Uploaded byRam Naik M
Malaria main
The document provides a historical overview of malaria. Some key points: - Malaria symptoms have been described as early as 2700 BC in China and 400 BC by Hippocratic writings. - In 1880, Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran discovered the malaria parasite in blood samples. - In 1897, Ronald Ross demonstrated that malaria can be transmitted from infected patients to mosquitoes. - In 1898, it was shown that the human malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae complete their life cycle within mosquitoes. - Major developments in the 20th century included the 1955 WHO malaria eradication program using DDT and
Malaria main
- 1. RAM NAIK. M 5th Sem AMC
- 2. INTRODUCTION ¥ Otherwise knownas AGUE ¥ Derived from Italian: Mal’ aria= bad’ air (Horace Walpole in 1740) ¥ Malaria continues to be most important cause o fever and morbidity in the Tropical world.
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- 5. 2700 BC: China-Huang Di Nei Jing Described one form of intermittent fever recurring every one, two or three days Hippocratic corpus (400 B.C.) was the first to describe the manifestations of the disease and to relate them to the time of the year and where the patient lived.
- 6. • The periodicfever episodes characteristic for malaria have been described by physician early on in human history. • People recognized a connection between malaria and swamps. • It was thought that swamps exude a miasma or poison which causes the disease Giovanni Maria Lancisi (1654-1720) ☺He first described a characteristic black pigmentation of the brain and spleen in the victims of malaria. ☺Lancisi linked malaria with poisonous vapors of swamps or stagnant water on the ground.
- 7. Discovery of theMalaria Parasite (1880) 6th of November 1880. Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, a French army surgeon concluded that “Swamp fevers are due to a germ” Parasites in the blood of a patient suffering from malaria. Unable to identify the species.
- 8. 1883 -Methylene blue stain - Marchafava 1891 - Polychrome stain- Romanowsky
- 9. Discovery that mosquitoestransmit malaria On august 20th, 1897, RONALD ROSS, a British officer in the Indian medical service, demonstrated that malaria parasites could be transmitted from infected patients to mosquitoes. In further work with bird malaria, Ross showed that mosquitoes could transmit malaria parasites from bird to bird. The mystery of malaria transmission was solved.
- 10. Discovery of thetransmission of the human malaria parasites • In 1898, led by Giovanni Batista Grassi, a team of Italian investigators, collected Anopheles claviger mosquitoes and fed them on malaria patients. • The complete sporogonic cycle of Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae was demonstrated. • In 1899, mosquitoes infected by feeding on a patient in Rome were sent to London where they fed on two volunteers, both of whom developed malaria.
- 11. Camillo Golgi An Italianneurophysiologist, established that there were at least two forms of the disease -one with tertian periodicity (fever every other day) and one with quartan periodicity (fever every third day). He prepared high quality micrographs and described the asexual replication of the parasite within the RBC. He observed that fever coincided with the rupture and release of merozoites into the blood stream.
- 12. 1948 - Siteof Exoerythrocytic development in Liver by Shortt and Garnham
- 13. Major Developments in 20th Century • WHO 1955 • Malaria eradication programme using DDT • Resistance to DDT 1970 • Programme fails • Trager & Jensen 1976 • Invitro-cultivation of the parasite
- 14. PAUL ROSS MULLER • High efficient of • Oocyst of Plasmodium DDT as a contact in gut-wall of mosquito poison against • 1897-Aug-20 several arthropods • 1902 NOBLE LAVERAN LAURETES GOLGI • Noticed parasite • Asexual in the blood of a reproduction of patient Plasmodium in RBC • 1880-Nov-6 • 1907
- 15. Why is itimportant…..????? Malaria remains the world's most devastating human parasitic infection. Malaria affects over 40% of the world's population. WHO, estimates that there are 350 - 500 million cases of malaria worldwide, of which 270 - 400 million are falciparum malaria, the most severe form of the disease.
- 16. MALARIA Kills morepeople than AIDS Malaria kills in one year what AIDS kills in 15 years. For every death due to HIV/AIDS there are about 50 deaths due to malaria. To add to the problem is the increasing drug resistance to the established drug.
