child health nursing : behavioural disorders - habit disorders (stereotypic movement disorder )
common habit disorder : thumb sucking, nail biting, tics, enuresis, encopresis, stealing , telling lie .
their definition , etiology, types , adverse effects management ( role of parents , assessment ,role of nurse , pharmacological and non pharmacological management . responsibilities of nurses.
child health nursing : behavioural disorders - habit disorders (stereotypic movement disorder )
common habit disorder : thumb sucking, nail biting, tics, enuresis, encopresis, stealing , telling lie .
their definition , etiology, types , adverse effects management ( role of parents , assessment ,role of nurse , pharmacological and non pharmacological management . responsibilities of nurses.
HOSPITALIZATION: Effect on children and their parentsShivani Thakur
The experience of hospitalization in children can be considered as a process of effort for returning to health and, on the whole, the regaining of the individual's status in the world.
Nurse can ease this process by showing the importance of experience and feelings of individuals at the time of hospitalization and help people to adapt themselves to their new surroundings.
MENTAL RETARDATION
PRESENTED BY –MISS MANJOT KAUR GILL
MENTAL RETARDATION
Intellectual disability, also known as general learning disability and mental retardation is a generalized neurodevelopment disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning.
Mental retardation is defined as significantly sub average general intellectual functioning and impairment in cognitive and adaptive functioning.
CAUSES
Prenatal/antenatal causes- infection- syphilis, meningitis, rubella.
Physical damage – injury, hypoxia
Intoxications- lead poisoning, certain drugs
Placenta dysfunction- toxemia, nutritional growth retardation.
Prenatal causes- birth asphyxia
Prolonged birth
Difficult birth
Obstructed labour
Premature birth
Birth injury
Instrumental delivery
Postnatal causes – injury
Accident
Child abuse
Infection e.g. encephalitis, meningitis
malnutrition
Genetic causes
Social-cultural causes- deprivation of socio-cutural stimulation
Isolation
TYPES OF MENTAL RETARDATION
MILD – I.Q.= 50-70
MODERATE- I.Q. 30-50
SEVERE- less than 30
PROFOUND – Less than 15
PROBLEMS DE TO MENTAL RETARDATION
Personal
Social
Educational
Sexual and marital
PREVENTION OF MENTAL RETARDATION
Primary prevention-
Good antenatal, intranatal and postnatal care
Improve the socio-economic status of the community.
Education of the public.
Genetic counseling to at risk patients.
Syphilis and AIDS screening.
Vaccination of girls with rubella vaccine.
Avoiding consanguinal marriage.
Prevention measures to reduce child abuse, road traffic accident and home accidents.
Secondary prevention-
Early detection and treatment of preventable disorders.
Amniocentesis and medical termination of pregnancy .
Early detection of correctable disorders.
Prevention of further damage of impaired children.
Tertiary prevention- treatment of physical and psychological problems by drugs , by behavior modification.
Hospitalization and custodial care of severe mentally retarded or those with psychological problems.
Education and training of mentally retarded to avoid handicaps.
Make plans according to the problems and capacity of mentally retarded child.
REHABLITATION AND NURSING CARE
Assessment of the needs
Education
Training
Custodial care
THANKS
Play therapy is a method of meeting and responding to the mental health needs of children and is extensively acknowledged by experts as an effective and suitable intervention in dealing with children’s brain development.
Effect of Hospitalization on Child and Family Jyotika Abraham
Understand the effects of Hospitalization on the child who is admitted along with the siblings, parents and caregivers and the family. Also, understand the Nurses' responsibility towards the admitted child and the family. This Ppt. deals with the Nurses responsibility in detail not only towards the child but also towards the family as they are also tremendously affected by the hospitalization of their child. Understand the stress caused by child hospitalization, the defence mechanisms used by the child, the stressors of hospitalization in children of different age groups, Post hospitalization behaviour, beneficial effects of hospitalization, parental reaction, sibling reaction, informed consent for care, situations in which consent is required. Nursing management and therapeutic care, the safety of the hospitalized child, special hospital situations and discharge.
The word ‘Autism’ is derived from Greek word ‘autos’ means ‘self’.
Autism is a developmental disorder that is characterized by impaired development in communication, social interaction, and behavior.
Temper tantrums are unpleasant, disruptive behaviors or emotional
outbursts. They often occur in response to unfulfilled needs or desires.
Tantrums are more likely to occur in younger children or those who
cannot express their needs or control their feelings when they are
frustrated.
HOSPITALIZATION: Effect on children and their parentsShivani Thakur
The experience of hospitalization in children can be considered as a process of effort for returning to health and, on the whole, the regaining of the individual's status in the world.
Nurse can ease this process by showing the importance of experience and feelings of individuals at the time of hospitalization and help people to adapt themselves to their new surroundings.
MENTAL RETARDATION
PRESENTED BY –MISS MANJOT KAUR GILL
MENTAL RETARDATION
Intellectual disability, also known as general learning disability and mental retardation is a generalized neurodevelopment disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning.
Mental retardation is defined as significantly sub average general intellectual functioning and impairment in cognitive and adaptive functioning.
CAUSES
Prenatal/antenatal causes- infection- syphilis, meningitis, rubella.
Physical damage – injury, hypoxia
Intoxications- lead poisoning, certain drugs
Placenta dysfunction- toxemia, nutritional growth retardation.
Prenatal causes- birth asphyxia
Prolonged birth
Difficult birth
Obstructed labour
Premature birth
Birth injury
Instrumental delivery
Postnatal causes – injury
Accident
Child abuse
Infection e.g. encephalitis, meningitis
malnutrition
Genetic causes
Social-cultural causes- deprivation of socio-cutural stimulation
Isolation
TYPES OF MENTAL RETARDATION
MILD – I.Q.= 50-70
MODERATE- I.Q. 30-50
SEVERE- less than 30
PROFOUND – Less than 15
PROBLEMS DE TO MENTAL RETARDATION
Personal
Social
Educational
Sexual and marital
PREVENTION OF MENTAL RETARDATION
Primary prevention-
Good antenatal, intranatal and postnatal care
Improve the socio-economic status of the community.
Education of the public.
Genetic counseling to at risk patients.
Syphilis and AIDS screening.
Vaccination of girls with rubella vaccine.
Avoiding consanguinal marriage.
Prevention measures to reduce child abuse, road traffic accident and home accidents.
Secondary prevention-
Early detection and treatment of preventable disorders.
Amniocentesis and medical termination of pregnancy .
Early detection of correctable disorders.
Prevention of further damage of impaired children.
Tertiary prevention- treatment of physical and psychological problems by drugs , by behavior modification.
Hospitalization and custodial care of severe mentally retarded or those with psychological problems.
Education and training of mentally retarded to avoid handicaps.
Make plans according to the problems and capacity of mentally retarded child.
REHABLITATION AND NURSING CARE
Assessment of the needs
Education
Training
Custodial care
THANKS
Play therapy is a method of meeting and responding to the mental health needs of children and is extensively acknowledged by experts as an effective and suitable intervention in dealing with children’s brain development.
