Child abuse and neglect includes physical, sexual, and emotional abuse as well as neglect. Physical abuse causes injuries like bruises, fractures, and burns. Sexual abuse involves inappropriate sexual acts or contact. Emotional abuse psychologically harms children through words or actions. Neglect is the failure to meet a child's basic needs. Abuse is often due to parental stress, while neglect stems from parenting difficulties. Symptoms vary by type of abuse but may include physical injuries, behavioral changes, and developmental delays. Treatment focuses on medical care, safety planning, counseling, and prevention through education.
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CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT byaruhanga Allan.pptx
1. CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT
Presented by : Byaruhanga Allan
UA/DCM/007/19
2. definition
Child abuse and neglect is the exploitation and maltreatment of
children
It includes all types of abuse and neglect of a child under the age of
18years by a parent, caregiver or another person in a custodial role (eg,
clergy, coach, teacher).
Results in harm, potential fore harm, or threat of harm to a child.
3. Types/classification of child abuse
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Emotional abuse (psychological abuse)
• Neglect
4. Physical abuse
• Caregiver inflicting physical harm or engaging in actions that create a
high risk of harm e.g. shaking, dropping, striking, biting and burning.
5. Sexual abuse
• Any action with a child done for the sexual gratification of an adult or
significantly older (developmentally or chronologically) child
constitutes sexual abuse.
Forms include;
• Intercourse which is oral, anal, or vaginal penetration.
• Molestation, which is genital contact without intercourse
• Forms that do not involve physical contact by the perpetrator e.g.
exposure of the perpetrator’s genitals, showing sexually explicit
content to the child, sexting with the child, forcing child to participate
in a sex act with another person or in production of sex material.
6. Emotional abuse
• Inflicting emotional harm through the use of words or actions.
Forms include;
Berating a child by yelling or screaming.
Spurning by belittling the child’s abilities and achievements
Exploiting or corrupting by encouraging deviant or criminal behavior.
Ignoring or rejecting children or isolating them from interaction with
other children or adults.
7. Neglect
• Failure to provide for or meet a child’s basic physical, emotional,
educational and medical needs.
• Neglect differs from abuse in that it usually occurs without intent to harm.
Types of neglect include;
Physical neglect e.g. failure to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter,
supervision and protection from potential harm.
Emotional neglect; failure to provide affection or love or other kinds of
emotional support.
Medical neglect; failure to ensure that the child receives appropriate care
or needed treatment for injury or physical or mental disorders
Educational neglect; failure to enroll a child in school, ensure attendance
at school, provide home schooling.
8. Special considerations
• Child abuse in medical settings: occurs when care givers intentionally
produce or falsify physical or psychologic symptoms or signs of a
child. They may injure the child with drugs or other agents or add
blood or bacterial contaminants to urine specimen to simulate
disease.
• Cultural factors: severe corporal punishment (e.g. whipping, burning,
scalding) clearly constitutes physical abuse, but for lesser degrees of
physical and emotional chastisement, boundary between socially
accepted behavior varies among different cultures.
9. Etiology of child maltreatment
Abuse;
Can be attributed to a breakdown of impulse in a parent or care giver.
Factors contributing include:
oParental characteristics; childhood bad experiences of the parent.
oChildren with special needs or difficult behavior. Usually occurs in
premature or sick infants separated from parents early in infancy or with
biologically unrelated children.
oSituational stress e.g. when emotional support of relatives, friends,
neighbors or peers is unavailable.
Risk factors of abuse;
Socioeconomic stress e.g. Financial stress, social isolation, young or single
parenthood, poverty, low socioeconomic status.
12. Physical abuse;
a) Skin lesions; e.g. bruise, petechiae on the face and neck
• Hand prints or marks caused by slapping or grabbing and
shaking.
• Long, band like ecchymoses caused by belt whipping
• Multiple small round burns caused by cigarettes
• Bite marks
• Thickened skin or scaring at the corners of the mouth caused
by being gagged.
• Patchy alopecia with varying hair lengths caused by hair pulling.
b) Fractures highly indicative of physical abuse.
13. Sexual abuse
• Difficulty in walking or sitting
• Bruises or tears around the genitals, anus or mouth
• Vaginal discharge, bleeding, pruritus
• STIs, pregnancy.
14. Emotional abuse
1. In early infancy;
oDecrease in interest in the environment.
oOften misdiagnosed as intellectual disability or physical illness
oDelayed development of social and language skills maybe a sign
of inadequate parental stimulation and interaction.
2. In children;
oInsecure, anxious, distrustful, superficial in interpersonal
relationships, passive and overlay concerned with pleasing
adults.
oChildren terrorized or threatened may commit crimes of or
develop substance use disorder.
16. management
• Treat injuries
• Reporting to the appropriate agency.
• Creation of safety plan
• Family counseling and support
• Sometimes removal from the home
• Follow up
17. prevention
• Education of parents and care givers and children and identification of
risk factors.
• Parents who were victims of maltreatment are amenable to
assistance.
• First time parents and teenage parents and several children.
• Maternal risk factors ( smokes, abuses drugs, history of domestic
violence) identified and mother is counselled.