- 17. TRANSMISSION • Mosquito Bite(Female Anopheles) • Blood – Maximum with fresh blood up to 5 days. – No infection - stored blood > 5 days. – No infection - Plasma Transfusion • Syringes – Drug Addict / Iatrogenic. • Congenital Malaria – Mother to Child ( Rare ) ( AIDS )
- 18. Factors affecting thetransmission • Anopheles mosquito- species of the mosquito • Environment: Temperature between 16-33 oC Rainfall provides breeding site for mosquito. Humidity favors mosquito survival. At low altitudes • Vector resistance to insecticides • Parasitic resistance to drugs • Man-made: • War and migrations
- 19. Mosquito serves asa vector of human malaria because…… Susceptible to infection by malarial parasite. Repeatedly bite humans rather than animals for their blood- meal. Present in adequate number near human habitats. Live long enough for the development into sporozoits in the midgut
- 20. FACT FILES Affects >2400million people, over 40% of the world's population, in more than 100 countries • About 1.5 million to 3 million people die of malaria every year (85% of these occur in Africa) One child dies of malaria somewhere in Africa every 20 sec., and one malarial death every 12 sec somewhere in the world • Estimated annual expenditure on malaria research, prevention and treatment: $ 84 million. Eradicated in Europe, USA, Korea, japan, Most of N&S America In India, Orissa constitutes 25% of cases
- 22. TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION Kingdom Protista Subkingdom Protozoa Phylum Apicomplexa Class Haematozoea Order Haemosporida Family Plasmodiidae Genus Plasmodium {sub genera- lavarania and plasmodium} Species falciparum, malariae, ovale, vivax There are 165 known species of Plasmodium- may infect reptiles, birds and mammals Of these, 4 were known to infect humans. A new species- Plasmodium knowlesi- causes malaria in macaques but can also infect humans.
- 24. Malaria 72 species of anopheles mosquito (♀) 90% cases Plasmodium Plasmodium Plasmodium Plasmodium Falciparum vivax Ovale Malariae 95% malarial Death
- 25. Plasmodium falciparum:-Welch falx=cresent/sickle + parere=to bring forth. Malignant tertian or Estivo-autumnal or falciparum malaria Plasmodium vivax:-Grassi&Feletti,1890 vivax or tertian malaria. Occurrence of true relapses in characteristic. Described by Laveran- but not as a distinct species in 1880 Golgi described it as a distinct species. Plasmodium malariae:-Laveran,1881 malariae malaria or quartan malaria. Natural parasite of chimpanzee synonym= Pl.rodhaini Plasmodium ovale:-Stephans,1922 relatively restricted distribution. Ovale malaria
- 26. The morphological characteristicsand features of the life cycle acts a major criteria in GARNHAM’S CLASSIFICATION. These include: Shape of the tropozoite Gametocyte Oocyst Number of nuclei in erythrocytic & exo-erythrocytic schizonts Aspect and distribution of pigment Nature of damage induced in host cell
- 27. General characteristics: Alternationof generation accompanied by alternation of hosts. Schizogony(asexual) takes place in humans Sporogony(sexual) takes place in mosquito Typically, pigment is produced during the developing stages parasite in RBC
- 29. PARASITE FORMS Blood forms:merozoites, Merozoite: invades erythrocytes rings, trophozoite, schizonts Sporozoite invades mosquito salivary glands and liver cells Mosquito forms: Ookinete invades mosquito gut epithelial cells Oocyst, ookinete, gametocytes, sporozoite
- 30. There is aPlant inside Malaria ! (secondary endosymbiosis) Plasmodium- contains a broken down old chloroplast (an Apicoplast) that doesn't do any photosynthesizing. The Apicoplast is however, needed for the parasite to invade new cells. Even more fascinating- common herbicides that are generally pretty non-toxic to humans seem to stop the Apicoplast from working. O =Apicoplast
- 32. Plasmodium blood forms:the ring stage 1st 14-16 hours spent as ring stage, or young trophozoite little to no Hb degradation only form seen in blood films of P. falciparum A ring stage of the cup-like form showing the nucleus (n), surrounded by ribosomes and some endoplasmic reticulum.