Effect of Hospitalization on Child and Family Jyotika Abraham
Understand the effects of Hospitalization on the child who is admitted along with the siblings, parents and caregivers and the family. Also, understand the Nurses' responsibility towards the admitted child and the family. This Ppt. deals with the Nurses responsibility in detail not only towards the child but also towards the family as they are also tremendously affected by the hospitalization of their child. Understand the stress caused by child hospitalization, the defence mechanisms used by the child, the stressors of hospitalization in children of different age groups, Post hospitalization behaviour, beneficial effects of hospitalization, parental reaction, sibling reaction, informed consent for care, situations in which consent is required. Nursing management and therapeutic care, the safety of the hospitalized child, special hospital situations and discharge.
The word ‘Autism’ is derived from Greek word ‘autos’ means ‘self’.
Autism is a developmental disorder that is characterized by impaired development in communication, social interaction, and behavior.
Temper tantrums are unpleasant, disruptive behaviors or emotional
outbursts. They often occur in response to unfulfilled needs or desires.
Tantrums are more likely to occur in younger children or those who
cannot express their needs or control their feelings when they are
frustrated.
2.1 DEFINITION OF INFERTILITY :
Infertility is defined as a failure to conceive within one or more year of regular unprotected coitus.
2.2 TYPES OF INFETILITY:
1. PRIMARY INFERTILITY:
SECONDARY INFERTILITY
2.3 CAUSES OF INFERTILITY :
• MALE FACTORS :
DEFECTIVE SPERMATOGENESIS
SECONDARY INFERTILITY
2.3 CAUSES OF INFERTILITY :
• MALE FACTORS :
DEFECTIVE SPERMATOGENESIS
Infection
Gonadotropin suppression
Endocrine factors
Immunological factors
Tubal and peritoneal factors
UTERINE FACTORS CERVICAL FACTORS
VAGINAL FACTORS
COMBINED FACTORS
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
FOR FEMALE
HISTORY
EXAMINATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION:
1. CERVICAL MUCUS STUDY
2. HORMONAL ESTIMATION
3. ENDOMETRIAL BIOPSY
4. SONOGRAPHY
5. LAPROSCOPY
6. INSUFFLATION TEST (Rubin’s test)
2.5 RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN INFERTILITY MANAGEMENT :
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES (ART)
“ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES INVOLVING DIRECT RETRIEVAL OF OOCYTE FROM OVARY, MANIPULATION OF GAMETS AND EMBROYOS OUTSIDE BODY FOR PURPOSE OF ESTABLISHING PREGNANCY”.
TYPES OF ART :
1. IUI (Intrauterine insemination)
2. IVF-ET(In vitro fertilization & embryo transfer)
3. ZIFT(Zygote intra fallopian transfer)
4. ICSI (Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection) (TESA, PESA, MESA)
5. EMBRYO OR OOCYTE DONATION
6. GESTATIONAL CARRIER
7. SURROGACY
2.6 ROLE OF NURSE IN MANAGEMENT OF
INFERTILITY :
] ASSESSMENT :
- Assessment of the infertile couple is the initial stage of infertility management. The nurse is often the first contact the infertile couple make during their visit for treatment. The nurses role during this stage is to educate the couple about each test or investigation. The nurse plays a vital role in alleviating the fear and anxiety about the various diagnostic procedure.
2] TREATMENT :
- The nurse plays the link between the doctor and the couple and should always be available to the couple for their assistance, guidance and support before, during and after the infertility treatment.
- Numerous ethical issues are associated with infertility treatments and the couple undergoing treatment need appropriate counselling and discussion.
-The goal of the nurse helping the infertile couple is to assist them through the treatment cycle as smoothly as possible.
3] EDUCATION :
- The role of a nurse in educating the patients includes education about the basic male and female anatomy and physiology and how the drugs act on their body, including possible side effects. This may be offered under various setting such as
• Face to face on an individual basis.
• In a group situation,
• Fertility nurses should also educate the couple about the self-administer medications.
• Proper knowledge of administration of these medicines and storage conditions for medications, as well as the possible side affects, should be imparted to the couple undergoing treatment.
4] PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT :
-A couple undergoing infertility treatments are usually under stress due to variety of reasons.
Enhancing pediatric care: A comprehensive presentation on hospitalized child ...Rachel Masih
This PowerPoint presentation provides a thorough overview of strategies and protocols for managing hospitalized child, aiming to improve pediatric care and enhance the overall well-being of young patients.
CHILDHOOD BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS AND ITS MANAGEMENT: AGE AND NATURE: INFANCY , ...Manisha Thakur
CHILDHOOD BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS AND ITS MANAGEMENT: AGE AND NATURE: INFANCY , TODDLERS , ADOLESCENCE: SPEECH DISORDERS: SOMNAMBULISM, SOMNILOQUY. EATING DISORDERS: ANOREXIA NERVOSA AND BULIMIA. MOVEMENT DISORDERS: TICS. SPEECH DISORDERS: STUTTERING, CLUTTERING, STAMMERING. DISORDERS OF TOILET TRAINING: ENURESIS, ECOPRESIS. DISORDERS OF HABIT: TEMPER TANTRUM, BREATH HOLDING SPELLS, THUMB SUCKING, NAIL BITING. ADHD, SCHOOL PHOBIA, STRANGER ANXIETY.
breast feeding problems can be easily tackled by obstetricians provided they make conscious efforts to look into the problem,they can create awareness among the paramedical people who are under their direct control
Colic -medical information |management | diagnosis | a brief study martinshaji
Colic is commonly described as a #behavioral #syndrome characterized by excessive, paroxysmal #crying. Colic is most likely to occur in the #evenings, and it occurs without any #identifiable cause. During episodes of colic, an otherwise #healthy #neonate or #infant aged 2 weeks to 4 months is difficult to #console. They stiffen, draw up their legs, and pass #flatus. Colic is one of the common reasons #parents seek the advice of a #pediatrician or #family #practitioner during their child’s first 3 months of life.
please comment
thank you
oth Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are lymphomas — a type of cancer that begins in a subset of white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are an integral part of your immune system, which protects you from germs.
Central nervous system defects include disorders caused by an imbalance of cerebrospinal fluid (as in hydrocephalus) and a range of disorders resulting from malformations of the neural tube during embryonic development (often called “neural tube defects”). These defects vary from mild to severely disabling.
Spina bifida is a birth defect where there is an incomplete closing of the backbone and membranes around the spinal cord. It is a developmental congenital anomaly
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
2. BEHAVIOURAL PROBLEMS
WHEN CHILDREN CANNOT ADJUST TO A COMPLEX
ENVIRONMENT AROUND THEM, THEY BECOME UNABLE
TO BEHAVE IN THE SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE WAY
RESULTING IN EXHIBITION OF PECULIAR BEHAVIORS
AND THIS IS CALLED AS BEHAVIOURAL PROBLEMS
3. CAUSES
• FAULTY PARENTAL ATTITUDE
• INADEQUATE FAMILY ENVIRONMENT
• MENTALLY AND PHYSICALLY SICK OR HANDICAPPED
CONDITIONS
• INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
• INFLUENCE OF MASS MEDIA
25. RESISTANCE TO FEEDING OR
IMPAIRED APPETITE
• DURING INFANCY FEEDING PROBLEMS OFTEN DEVELOP AT
THE TIME OF WEANING. INFANT MAY REFUSE NEW FOOD
DUE TO DISLIKE OF TASTE OR DUE TO SEPARATION
ANXIETY FROM MOTHERS. IT MAY BE DUE TO DUE TO
FORCED FEEDING BY THE MOTHER OR MAY BE DUE TO
INDIGESTION OF NEW FOOD AND ABDOMINAL COLIC. THE
INFANT MAY HAVE PAINFUL ULCER IN THE MOUTH OR SORE
THROAT CAUSING DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOWING. THERE
MAY BE NASAL CONGESTION OR ANY OTHER
PATHOLOGICAL CAUSE WHICH NEED TO BE EXCLUDED.
