative childhood experiences.

15. TREATMENT
Primary:
Focus on effect
of crying on
parents &
caregivers.
Coping skills r/t
crying & stress it
provokes.
Prenatal
visits/classes.
Routine office
visits.
Normal & preterm
development
teaching.
Realistic
expectations of
infant behaviour.
Encourage
sharing feelings of
inadequacy and
helplessness.

16. Treatment(contd…)
• If suspected, Notified ASAP-
promptly investigate allegations.
• Continuous observation.
• Laboratory Studies.
• Anemia, Coagulation changes,
and High Amylase (pancreatic
damage), and Transaminase
levels (liver damage).
• Diagnostic tests:
• MRI, CT, X-ray.
Secondary
• Medical intervention.
• Assessment for decline in patient
status.
Tertiary

17.  Trafficking
 Frequent illness
 Anemia, IFA def
 Child marriage
 Low literacy
 Poor health& attention
 Child-mother and child
bearing
 Denied information
 Domestic violence &
Dowry
 STDs, HIV/AIDS
 Unpaid works
o Discrimination in food
o Domestic duties
o Nutritional anemia
o Poorer health assistance
o Vitamin deficiency
o Micronutrient deficiency
o Discrimination in parent care
o Household/near home sexual
abuse
o Child marriages?
 Being unwanted
 Foeticide
 Infanticide
 Health neglect
 Discrimination in
breast feeding&
infant food
Girl Child
• Malnutrition
• Anemia
• IFA deficiency
• Child trafficking
• Child labour
• Abuse& exploitation
• Domestic duties
• Look after siblings
• Restriction on mobility, play
GIRL CHILD AND GENDER BIAS

18. Title in here
 Being unwanted
 Foeticide
 Infanticide
 Health neglect
 Discrimination in
breast feeding&
infant food
o Discrimination in food
o Discrimination in
parent care
o Poorer health
assistance
o Nutritional anemia
o Vitamin deficiency
o Micronutrient
deficiency
o Domestic duties
o Household/near home
sexual abuse
o Child marriages?
• Malnutrition
• Anemia
• IFA deficiency
• Child trafficking
• Child labour
• Abuse& exploitation
• Domestic duties
• Look after siblings
• Restriction on
mobility, play
Before birth-1year
1 to 5 years
6 to 11 years
12 to 18 years
 Poor health&
attention
 Frequent illness
 Anemia, IFA def
 Child marriage
 Child-mother
 Child bearing
 Trafficking
 Low literacy
 Denied
information
 Domestic
violence
 Dowry
harassment
 STDs, HIV/AIDS
 Unpaid works

19. National Plan For Action Of Children-2005
The Specific Goals For Girls
@ Assurance of equality of status for girl child as an individual& citizen
@ Ensure survival, development & protection of girl child
@ Create an environment wherein she lives with dignity and opportunity
@ To stop sex selection, female foeticide& infanticide
@ Eliminate child marriages
@ Ensure girl child’s security and protection from abuse, exploitation, violence
@ Protect her from neglect and deprivation
@ Ensure equal share of care& resources in home and community
@ Measures to protect girl child from any treatment which undermines their self-
esteem and causes their exclusion from social main stream
@ Eliminate all obstacles that prevent girls from full enjoyment of human rights
@ Health and nutrition
@ Equal opportunity for free and compulsory elementary education to all girls.

20. CHILD ABUSE
In 1999, the WHO Consultation on Child Abuse Prevention
compared definitions of abuse from 58 countries and drafted the
following definition:
‘‘Child abuse or maltreatment
constitutes all forms of physical and/or emotional ill-
treatment, sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment
or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual
or potential harm to the child’s health, survival,
development or dignity in the context of a relationship
of responsibility, trust or power.’’

21. Types of Child Abuse
Physical
34%
Sexual
30%
Emotional
8%
Neglect
28%
Physical Sexual Emtional Neglect

22. Physical effects
1. Unexplained burns, cuts,
bruises.
2. Bite marks
3. Anti-social behavior
4. Problems in school
5. Fear of adults
Emotional effects
1. Apathy
2. Depression
3. Hostility or stress
4. Lack of concentration
5. Eating disorders
Sexual effects
1. Inappropriate interest or
knowledge of sexual acts
2. Nightmares and bed wetting
3. Drastic changes in appetite
4. Over compliance
5. Fear of a particular person or
family member
Neglect
1. Unsuitable clothing for
weather
2. Appearance is dirty or
unbathed
3. Extreme hunger
4. Apparent lack of
supervision
EARLY EFFECTS OF CHILD ABUSE

