This document provides an overview of animal behavior and several related concepts. It begins by defining behavior and discussing how natural selection can lead to the evolution of behaviors that improve survival and reproductive success. Examples are given of innate fixed action patterns as well as learned behaviors. Optimal foraging theory is introduced to explain how animals' feeding strategies evolve to maximize energy intake. Various behavioral adaptations for predator avoidance are described, including camouflage and distraction displays. The concept of the selfish herd is explained. In the closing section, social behaviors that can increase reproductive success, such as courtship and parental care, are briefly mentioned.
This PPT is for FYBSc students of University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, studying in course one semester II.
For further query you may email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in
This PPT is for FYBSc students of University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, studying in course one semester II.
For further query you may email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in
Behavioral biology is the study of what animals do when interacting with their environment
Behavior can be interpreted in terms of proximate causes (immediate interaction with the environment) or ultimate causes (evolutionary differences)
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Ethology is a branch of zoology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Ethologists take a comparative approach, studying behaviors ranging from kinship, cooperation, and parental investment, to conflict, sexual selection, and aggression across a variety of species.
Species of Drosophila that live only in wet tropical habitat.pdfkshitiz77
Species of Drosophila that live only in wet tropical habitats have little or no genetic variation that
would allow them to adapt to cool and dry habitats. This is an example of epistasis. an
evolutionary constraint. directional selection. an evolutionary trade-off. Question 38 2 pts
Heritabilitho the proportion of variation in a trait, across populations, that is due to genetic variation
between the populations. a number that indicates whether natural selection can act on a certain
trait. the proportion of variation in a trait that is due to different environments. the proportion of a
trait that is due to genes rather than to environment.In artificial selection. we can use the to predict
how much evolutionary change will result from selective breeding. adaptive landscape. correlation
coefficient. fitness function, breeder's equation. Question 36 2 pts An evolutfonary biologist is
studying two traits in a hypothetical population. After causing a selective pressure, the mean of
both traits have increased. This suggests the two traits are located at different locations on the
genome. are correlated. are not correlated. are controlled by epistasis.Genetic correlations can
occur through pleiotropy and linkage disequilibrium. Pieiotropy only linkage disequilibrium only
Recombination Question 34 In juvenile yale song sparrows, birds with low body mass survive best
if they have short wings, while heavy birds survive best if they have long wings. Selection of this
sort, which favors combinations of traits, is called a. disruptive selection. b. stabilizing selection d
correlational selection. c phenotypic selection.Researchers studying natural selection in horned
lizards compared the horn lengths of living lizards with those of lizards they found impaled by
shrikes. From these data, the researchers were able to estimate how relative survival varies with
horn length. A plot of survival against horn length is an example of a character displacement.
adaptive radiation. Fitness function normal distribution. Question 32 2 pts A certain species of land
snail exists as either a cream color or a solid brown color, Intermediate individuals are relatively
rare. Which of the following selection resulted in this? Artificial selection. Stabilizing selection.
Disruptive selection. Directional selection..
Three-spined red bellied sticklebacks were reared in the lab in isola.pdfagarvaltrading
Three-spined red bellied sticklebacks were reared in the lab in isolation from other sticklebacks.
The researchers even went to the extreme of preventing the young fish from seeing their own
reflection in the rearing tank. When they were later presented with a red-bellied model, the
young fish show the species-typical attack behavior. Lorenz would conclude that: The attack
behavior was innate The attack behavior was a result of nature and nurture The experiment
reveals nothing about how the behavior develops. All we know is that the particular withheld
experience wasn't necessary for normal behavioral development. The attack behavior was
learned Question 2 1 pts Peach faced lovebirds tuck bits of nesting material into their rump
feathers. This behavior is functional on first occurrence. and once initiated it goes to completion.
The behavior is called a innate releasing mechanism fixed action pattern conditioned response
innate releasing mechanism.
Behavioral biology is the study of what animals do when interacting with their environment
Behavior can be interpreted in terms of proximate causes (immediate interaction with the environment) or ultimate causes (evolutionary differences)
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Ethology is a branch of zoology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Ethologists take a comparative approach, studying behaviors ranging from kinship, cooperation, and parental investment, to conflict, sexual selection, and aggression across a variety of species.
Species of Drosophila that live only in wet tropical habitat.pdfkshitiz77
Species of Drosophila that live only in wet tropical habitats have little or no genetic variation that
would allow them to adapt to cool and dry habitats. This is an example of epistasis. an
evolutionary constraint. directional selection. an evolutionary trade-off. Question 38 2 pts
Heritabilitho the proportion of variation in a trait, across populations, that is due to genetic variation
between the populations. a number that indicates whether natural selection can act on a certain
trait. the proportion of variation in a trait that is due to different environments. the proportion of a
trait that is due to genes rather than to environment.In artificial selection. we can use the to predict
how much evolutionary change will result from selective breeding. adaptive landscape. correlation
coefficient. fitness function, breeder's equation. Question 36 2 pts An evolutfonary biologist is
studying two traits in a hypothetical population. After causing a selective pressure, the mean of
both traits have increased. This suggests the two traits are located at different locations on the
genome. are correlated. are not correlated. are controlled by epistasis.Genetic correlations can
occur through pleiotropy and linkage disequilibrium. Pieiotropy only linkage disequilibrium only
Recombination Question 34 In juvenile yale song sparrows, birds with low body mass survive best
if they have short wings, while heavy birds survive best if they have long wings. Selection of this
sort, which favors combinations of traits, is called a. disruptive selection. b. stabilizing selection d
correlational selection. c phenotypic selection.Researchers studying natural selection in horned
lizards compared the horn lengths of living lizards with those of lizards they found impaled by
shrikes. From these data, the researchers were able to estimate how relative survival varies with
horn length. A plot of survival against horn length is an example of a character displacement.