26. RESISTANCE TO FEEDING OR
IMPAIRED APPETITE
• MOTHER USUALLY BECOME FRUSTRATED AND ANXIOUS
WITH THIS SITUATION, SO THEY NEED REASSURANCE AND
GUIDANCE IN RESCHEDULING THE FEEDING TIME AND
CHANGE FOOD ITEMS.
• PROBLEMS LIKE MOUTH ULCER, NASAL CONGESTION, SORE
THROAT OR ANY OTHER CONDITIONS TO BE TREATED
ACCORDINGLY.
• MOTHER SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED TO PROVIDE TENDER
LOVING CARE TO HER INFANT AND TO AVOID SEPARATION.
27. ABDOMINAL COLIC
ABDOMINAL COLIC IS AN IMPORTANT CAUSE OF CRYING IN
THE CHILDREN. SOME INFANT MAY CRY CONTINUOUSLY FOR
VARIABLE PERIODS. THIS PROBLEM USUALLY STARTS WITHIN
THE FIRST WEEK AFTER BIRTH REACHES THE PEAK BY THE
AGE OF 4 TO 6 WEEKS AND IMPROVES AFTER 3 TO 4
MONTHS. THE INFANT MAY CRY LOUDLY WITH CLENCHED
FISTS AND FLEXED LEGS.
28. ABDOMINAL COLIC
THE CAUSE IS NOT NEARLY UNDERSTOOD. IT OCCURS
COMMONLY IN :-
• OVERACTIVE INFANTS WHO ARE OVER STIMULATED BY
PARENTS.
• DUE TO HUNGER OR IMPROPER FEEDING TECHNIQUE OR
PHYSIOLOGICAL IMMATURITY OF THE INTESTINE OR COWS
MILK ALLERGY
• EXCESSIVE CARBOHYDRATE IN FOOD MAY LEAD TO
INTESTINAL FERMENTATION AND ACCUMULATION OF GAS
WHICH MAY CAUSE ABDOMINAL DISTENTION AND PAIN.
29. ABDOMINAL COLIC
ABDOMINAL COLIC OF THE BABY INCREASES ANXIETY AND
TENSION OF THE MOTHER. SHE REQUIRE EXPLANATION AND
HELP FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEMS. BABY SHOULD BE PLACED
IN UPRIGHT POSITION AND BURPING CAN BE DONE TO
REMOVE SWALLOWED AIR.
• PSYCHOLOGICAL BONDING WITH INFANT NEED TO BE
IMPROVED. PRESENCE OF ANY ORGANIC CAUSE TO BE
EXCLUDED AND NECESSARY ARRANGEMENTS TO BE MADE.
• ANTISPASMODIC DRUG CAN BE ADMINISTERED TO RELIEF
COLIC. FREQUENT SMALL AMOUNT FEEDING AND
MODIFICATION OF FEEDING TECHNIQUE IS VERY IMP.
30. STRANGER ANXIETY
THE INFANT DOES NOT BELIEF ANY OTHER PERSON EXCEPT
MOTHER, BECAUSE THEY HAVE TRUST RELATIONSHIP WITH
MOTHER ONLY. IN ABSENCE OF MOTHER, IF ANY NEW
PERSON APPROACHES, THE CHILD WILL CRY DUE TO FEELING
OF INSECURITY, FEAR AND ANXIETY. THIS CRYING MAY
UPSET THE PARENT, BUT IT IS AN INDICATION THAT PARENT
HAVE DONE A GREAT JOB IN THE EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
31. STRANGER ANXIETY
SEPARATION ANXIETY IS VITAL STEPS OF EMOTIONAL
DEVELOPMENT AND MAY CONTINUE UP TO 13 TO 15
MONTHS OF AGE. THIS ANXIETY USUALLY REDUCES WHEN
THE STRANGERS GRADUALLY APPROACH FROM DISTANCE IN
A FAMILIAR PLACE SPECIALLY IN PRESENCE OF MOTHER AND
FATHER. IN THE ABSENCE OF PARENTS LOVING CONCERN OF
STRANGER IS VERY IMPORTANT.
33. TEMPER TANTRUM
TEMPER TANTRUM IS A SUDDEN OUTBURST OR VIOLENT
DISPLAY OF ANGER, FRUSTRATION, AND BAD TEMPER AS
PHYSICAL AGGRESSION OR RESISTANCE SUCH AS RIGID
BODY, BITING, KICKING, THROWING OBJECTS, HITTING,
CRYING, ROLLING ON FLOOR, SCREAMING LOUDLY, BANGING
LIMBS ETC.
34. TEMPER TANTRUM
• TEMPER TANTRUM IN MALADJUSTED CHILDREN. THE ACTIVITY
IS DIRECTED TOWARDS THE ENVIRONMENT NOT TO ANY
PERSON OR ANYTHING.
• IT IS NORMAL IN TODDLER, MAY CONTINUE TO PRE-SCHOOL
PERIOD AND BECOME MORE SEVERE INDICATING LOW
FRUSTRATION TOLERANCE. IT IS FOUND USUALLY IN BOYS,
SINGLE CHILD AND PAMPERED CHILD. IF TEMPER TANTRUM
CONTINUES, THE CHILD NEEDS PROFESSIONAL HELP FROM
CHILD GUIDANCE CLINIC. PARENT SHOULD BE AWARE ABOUT
THE BEGINNING OF TEMPER TANTRUM AND WHEN THE CHILD
LOSES CONTROL.
35. TEMPER TANTRUM
• PARENT SHOULD PROVIDE ALTERNATE ACTIVITY AT THAT FEELING IS
NORMAL BUT CONTROLLING ANGER IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF
GROWING UP.
• THE CHILD SHOULD BE PROTECTED FROM SELF-INJURY OR DOING
INJURY TO OTHERS. PHYSICAL RESTRAIN USUALLY INCREASE
FRUSTRATION AND BLOCK THE OUTLET OF ANGER.
• FRUSTRATION CAN BE REDUCED BY CALM AND LOVING APPROACH.
• OVERINDULGENCE SHOULD BE AVOIDED. AFTER TEMPER TANTRUM IS
OVER THE CHILD’S FACE AND HAND SHOULD BE WASHED AND PLAY
MATERIALS TO BE PROVIDED FOR DIVERSION. THE CHILD TENSION BE
RELEASED BY VIGOROUS EXERCISE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES. PARENT
MUST BE FIRM AND CONSISTENT IN BEHAVIOUR.