23. • Poor physical health
• Battered baby syndrome/ shaken baby syndrome
• Impaired brain development
Physical consequences:
• Difficulties during infancy: Depression and withdrawal symptoms
• Social difficulties: antisocial traits
• Cognition difficulties
• Poor mental and emotional health : depression, anxiety, eating
disorders, and suicide attempts , panic disorder, dissociative
disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depression, anger,
posttraumatic stress disorder, and reactive attachment disorder
Psychological consequences
• Difficulties during adolescence.
• Juvenile delinquency and adult criminality.
• Alcohol and other drug abuse.
• Abusive behavior.
Behavioural consequences:
LATE or DELAYED CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD ABUSE

24. PREVENTION
• Never discipline your child when your anger is out of control.
• Participate in your child’s activities and get to know your child’s
friends.
• Never leave your child unattended.
• Teach your child the difference between “good touches,” “bad
touches” and “confusing touches.”
• When your child tells you he or she doesn’t want to be with
someone, this could be a red flag. Listen to them and believe
what they say.
• Be aware of changes in your child’s behavior or attitude, and
inquire into it.
• Teach your child what to do if you and your child become
separated while away from home.
• Be alert for any talk that reveals premature sexual understanding.
• Pay attention when someone shows greater than normal interest
in your child.

25. LEGISLATION
I. CAPTA: Child Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act
II. Child Abuse Prevention, Adoption and Family Services Act of 1988
III. Child Abuse Prevention Challenge Grants Reauthorization Act of 1989
IV. The Community-Based Child Abuse and Neglect Prevention Grants program
V. The Child Abuse Prevention Challenge Grants Reauthorization Act of 1989
VI. Child Abuse, Domestic Violence Adoption and Family Services Act of 1992
VII. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act Amendments of 1992
VIII.Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003
IX. Reauthorized as CAPTA of 2010

26. What to do…..
• Be open and understanding.
• Don’t try to conduct an investigation, yourself.
• If the child tells you of the sexual abuse immediately after it
occurred, DO NOT bathe the child, or wash or change his or her
clothes.
• Let the child talk as much as he or she wishes.
• Understand that the child is probably having mixed feelings.
• Believe the child.
• Explain what you will do next to help them.

27. Street Children

28. The term street children refers to
children for whom the street more than their family
has become their real home. It includes children
who might not necessarily be homeless or without
families, but who live in situations where there is no
protection, supervision, or direction from
responsible adults.
- Human Rights Watch

29. Problems in the street
• Poverty,
• Lack of education,
• AIDS,
• Prostitution,
• All kinds of abuse,
• Drugs,
• Alcohol,
• Murders.

30. UNICEF divides street children into two main
categories:

31. UNICEF has defined three types of street
children
Street Living Children
Children who ran away
from their families and live
alone on the streets.
Street Working
Children
Children who spend
most of their time on
the streets, fending
for themselves, but
returning home on a
regular basis.
Children from Street
Families
Children who live on
the streets with their
families.

32. • Interventions:
– Housing and educational opportunities
– Employment
– Rehabilitation of children
– Voluntary government& non-governmental organizations.
– Integrated programme for street children
– Integrated child protection scheme
• 24hours shelters, provides food, non-formal education, clothing,
recreation, counselling and guidance for street children by NGOs.

33. CHILD MARRIAGE
• Child marriage is a violation of human rights whether it
happens to a girl or a boy, but it represents perhaps the
most prevalent form of sexual abuse and exploitation of
girls.
• The harmful consequences include separation from family
and friends, lack of freedom to interact with peers and
participate in community activities, and decreased
opportunities for education.
• Child marriage can also result in bonded labour or
enslavement, commercial sexual exploitation and violence
against the victims.
• The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against
Women recommends the age to be 18.

36. Legislation
• The Sharada Act, 1929
• The Child Marriage Restrain Act, 1978
– 15 to 18yrs for girls; 18 to 21 years for boys
• The Prohibition Of Child Marriage Act, 2006
– Prohibits rather than restraining
– Makes child marriage an offence
– Provision for punishment of those
conducting/promoting/abetting/permitting

37. CHILD PLACEMENT
ORPHA
NAGES
• For children with no home or who could not cared for by their parents.
• Little opportunity for the child to experience warmth & intimacy of family life
FOSTER
HOMES
• Temporary arrangement where the child lives with an extended or unrelated family member.
• Biological parents doesnot lose their rights or responsibilities.
• Aims at eventual re-union under better circumstances.
ADOPTIO
N
• Adoptive parents have the same rights as biological parents.
• Hindu Adoption and Maintanance Act, 1956.
BORSTAL
S
• Children(>16) who are too difficult to be handled in a certified school or have misbehaved there.
• Categorised between certified school and adult prison.
• Sentenced for 3year duration. And meant for reformation
REMAND
HOMES
• Under care of doctors, psychiartists and other trained personnel
• Aims at improving mental, physical well being.
• Elimentary schooling, teaching various arts, games and recreation activities.