- 33. THE TROPHOZOITE • Itis the form found inside the erythrocyte after 10-18 hours post-infection • It interact with the host cell in a very sophisticated way: •1) it takes up the red blood cell hemoglobin and digests it inside a food vacuole. Many of the drugs in use target this compartment; •2) it transports proteins from the parasite to the surface of the erythrocyte for its own benefit.
- 34. THE SCHIZONT • Schizogony:form of asexual reproduction in which multiple mitoses take place, followed by cytokinesis resulting in multiple daughter cells • multiple mitoses produce 20-24 nuclei • once nuclei & organelles replicated cytokinesis occurs • rupture of RBC membrane releases merozoites Schizont from Plasmodium falciparum
- 35. P.Falciparum Why is it important……???? • Sticky knobs - obstruction to blood flow • Rosettes - clogs microcirculation • Secondary organ dysfunction • Pregnancy - adhere to placenta, so maternal anemia & low birth weight
- 36. Character P.falciparum P.vivax P.ovale P.malariae Relative age of May infect cells of Only those are Only those are Only mature cells infected RBC all ages young &immature young &immature Appearance of Normal size, no Enlarged, distorted Oval enlarged, Normal size, no infected RBC distortion distorted with distortion ragged cell walls Stippling infected Maurer’s dots Schuffner James’s dots Ziemann’s dots RBC dots
- 37. Character P.falciparum P.vivax P.ovale P.malariae Ring form Circle configuration/ head- Delicate cytoplasmic Similar to P.vivax Smaller than P.vivax phone configuration ring measuring 1/3 RBC Ring larger than Occupies 1/6th RBC Scanty cytoplasm&small Single chromatin dot P.vivax Heavy chromatin dot vacuole Ring surrounds a Often Pigment forms early Multiple rings common vacuole thick&amoeboid Accole forms are seen
- 38. Character P.falciparum P.vivax P.ovale P.malariae Trophozoite Heavy rings common Irregular, Ring appearance Non-amoeboid with fine pigment amoeboid usually maintained solid cytoplasm granules Ring remnants until late In Coarse dark brown Mature forms seen only common development pigment that in severe infections Brown Amoeboid tendencies masks chromatin pigment not as evident as No vacuoles in P.vivax mature forms
- 39. Maurer's clefts canbe seen Maurer's clefts resemble the in P. falciparum infections Schüffner's dots seen in P. containing older ring-form vivax and P. ovale, but are trophozoites and asexual usually larger and more coarse. stages. Visualization of these Like Schüffner's dots, structures is dependent on the Maurer's clefts appear to quality of the smear play a role in the metabolic preparation and the pH of the pathways of the infected Giemsa stain. RBCs.
- 42. Character P.falciparum P.vivax P.ovale P.malariae Immature Multiple chromatin Mature Progressive Similar to P.vivax, schizont bodies surrounded chromatin bodies dividing only smaller and may by cytoplasm Brown pigment chromatin contain large dark Only detected in surrounded by peripheral granules severe infection cytoplasmic material Mature 8-36 merozoites. 12-24 merozoits Parasites occupy 6-12 merozoites in schizont in clusters Surrounded by ¾ RBC rosettes Only in severe cytoplasmic 8-12 merozoites Central arrangement infections material Rosettes of an of brown green average of pigment 8merozoites
- 43. Character P.falciparum P.vivax P.ovale P.malariae Micro Sausage/cresent shaped Large pink to purple Similar to P.vivax, Similar to P.vivax, Gametocyte Dispersed central chromatin mass smaller in size smaller in size chromatin with nearly surrounded by colorless black pigment visible to pale halo. Brown pigment present Macro Sausage/cresent shaped Round to oval cytoplasm Similar to P.vivax, Similar to P.vivax, gametocyte Compact chromatin Eccentric chromatin mass smaller in size smaller in size Black pigment visible Light brown pigment
- 45. schuffers amoeboid P. vivax Rings and accole maurers P. falciparum Band forms Undotted RBC P.malariae James dots P.ovale
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