37. BREATH HOLDING SPELLS
BREATH-HOLDING SPELLS ARE BRIEF PERIODS WHEN YOUNG
CHILDREN STOP BREATHING FOR UP TO 1 MINUTE. THESE
SPELLS OFTEN CAUSE A CHILD TO PASS OUT (LOSE
CONSCIOUSNESS).
IT MAY OCCUR IN CHILDREN BETWEEN 6 MONTHS TO 5
YEARS OF AGE
38. BREATH HOLDING SPELLS
• PARENTS AND FAMILY MEMBERS BECOME VERY ANXIOUS WITH
THE ATTACK. ATTEMPT TO PREVENT THE SPELL IS USUALLY
NOT SUCCESSFUL.
• PARENTS NEED TO ASSURE THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF THE
ATTACK AND SHOULD BE TOLERANT CALM AND QUIET.
IDENTIFICATION AND CORRECTION OF PRECIPITATING FACTORS
ARE ESSENTIAL APPROACH. REPEATED ATTACK OF THE SPELLS
NEED TO BE EVALUATED WITH CAREFUL HISTORY, PHYSICAL
EXAMINATION AND NECESSARY INVESTIGATIONS TO EXCLUDE
CONVULSIVE DISORDERS OR ANY OTHER PROBLEMS.
40. THUMB SUCKING
THUMB SUCKING IS A COMMON, GENERALLY HARMLESS
CHILD BEHAVIOUR WHOSE PERSISTENT PRACTICE
OCCASIONALLY LEADS TO DENTAL, DERMATOLOGICAL,
ORTHOPAEDIC, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS.
41. THUMB SUCKING
• THUMB SUCKING OR FINGER SUCKING IS A HABIT DISORDER
DUE TO FEELING OF INSECURITY AND TENSION REDUCING
ACTIVITIES.
• IT MAY DEVELOP DUE TO INADEQUATE ORAL
SATISFACTION DURING EARLY INFANCY BECAUSE OF POOR
BREAST FEEDING.
• IN OLDER CHILDREN, THIS HABIT MAY DEVELOP WHEN
THEY ARE TIRED, BORED, FRUSTRATED, OR AT BED AND
WANT TO SLEEP, BUT FEEL LONELY.
42. THUMB SUCKING
• IF THIS CONDITION CONTINUES BEYOND 4 YRS. OF AGE
THEN COMPLICATION MAY ARISE AS MALOCCLUSION AND
MALALIGNMENT OF TEETH, DIFFICULTY IN MASTICATION
AND SWALLOWING.
• IT MAY CAUSE DEFORMITY OF THUMB, FACIAL DISTORTION
OF SPEECH DIFFICULTIES WITH CONSONANTS (D AND T)
AND GI TRACT INFECTIONS. IF THIS CONDITION
CONTINUES THIS IS THE SIGN OF STRESS.
43. THUMB SUCKING
• PARENTS AND FAMILY MEMBERS NEED SUPPORT AND TO BE
ADVICE NOT TO BECOME IRRITABLE, ANXIOUS, AND TENSE.
PRAISING AND ENCOURAGING CHILD FOR BREAKING THE
HABIT.
• DISTRACTION DURING BORED TIME OR ENGAGING THE
THUMB OR FINGER FOR OTHER ACTIVITY TO BE PRACTICED
TO KEEP HAND BUSY. CONSULTATION WITH DENTIST AND
SPEECH THERAPIST MAY BE REQUIRED TO CORRECT THE
COMPLICATION
45. NAIL BITING
• NAIL BITING IS THE BAD ORAL HABIT ESPECIALLY IN
SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN BEYOND 4 YRS. OF AGE (5 TO 7
YRS.).
• IT IS THE SIGN OF TENSION AND SELF-PUNISHMENT OF TO
COPE WITH THE HOSTILE FEELING TOWARDS PARENTS. IT
MAY OCCUR AS IMITATING THE PARENT WHO IS ALSO A
NAIL BITTER. IT IS CAUSED BY FEELING OF INSECURITY,
CONFLICT AND HOSTILITY.
• IT MAY BE DUE TO PRESSURIZED STUDY AT SCHOOL OR
HOME DUE TO WATCHING FRIGHTENING VIOLENT SCENES.
IT MAY CONTINUE UPTO ADOLESCENCE.
46. NAIL BITING
• THE CHILD MAY BITE ALL 10 FINGER NAILS OR ANY
SPECIFIC ONE. THE BITE MAY INCLUDE FINGER CUTICLE
OR SKIN MARGIN OF ALL NAIL BEDS OR SURROUNDING
TISSUE.
47. NAIL BITING
• THE CAUSE OF NAIL BITING TO BE IDENTIFIED BY THE
PARENTS WITH THE HELP OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST AND
STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO REMOVE BAD HABIT.
• THE CHILD SHOULD BE PRAISED FOR WELL-KEPT HAND BY
BREAKING THE HABIT TO MAINTAIN SELF-CONFIDENCE.
• THE CHILD’S HAND TO BE KEPT BUSY WITH CREATIVE
ACTIVITIES OR PLAY.
• PUNISHMENT TO BE AVOIDED. PARENTS NEED
REASSURANCE AND ASSISTANCE TO ACCEPT THE
SITUATION AND TO HELP THE CHILD TO OVERCOME THE
PROBLEM.
49. BED WETTING
• BED WETTING IS THE REPETITIVE INVOLUNTARY PASSAGE
OF URINE AT IN APPROPRIATE PLACE ESPECIALLY AT BED,
DURING NIGHT TIME, BEYOND THE AGE OF 4 TO 5 YRS.
• THE MOST FREQUENT CAUSE IS SMALL BLADDER CAPACITY,
IMPROPER TOILET TRAINING AND DEEP SLEEP WITH
INABILITY TO RECEIVE THE SIGNALS FROM DISTENDED
BLADDER TO EMPTY IT.
• THE EMOTIONAL FACTOR RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS IS
HOSTILE OR DEPENDENT PARENTS- CHILD RELATIONSHIP,
DOMINANT PARENTS, PUNISHMENT, SIBLING RIVALRY,
EMOTIONAL DEPRIVATION DUE TO INSECURITY OR
PARENTAL DEATH
50. BED WETTING
• THE OTHER FACTOR INCLUDES THE CHILD WITH
EMOTIONAL CONFLICT AND TENSION, DESIRES TO GAIN
CARE AND ATTENTION OF PARENTS AS IN INFANCY.
• ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR MAY INCLUDE – DARK PASSAGE
TO THE TOILET OR COLD OR FEARS OF TOILET OR TOILET
AT DISTANCE FROM BED ROOM MAY CAUSE BED WETTING
AT NIGHT.
51. BED WETTING
• THE ASSOCIATED ORGANIC CAUSE MAY PRESENT E.G. SPINA
BIFIDA, NEUROGENIC BLADDER, JUVENILE DIABETES MELLITUS,
SEIZURES DISORDER ETC. AND NEED TO BE EXCLUDED.
