This document discusses animal behavior and how it relates to survival and reproductive success. It begins by defining behavior and explaining how natural selection can lead to the evolution of behaviors. Some examples of innate and learned behaviors are provided, as well as how genes and environment interact to shape behavior. Many behaviors are explained as adaptations that increase survival through predator avoidance, resource acquisition, and energy conservation. Other behaviors promote reproductive success, such as courtship, mating, and parental care. The document uses examples like birdsong and predator mimicry to illustrate these concepts.
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Ethology is a branch of zoology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Ethologists take a comparative approach, studying behaviors ranging from kinship, cooperation, and parental investment, to conflict, sexual selection, and aggression across a variety of species.
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Ethology is a branch of zoology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Ethologists take a comparative approach, studying behaviors ranging from kinship, cooperation, and parental investment, to conflict, sexual selection, and aggression across a variety of species.
Behavioral biology is the study of what animals do when interacting with their environment
Behavior can be interpreted in terms of proximate causes (immediate interaction with the environment) or ultimate causes (evolutionary differences)
Note Complete the questions asked in Part A and Part B.Part A .docxhenrymartin15260
Note: Complete the questions asked in Part A and Part B.
Part A: Briefly answer the following questions. Make sure you cite references in APA. Your answer must be 100% original.
Question 1
(Hint: Look in "Patterns- The family tree")
What is the trait that distinguishes primates, rodents/ rabbits, crocodiles, and dinosaurs/ birds from amphibians and earlier lineages?
Question 2
Would you expect a bird wing and a butterfly wing to be homologous or analogous structures? Explain.
Question 3
In your own words, list and define the four mechanisms of evolution.
Question 4
(Hint: Look in "Mechanisms- Natural selection")
In your own words, give an example in nature of how natural selection works.
Question 5
In your own words, describe the difference between microevolution and macroevolution.
Part B: Multiple choice questions
Question 1
In the following phylogenetic tree, which of the following are in the clade that has a therian mammal ancestor?
monotremes and eutherians
lepidosaurs and archosaurs
monotremes and marsupials
marsupials and eutherians
Question 2
In the following phylogenetic tree, the unique lineage of archosaurs is represented by:
a red line
a green line
a blue line
a black line
Question 3
In the following phylogenetic tree, which of the following is not a shared derived characteristic of therian mammals?
pouch
holoblastic cleavage
placentation
viviparity
Question 4
(Hint: look in "Mechanisms- Descent with modification")
In a population of beetles which can be either green or brown in color, the gene (allele) frequency of green beetles in 2009 was measured to be 36% and increased to 52% in 2010. The gene (allele) frequency of brown beetles in 2009 was measured to be 64% and decreased to 48% in 2010.
True of False? This population of beetles is evolving.
True
False
Question 5
Which of the following is the best example of the principle of "fitness"?
a white rabbit living on a forested hill side compared to a brown rabbit living there
gorilla males with large testicles consistently producing more offspring than gorilla males with small testicles
the most dominant chimpanzee male in the group eating more often than less dominant males
a giraffe having thicker,spottier fur than another giraffe
Question 6
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
mutation are non-random
only germline mutations can affect evolution
natural selection is random
mutation always affect the phenotype to the same extent
Question 7
Hummingbirds feed on flower nectar and often have a beak whose shape is adapted specifically to only one flower shape, fitting in no other flower species. As a result, this hummingbird may only feed on that particular flower and is its only pollinator, creating a mutual dependency between the two species.
This is an example of ___________.
(spelling counts; lower case letters only, please).
Question 8
A field biologist discovers a population of p.
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Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Describe how behavior can improve survival.
• Describe how behavior can improve
reproductive success.
• Describe the benefits and drawbacks of
living in a group.
• Compare and contrast the behavioral
adaptations of solitary and social animals.
• Explain why male cuttlefish mimic females of
the species.
7. How can natural selection cause
evolution of behaviors?
VIDEO: This is how your brain grows
8. Examples of proximate and ultimate
explanations of behavior
Section 36.1
This figure summarizes some examples of proximate and
ultimate explanations of behavior.
Figure 36.27
Fruit Fly Courtship Mole Rat Nest Building Ground Squirrel Alarm
Call
Cuttlefish Female
Mimicry
Proximate
cause
(explains how
behavior
occurs)
The fru gene guides
development of motor
neurons involved in
courtship.
Mole rats detect magnetic
field lines and build nests
(long underground tunnels)
from north to south.
Adult females use neural signals
and muscles to produce a
distinctive alarm call when they
see a predator.
Small males use neural
signals
and muscles to change their
color and pull in their arms,
appearing more like females.
Ultimate cause
(explains why
behavior is
adaptive)
Courtship with a female of
the same species leads
to copulation and prevents
mating with other species.
Mole rats can orient
themselves toward or
away from the nest exit
without visual stimuli.
The alarm call signals danger
to nearby ground squirrels, many
of which are related to the calling
female.
Large males guard females.
Small males that mimic
females
can slip past the guard and
mate with the female.
12. An example of a fixed action pattern
Section 36.2
A classic example of a fixed action
pattern comes from research done by
Niko Tinbergen, one of the founders
of modern ethology.
Tinbergen found that any object that
was red on the bottom was a stimulus
for an aggressive response in
stickleback fishes, even if the object
did not resemble a fish.
Since rival males have red undersides,
being aggressive toward anything that
resembles a rival male is adaptive.
Figure 36.2
Stimulus
Simple models with red
undersides
Accurate model without red
Response
Models are attacked
Model is ignored
13. Fixed action patterns are genetically
determined and inherited
Section 36.2
Fruit fly copulation is another example of a fixed
action pattern. Scientists have determined that a
gene called fruitless is responsible for developing the
motor responses of this behavior.
Figure 36.3
1. Orienting:
male detects
female
2. Tapping:
male taps
female’s
abdomen
3. Singing:
male
vibrates
wing
4. Licking:
male licks
female’s
abdomen
5. Attemptin
g
copulatio
n
6. Copulatio
n: male
mates with
female
(b): Courtesy of Professor Daisuke Yamamoto, Tohoku University/JST-ERATO project
15. Genes and the environment interact to
determine behavior
Section 36.2
Learning plays an important role
in song development among
young birds. Birds that never hear
their normal song will develop an
abnormal song.
If a bird is exposed to a song of
another species, the result is no
better than if the birds heard no
song at all. A genetic template
therefore guides young birds to
learn the correct song.
Figure 36.6
17. Optimal foraging theory
Section 36.3
Optimal foraging theory
predicts that an animal’s food-
finding strategy should
maximize the amount of energy
collected per unit of time.
For example, crows that eat
snails must first break the
shell. The bird picks up the
snail, flies with it, and drops it
on a rock.
Figure 36.10