adaptive radiation. Fitness function normal distribution. Question 32 2 pts A certain species of land
snail exists as either a cream color or a solid brown color, Intermediate individuals are relatively
rare. Which of the following selection resulted in this? Artificial selection. Stabilizing selection.
Disruptive selection. Directional selection..
Three-spined red bellied sticklebacks were reared in the lab in isola.pdfagarvaltrading
Three-spined red bellied sticklebacks were reared in the lab in isolation from other sticklebacks.
The researchers even went to the extreme of preventing the young fish from seeing their own
reflection in the rearing tank. When they were later presented with a red-bellied model, the
young fish show the species-typical attack behavior. Lorenz would conclude that: The attack
behavior was innate The attack behavior was a result of nature and nurture The experiment
reveals nothing about how the behavior develops. All we know is that the particular withheld
experience wasn't necessary for normal behavioral development. The attack behavior was
learned Question 2 1 pts Peach faced lovebirds tuck bits of nesting material into their rump
feathers. This behavior is functional on first occurrence. and once initiated it goes to completion.
The behavior is called a innate releasing mechanism fixed action pattern conditioned response
innate releasing mechanism.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
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In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Describe how behavior can improve survival.
• Describe how behavior can improve
reproductive success.
• Describe the benefits and drawbacks of
living in a group.
• Compare and contrast the behavioral
adaptations of solitary and social animals.
• Explain how female mimics and sneaky
males’ fitness compares to territorial males.
7. How can natural selection cause evolution
of behaviors?
VIDEO: This is how your brain grows
8. Examples of proximate and ultimate
explanations of behavior
Section 36.1
This figure summarizes some examples of proximate and
ultimate explanations of behavior.
Figure 36.27
Fruit Fly Courtship Mole Rat Nest
Building
Ground Squirrel Alarm
Call
Cuttlefish Female
Mimicry
Proximate
cause
(explains how
behavior
occurs)
The fru gene guides
development of motor
neurons involved in
courtship.
Mole rats detect magnetic
field lines and build nests
(long underground tunnels)
from north to south.
Adult females use neural signals
and muscles to produce a
distinctive alarm call when they
see a predator.
Small males use neural
signals
and muscles to change their
color and pull in their arms,
appearing more like females.
Ultimate cause
(explains why
behavior is
adaptive)
Courtship with a female of
the same species leads
to copulation and prevents
mating with other species.
Mole rats can orient
themselves toward or
away from the nest exit
without visual stimuli.
The alarm call signals danger
to nearby ground squirrels, many
of which are related to the calling
female.
Large males guard females.
Small males that mimic
females
can slip past the guard and
mate with the female.
12. An example of a fixed action pattern
Section 36.2
A classic example of a fixed action
pattern comes from research done by
Niko Tinbergen, one of the founders
of modern ethology.
Tinbergen found that any object that
was red on the bottom was a stimulus
for an aggressive response in
stickleback fishes, even if the object
did not resemble a fish.
Since rival males have red undersides,
being aggressive toward anything that
resembles a rival male is adaptive.
Figure 36.2
Stimulus
Simple models with red
undersides
Accurate model without red
Response
Models are attacked
Model is ignored
13. Fixed action patterns are genetically
determined and inherited
Section 36.2
Fruit fly copulation is another example of a fixed
action pattern. Scientists have determined that a
gene called fruitless is responsible for developing the
motor responses of this behavior.
Figure 36.3
1. Orienting:
male detects
female
2. Tapping:
male taps
female’s
abdomen
3. Singing:
male
vibrates
wing
4. Licking:
male licks
female’s
abdomen
5. Attemptin
g
copulatio
n
6. Copulatio
n: male
mates with
female
(b): Courtesy of Professor Daisuke Yamamoto, Tohoku University/JST-ERATO project
15. Genes and the environment interact to
determine behavior
Section 36.2
Learning plays an important role
in song development among
young birds. Birds that never hear
their normal song will develop an
abnormal song.
If a bird is exposed to a song of
another species, the result is no
better than if the birds heard no
song at all. A genetic template
therefore guides young birds to
learn the correct song.
Figure 36.6
17. Optimal foraging theory
Section 36.3
Optimal foraging theory
predicts that an animal’s food-
finding strategy should
maximize the amount of energy
collected per unit of time.
For example, crows that eat
snails must first break the
shell. The bird picks up the
snail, flies with it, and drops it
on a rock.
Figure 36.10