ENURESIS MAY BE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IN TYPE
• PRIMARY: - CHARACTERISED BY DELAYED MATURATION OF
NEUROLOGICAL CONTROL OF URINARY BLADDER, WHEN
CHILD ACHIEVED NORMAL BLADDER CONTROL USUALLY DUE
TO ORGANIC CAUSE.
• SECONDARY: - NORMAL BLADDER CONTROL IS DEVELOPED
FOR SEVERAL MONTHS AFTER WHICH CHILD AGAIN STARTS
BED WETTING AT NIGHT USUALLY DUE TO REGRESSIVE
BEHAVIOUR LIKE ILLNESS AND HOSPITALIZATION DUE TO ANY
EMOTIONAL DEPRIVATION.
52. BED WETING
MANAGEMENT DEPENDS UPON THE SPECIFIC CAUSE.
• ASSESSMENT OF EXACT CAUSE IS VERY ESSENTIAL BY
THROUGH HISTORY, CLINICAL EXAMINATION AND
NECESSARY INVESTIGATIONS.
• THE ORGANIC CAUSES ARE MANGED WITH SPECIFIC
TREATMENT.
• NON-ORGANIC CAUSES ARE MANAGED WITH SPECIFIC
TREATMENT. THEY ARE MANAGED PRIMARILY WITH
EMOTIONAL SUPPORT TO THE CHILD AND PARENTS ALONG
WITH ENVIRONMENT MODIFICATION
• THE CHILD NEEDS REASSURANCE, RESTRICTION OF FLUID
AFTER DINNER, VOIDING BEFORE BED TIME AND ARISING
THE CHILD TO VOID, ONCE OR TWICE, THREE TO FOUR
53. BED WETTING
• THE CHILD SHOULD BE FULLY WAKENING UP BY THE
PARENT AND MADE AWARE OF PASSING OF URINE AT
NIGHT. THE CHILD CAN ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY FOR
CHANGING THE BED CLOTHES. PARENTS SHOULD NOT BE
WORRIED ABOUT THE PROBLEM
• PARENTS SHOULD ENCOURAGE AND REWARD THE CHILD
FOR DRY NIGHTS.
• PUNISHMENT AND CRITICISM MAY LEAD TO
EMBARRASSMENT AND FRUSTRATION, OF THE CHILD,
BLADDER STRETCHING DURING DAY TIME TO BE DONE TO
INCREASE HOLDING TIME OF URINE, USING POSITIVE
REINFORCEMENT AND DELAYING VOIDING SOMETIME.
54. BED WETTING
• DRUG THERAPY TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT(IMIPRAMINE)
ARE USEFUL.
• CONDITION THERAPY BY USING ELECTRIC ALARM BELL
MATTRESS IS A EFFECTIVE AND SAFEST METHOD WHEN
CHILD WAKES UP AS SOON AS BED IS WET.
• SUPPORTIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY IS EFFECTIVE. TO CHANGE
THE HOME ENVIRONMENT
56. ENCOPORESIS
• ENCOPRESIS IS THE PASSAGE OF FECES INTO
INAPPROPRIATE PLACES AFTER THE AGE OF 5 YRS., WHEN
THE BOWEL CONTROL IS NORMALLY ACHIEVED.
• IT IS MORE SERIOUS FORM OF EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE
DUE TO UNCONSCIOUS ANGER, STRESS AND ANXIETY.
• IT CAN BE PRIMARY OR SECONDARY ENCOPRESIS LIKE BED
WETTING. ASSOCIATION PROBLEMS ARE CHRONIC
CONSTIPATION, PARENTAL OVER CONCERN, OVER
AGGRESSIVE TOILET TRAINING, TOILET FEAR, ATTENTION
DEFICIT DISORDERS, POOR SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AND
LEARNING DIFFICULTIES MAY BE FOUND WITH ENCOPRESIS.
57. ENCOPORESIS
ASSESSMENT OF THIS CONDITION HISTORY OF BOWEL
TRAINING, USE OF TOILETS AND ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS. THE
CHILD NEED HELP IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF REGULAR
BOWEL HABIT, BOWEL TRAINING, DIETARY INTAKE OF
ROUGHAGE AND INTAKE OF ADEQUATE FLUID. PARENTERAL
SUPPORT, REASSURANCE AND HELP FROM PSYCHOLOGIST
FOR COUNSELLING OF CHILD AND PARENTS MAY BE
ESSENTIAL IN PERSISTENT PROBLEMS.
59. PICA
• AN EATING DISORDER WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY
CONSUMING NON-EDIBLE SUBSTANCES IS KNOWN AS PICA
DISORDER. A PERSON WITH THIS CONDITION CRAVES FOR
NON-NUTRITIVE SUBSTANCES LIKE SOIL, CHALK PIECE,
CLAY, MUCUS, PAPER, SOAP ETC
• IT IS SEEN IN ALMOST ALL THE AGE GROUPS. IT IS VERY
COMMON AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN, YOUNG KIDS AND
CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES
60. PICA
• AMYLOPHAGIA: A COMPULSIVE CONSUMPTION OF PURIFIED
STARCH IN EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS IS KNOWN AS AMYLOPHAGIA.
IT IS MOSTLY SEEN AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN.
• COPROPHAGY: AN EATING DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY
EATING FECES IS CALLED COPROPHAGY. IT IS SEEN AMONG
ANIMALS AND IS UNCOMMON IN HUMAN BEINGS.
• GEOPHAGY: IT IS AN ABNORMAL CRAVING FOR SOIL-LIKE OR
EARTHY SUBSTANCES CLAY, CHALK, SOIL ETC. IT IS COMMON
AMONG CHILDREN AND PREGNANT WOMEN.
• HYALOPHAGIA: PICA DISORDER IN WHICH THE PERSON EATS
GLASS OBJECTS IS CALLED HYALOPHAGIA. THIS IS USUALLY
USED AS A PERFORMANCE TECHNIQUE BY PERFORMERS.
• MUCOPHAGIA: A DISORDER OF FEEDING ON THE MUCUS OF
THE INVERTEBRATES AND FISHES IS CALLED MUCOPHAGIA.
61. PICA
• PAGOPHAGIA: A FORM OF PICA IN WHICH THE PERSON CONSUMES
EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS OF ICE CUBES OR ICED DRINKS IS KNOWN AS
PAGOPHAGIA. THIS CONDITION IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE IRON
DEFICIENCY.
• SELF-CANNIBALISM: IT IS THE SELF-EATING PRACTICE. SELF-
CANNIBALIAM IS ALSO CALLED AUTOCANNIBALISM OR
AUTOSARCOPHAGY.
• TRICHOPHAGIA: THIS CONDITION IS CHARACTERIZED BY EATING
HAIR, MOSTLY ONE’S OWN. THE LONG HAIR IS FIRST CHEWED
WITHOUT PULLING THEM FROM THE SCALP AND THEM SWALLOWED.
SOMETIMES THE PATIENT MIGHT ALSO EAT OTHER PEOPLE’S HAIR.
• UROPHAGIA: THE PRACTICE OF CONSUMING URINE IS CALLED
UROPHAGIA. THE REASON FOR THIS MIGHT BE HEALTH CONCERNS AS
URINE IS REGARDED, BY SOME, EARTHY AND WITH HEALING
PROPERTIES.
• XYLOPHAGIA: THIS KIND OF PICA DISORDERS INVOLVES THE
CONSUMPTION OF WOOD. PEOPLE USUALLY EAT THINGS MADE OF
WOOD LIKE PENCIL, PAPER, WOOD BARK ETC. THIS IS SEEN MOSTLY
AMONG CHILDREN.
62. PICA
• IT IS COMMON IN POOR SOCIOECONOMIC FAMILY AND IN
MALNOURISHED AND MENTALLY SUBNORMAL CHILDREN.
CHILDREN WITH PICA MAY HAVE INTESTINAL PARASITIZES,
LEAD POISONING, VITAMINS AND MINERAL DEFICIENCY.
• MANAGEMENT IS DONE BY PSYCHOTHERAPY OF THE CHILD
AND THE PARENTS.
64. TICS
• A TIC IS A SUDDEN, REPETITIVE, NONRHYTHMIC MOTOR
MOVEMENT OR VOCALIZATION INVOLVING DISCRETE
MUSCLE GROUPS.
• TICS CAN BE INVISIBLE TO THE OBSERVER, SUCH AS
ABDOMINAL TENSING OR TOE CRUNCHING.
• COMMON MOTOR AND PHONIC TICS ARE, RESPECTIVELY,
EYE BLINKING AND THROAT CLEARING.
• IT OCCURS MOSTLY IN SCHOOL CHILDREN FOR DISCHARGE
OF CHILDREN IN MALADJUSTED EMOTIONALLY CHILD. IT IS
OUTLET OF SUPPRESSED ANGER AND WORRY ABOUT
CONTROL OF AGGRESSION.
65. TICS
• TICS CAN BE MOTOR OR VOCAL. MOTOR TICS CAN BE
FOUND AS EYE BLINKING; GRIMACING SHRUGGING
SHOULDER, TONGUE PROTRUSION, FACIAL GESTURE. ETC.
VOCAL TICS ARE FOUND AS THROAT CLEARING,
COUGHING, BARKING, SNIFFING.
• A SPECIAL TYPE OF CHRONIC TIC IS FOUND AS ‘GILLES DE
LA TOURETTE’S SYNDROME’ CHARACTERIZED BY MULTIPLE
MOTOR TICS AND VOCAL TICS. IT SEEMS TO BE A GENETIC
DISORDER WITH ONSET AT 11 YEARS OF AGE
• PARENTERAL REASSURANCE AND COUNSELLING OF THE
CHILD AND PARENTS USUALLY USEFUL TO MANAGE SIMPLE
MOTOR AND VOCAL TICS.
67. SPEECH PROBLEM
• SPEECH DISORDER IS COMMON IN CHILDHOOD. THESE CAN BE FOUND
AS DISTURBANCES OF VOICE, ARTICULATION, AND FLUENCY.
• STUTTERING OR STAMMERING
• STUTTERING, ALSO KNOWN AS STAMMERING, IS A SPEECH
DISORDER IN WHICH THE FLOW OF SPEECH IS DISRUPTED BY
INVOLUNTARY REPETITIONS AND PROLONGATIONS OF SOUNDS,
SYLLABLES, WORDS OR PHRASES AS WELL AS INVOLUNTARY SILENT
PAUSES OR BLOCKS IN WHICH THE PERSON WHO STUTTERS IS UNABLE
TO PRODUCE SOUNDS.
• MANAGEMENT OF STAMMERING INCLUDES BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION
AND RELAXATION THERAPY TO RESOLVE THE CONFLICT AND
EMOTIONAL STRESS.
• PARENTS NEED TO BE COUNSELLED TO RATIONALIZE THEIR
EXPECTATION. THE CHILD SHOULD BE REASSURED AND HELP IN
BREATH CONTROL EXERCISE AND SPEECH THERAPY. CRITICISM MAKE
CHILD MORE HANDICAPPED
68. SPEECH PROBLEM
CLUTTERING
IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY UNCLEAR AND HURRIED SPEECH IN
WHICH WORD TUMBLE OVER EACH OTHER. THERE ARE
AWKWARD MOVEMENTS OF HAND; FEET AND BODY. THESE
CHILDREN HAVE ERRATIC AND POORLY ORGANIZED
PERSONALITY AND BEHAVIOR PATTERN. THEY NEED
PSYCHOTHERAPY.
69. SPEECH PROBLEM
• DELAYED SPEECH
DELAYED SPEECH BEYOND 3 TO 3.5 YEARS CAN BE
CONSIDERED AS ORGANIC CAUSES LIKE AUTISM, MENTAL
RETARDATION, HEARING DEFECTS OR SEVERAL EMOTIONAL
PROBLEMS. THE EXACT CAUSE MUST BE EXCLUDED FOR
NECESSARY INTERVENTIONS.
70. SPEECH PROBLEM
DYSLALIA
MOST COMMON DISORDER OF DIFFICULTY IN ARTICULATION.
IT CAN BE CAUSED BY ABNORMALITIES OF TEETH, JAW,
PALATE OR DUE TO EMOTIONAL DEPRIVATION. TREATMENT
OF STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES AND SPEECH THERAPY
SHOULD BE DONE ADEQUATELY.
72. SLEEP DISORDER
SLEEP DISORDER ARE COMMON IN CHILDREN WITH ANXIETY,
TENSION, AND OVERACTIVITY. THESE PROBLEMS ARE
PRESENT WITH OR WITHOUT PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS OF
BEHAVIOURAL DISORDERS. DISTURBANCE OF SLEEP USUALLY
OCCUR IN DEEP SLEEP, I.E. STAGE 3 OR 4 OF NREM (NON-
RAPID EYE MOVEMENT) SLEEP. THE COMMON SLEEP
PROBLEMS ARE DIFFICULTY TO FALL ASLEEP, NIGHT MARES,
NIGHT TERRORS, SLEEP WALKING (SOMNAMBULISM), SLEEP
TALKING (SOMILILOQUY), BRUXISM (TEETH GRINDING), ETC.
73. SLEEP DISORDER
• IN NIGHT MARES, THE CHILD AWAKENS FROM A
FRIGHTENING BAD DREAM AND IS CONSCIOUS OF
SURROUNDINGS.
• IN NIGHT TERRORS, THE CHILD AWAKENS DURING SLEEP,
SITS UP WITH SCREAMING AND TERRIFIED TO RECOGNIZE
THE SURROUNDING AND AFTER SOMETIMES SLEEPS AGAIN.
• SLEEPWALKING USUALLY OCCURS ONE TO TWO HOURS
AFTER FALLING ASLEEP AT NIGHT. RARELY, IT MAY
INVOLVE UNUSUAL BEHAVIOURS, SUCH AS CLIMBING OUT
OF A WINDOW OR URINATING IN A WARDROBE.
74. SLEEP DISORDER
• SOMNILOQUY OR SLEEP-TALKING IS A PARASOMNIA THAT
REFERS TO TALKING ALOUD WHILE ASLEEP. IT CAN BE
QUITE LOUD, RANGING FROM SIMPLE MUMBLING SOUNDS
TOO LOUD SHOUTS AND LONG, FREQUENTLY
INARTICULATE SPEECHES, AND CAN OCCUR MANY TIMES
DURING A SLEEP CYCLE.
• SLEEP BRUXISM IS CONSIDERED A SLEEP-RELATED
MOVEMENT DISORDER. PEOPLE WHO CLENCH OR GRIND
THEIR TEETH (BRUX) DURING SLEEP ARE MORE LIKELY TO
HAVE OTHER SLEEP DISORDERS, SUCH AS SNORING AND
PAUSES IN BREATHING (SLEEP APNEA).
75. SLEEP DISORDER
• IN ALL THESE PROBLEMS, THE CHILD SHOULD HAVE LIGHT
DIET IN DINNER AND PLEASANT STORIES OR SCENE AT BED
TIME.
• NO EXCITING GAMES AND PICTURES AND FRIGHTENING
STORIES.
• PARENTS SHOULD ALLOW RELAX COMFORTABLE BED AND
EMOTIONALLY HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT.
• IN CASE OF SLEEP WALKING DOORS AND WINDOWS TO BE
KEPT CLOSED AND DANGEROUS OBJECTS TO BE REMOVED
• IN ADVANCED AND PROLONGED PROBLEMS CONSULTATION
WITH DOCTORS AND PSYCHOLOGIST IS ESSENTIAL FOR
SPECIFIC DRUG THERAPY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY.
77. SCHOOL PHOBIA
• SCHOOL PHOBIA IS PERSISTENT AND ABNORMAL FEAR OF
GOING TO SCHOOL. IT IS COMMON IN ALL SOCIAL GROUP.
IT IS EMOTIONAL DISORDER OF THE CHILDREN WHO ARE
AFRAID TO LEAVE THE PARENTS.
• IT IS SYMPTOM OF CRISIS SITUATION OF DEVELOPMENT
STAGES AND CRY FOR HELP WHICH NEEDS SPECIAL
ATTENTION.
• CONTRIBUTING FACTORS ARE ANXIETY, UNCONGENIAL
SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT LIKE TEASING BY OTHER
STUDENTS, POOR STUDENT TEACHER RELATIONSHIP,
UNHYGIENIC ENVIRONMENT FEAR OF EXAMINATION.
78. SCHOOL PHOBIA
• THE CHILD MAY COMPLAIN OF RECURRENT PHYSICAL
COMPLAINTS LIKE ABDOMINAL PAIN, HEADACHES WHICH
SUBSIDES IF THE CHILD IS ALLOWED TO REMAIN AT HOME.
• THE PROBLEM CAN BE MANAGED BY HABIT FORMATION
FOR REGULAR SCHOOL ATTENDANCE; PLAY SESSION AND
OTHER RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES AT SCHOOL,
IMPROVEMENT OF SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT AND
ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH STATUS .OF THE CHILD TO
DETECT ANY HEALTH PROBLEMS FOR NECESSARY
INTERVENTION.
79.
80. ADHD
ADHD OFTEN BEGINS IN CHILDHOOD AND CAN PERSIST INTO
ADULTHOOD. IT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO LOW SELF-ESTEEM,
TROUBLED RELATIONSHIPS AND DIFFICULTY AT SCHOOL OR
WORK. SYMPTOMS INCLUDE LIMITED ATTENTION AND
HYPERACTIVITY. IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY PROBLEMS PAYING
ATTENTION, EXCESSIVE ACTIVITY, OR DIFFICULTY
CONTROLLING BEHAVIOUR WHICH IS NOT APPROPRIATE FOR
A PERSON'S AGE. THE SYMPTOMS APPEAR BEFORE A PERSON
IS TWELVE YEARS OLD, ARE PRESENT FOR MORE THAN SIX
MONTHS, AND CAUSE PROBLEMS IN AT LEAST TWO SETTINGS
(SUCH AS SCHOOL, HOME, OR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES).
81. ADHD
• MOST ADHD CASES ARE OF UNKNOWN CAUSES. IT IS
BELIEVED TO INVOLVE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETICS,
THE ENVIRONMENT, AND SOCIAL FACTORS. CERTAIN
CASES ARE RELATED TO PREVIOUS INFECTION OF OR
TRAUMA TO THE BRAIN. PREDISPOSING FACTOR CAN BE
PREMATURITY OR LBW.
• THE MANIFESTATION MAY BE COMBINATION OF READING
AND ARITHMETIC DISABILITY, IMPAIRED MEMORY, POOR
LANGUAGE AND SPEECH DEVELOPMENT, INAPPROPRIATE
UNDERSTANDING OF SPOKEN WORDS ETC. THE CHILD IS
USUALLY OVERACTIVE, AGGRESSIVE, EXITABLE, IMPULSIVE
AND INATTENTIVE.
82. ADHD
• MANAGEMENT IS DONE BY TEAM APPROACH INCLUDING
PEDIATRICIAN, PSYCHOLOGIST, PSYCHIATRIST, PEDIATRIC
NURSE SPECIALIST, SCHOOL HEALTH NURSE, TEACHERS,
SOCIAL WORKERS AND PARENTS.
• APPROACHES INCLUDE BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION,
COUNSELLING, AND GUIDANCE OF PARENTS AND
APPROPRIATE TRAINING AND EDUCATION OF CHILD. DRUG
THERAPY CAN HELP TO IMPROVE THE CNS DYSFUNCTION
OR OTHER ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS.
83.
84. MASTURBATION
• MASTURBATION OR GENITAL STIMULATION BY HANDLING
THE GENITALS GIVES PLEASURE TO THE CHILDREN. THE
INFANT AND TODDLER DO THIS OUT OF CURIOSITY. THE
OLDER CHILDREN MASTURBATE OUT OF ANXIETY OR
SEXUAL FEELING. BOYS DURING TEEN YEARS MOSTLY
ENGAGE WITH THESE PRACTICES.
• ADOLESCENT EXPERIENCE SEXUAL EXCITEMENT AND
ERECTION OF PENIS OR CLITORIS.
• PARENTS SHOULD BE INFORMED THAT MASTURBATION IS
NORMAL RESPONSE DURING PRE-PUBESCENT AND
PUBESCENT STAGE AND HAS A ROLE IN PHYSICAL AND
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT. IT PROVIDES A VARIETY OF
SEXUAL EXPERIENCES.
85. MASTURBATION
• IN CASE OF EXCESSIVE MASTURBATION THE CHILD NEEDS
SPECIAL ATTENTION, FACILITIES FOR RECREATION AND
DIVERSION, SEX EDUCATION AND COUNSELLING. PARENTS
SHOULD BE EXPLAINED TO PROVIDE LOVE AND AFFECTION
AND ATTENTION TO THE OLDER CHILDREN WITH SPECIFIC
CONCERN ABOUT THEIR FEELING.
87. JUVENILE DELIQUENCY
• JUVENILE DELINQUENCY MEANS INDULGENCE IN AN OFFENCE
BY A CHILD IN THE FORM OF PREMEDIATED, PURPOSEFUL,
UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES DONE HABITUALLY AND REPEATEDLY.
USUALLY THESE CHILDREN BELONGS TO BROKEN FAMILY OR
EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED FAMILY WITH OVERCROWDED
UNHEALTHY ENVIRONMENT AND HAVING FINANCIAL OR
LEGAL PROBLEMS.
• FACTORS :- URBANIZATION, CHANGING LIFE STYLE, MASS
MEDIA, CHANGE IN MORAL STANDARDS, LACK OF
EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES, POOR ECONOMY, UNHEALTHY
STUDENT-TEACHER RELATIONSHIP AND LACK OF DISCIPLINE.
88. JUVENILE DELIQUENCY
• THIS BEHAVIOUR INCLUDE LYING, THEFT, BURGLARY, TRUANCY FROM
SCHOOL, RUN AWAY FROM HOME, HABITUAL DISOBEDIENCE, FIGHTS,
ANTISOCIAL GANG, CRUELTY TO ANIMALS.
• PREVENTION IS BY ELIMINATION OF CONTRIBUTING FACTOR. THE
PROBLEM DELINQUENT BEHAVIOURS IS NOW INCREASING IN INDIA
AND OTHER COUNTRIES.
• PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO BE EMPHASIZED BY HEALTHY FAMILY AND
SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT.
• HEALTHY PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP
• THE CHILD MUST BE REFERED TO CHILD GUIDANCE CLINIC. A TEAM
APPROACH IS NECESSARY IN MANAGEMENT OF THIS CONDITION
INCLUDING SOCIAL WORKERS, PSYCHOLOGISTS, PSYCHIATRISTS,
PAEDIATRICIAN, COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE, SCHOOL TEACHERS,
FAMILY MEMBERS AND PARENTS.
90. SUBSTANCE ABUSE
SUBSTANCE ABUSE OR DRUG ABUSE IS AN THREATENING
SOCIAL PROBLEM OF SCHOOL GOING ADOLESCENT AGE
GROUP. IT IS PERIODIC OR CHRONIC INTOXICATION BY
REPEATED INTAKE OF HABIT FORMING AGENTS. IT IS
PERSISTENT OR SPORADIC USE OF DRUGS OR SUBSTANCE
INCONSISTENT WITH UNRELATED TO MEDIAL AND SOCIAL
WITHIN A GIVEN CULTURE.
91. SUBSTANCE ABUSE
• THE ABUSED AGENTS ARE MAINLY TOBACOO, ALCOHOL
SLEEPING PILL, TRANQUILLIZERS, MOOD ELEVATORS
STIMULANTS, OPIATES, LSD, COCAINE HERION AND
CANNABIS.
• THE CHILDREN WITH THIS BEHAVIOURAL DISORDERS ARE
HAVING FRUSTRATION, EMOTIONAL CONFLICTS AND
DISTRIBUTED FAMILY AND SCHOOL RELATIONSHIP. THEY
ARE VICTIM OF GANG ACTIVITIES, WRONG ADVENTURE,
POOR PARENTAL GUIDANCE AND LACK OF RECREATION
AND EDUCATION.
92. SUBSTANCE ABUSE
PREVENTION:-
• PROVISION OF ADEQUATE FACILITIES FOR RECREATION
AND ENTERTAINMENT, ESPECIALLY IN THE HOSTELS
• INCULCATION OF THE DANGERS OF DRUG ABUSE AMONG
STUDENTS , THEIR TEACHERS AND FAMILY MEMBERS.
• STRICT IMPLEMENTATION OF DRUG CONTROL MEASURES.
• THE ADDICTED CHILDREN NEED PSYCHOTHERAPY,
DEADDICTION, WHEREVER NECESSARY
94. ANOREXIA NERVOSA
• ANOREXIA NERVOSA IS A EATING DISORDER OCCUR MOST
OFTEN IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS. THE PROBLEM IS FOUND AS
REFUSAL OF FOOD TO MAINTAIN NORMAL BODY WEIGHT
BY REDUCING FOOD INTAKE ESPECIALLY FATS AND
CARBOHYDRATES. THE AFFECTED ADOLESCENT GIRL
PRACTICES VIGOROUS EXERCISE FOR WEIGHT REDUCTION
OR INDUCE VOMITING BY STIMULATING GAG REFLEX TO
REMAIN SLIM
• THERE IS NO SPECIFIC ORGANIC CAUSE OF ANOREXIA
NERVOSA. THE AFFECTED ADOLESCENT MAY HAVE
ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS LIKE DISEASE OF LIVER, KIDNEY,
HEART OR DIABETES.
95. ANOREXIA NERVOSA
• PARENT OF AFFECTED ADOLESCENT MAY BE ANORECTIC
AND HAVING CONFLICT IN RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CHILD
OR OVERPROTECTIVE WHICH LEAD TO DEVELOPMENT OF
IMMATURITY, ISOLATION AND EXCESSIVE DEPENDENCE.
• THE AFFECTED ADOLESCENT IS CHARACTERIZED BY UNDER
NUTRITION, MARKED WEIGHT LOSS, BIZZARE FOOD INTAKE
PATTERNS, DRYNESS OF SKIN, HYPOTHERMIA,
HYPOTENSION, BRADYCARDIA AMENORRHEA
CONSTIPATION ETC
97. BULIMIA NERVOSA
• BULIMIA NERVOSA IS A SERIOUS, POTENTIALLY LIFE-
THREATENING EATING DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY A
CYCLE OF BINGEING AND COMPENSATORY BEHAVIORS
SUCH AS SELF-INDUCED VOMITING DESIGNED TO UNDO OR
COMPENSATE FOR THE EFFECTS OF BINGE EATING.
SYMPTOMS
• FREQUENT EPISODES OF CONSUMING VERY LARGE AMOUNT
OF FOOD FOLLOWED BY BEHAVIORS TO PREVENT WEIGHT
GAIN, SUCH AS SELF-INDUCED VOMITING.
• A FEELING OF BEING OUT OF CONTROL DURING THE
BINGE-EATING EPISODES.
• SELF-ESTEEM OVERLY RELATED TO BODY IMAGE.
98. BULIMIA NERVOSA
• TREATMENT FOR BULIMIA INVOLVES PSYCHOLOGICAL
COUNSELING AND SOMETIMES MEDICINES SUCH AS
ANTIDEPRESSANTS. TREATMENT DOES NOT USUALLY
REQUIRE STAYING IN THE HOSPITAL, ALTHOUGH THIS IS
SOMETIMES NEEDED. BOTH PROFESSIONAL COUNSELING
AND ANTIDEPRESSANT MEDICINE CAN HELP REDUCE
EPISODES OF BINGING AND PURGING
99. NURSING
RESPONSIBILITI
ES
Assessment of specific problem
of the child by appropriate
history and detection of the
responsible factors.
Informing the parents and
making them aware above
about the causes of behavioural
problems of the particular child
Assisting the parents, teachers
and family members for
necessary modification of
environment at home, school
and community.
Encouraging the child for
behaviour modification, as
needed.
100. NURSIN
G
RESPON
SIBILITIE
S
Promoting healthy emotional development of the child
by adequate physical, psychological and social support.
Promoting
Creating awareness about psychosocial disturbances
which may lead to behavioural problems during
developmental stages.
Creating
Providing counselling services for children and their
parents to solve problems
Providing
Referring the children with behavioural problems for
necessary management.
Referring