1) The document discusses the differences between choice mate and predation. It provides examples of sexual selection through mate choice in animals and how brightly colored males are chosen by females. 2) It then describes two experiments that test the influences of mate choice and predation on animals. One study found that a spider acquires odors from the mosquitoes it eats that makes it more attractive to mates. The other found that female swordtail fish change their mate preferences after exposure to predator videos. 3) The document seeks to explain mate choice and sexual selection in animals using examples from field and laboratory experiments that show how both mate choice and predation influence evolution.

1. CHOICE MATE
VERSUS PREDATION
CHOICE MATE
VERSUS PREDATION
BY :
ANTONIO A. AZUELA
MS AgEd, BIOL 210

2. Choice Mate versus Predation
• Describe sexual selection
• Contrast intrasexual selection and intersexual selection
• Give examples of field or laboratory experiment designed
to test the influences of mate choice and predation in
animals
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

3. Pre-Interactive Activity :
1. What type of selection is most likely responsible
for the large antlers seen on male elk?
A. Intersexual selection
B. Intrasexual selection
C. Group selection
D. Kin selection
MATE -MATCH

4. Pre-Interactive Activity :
2. Mate choice is usually exercised by
A. Males
B. Females
C. A and B
D. Neither A nor B

5. Pre-Interactive Activity :
3. Select the correct statement.
A. Sexual selection is the same as natural selection.
B. Sexual selection is a type of natural selection.
C. Sexual selection is the opposite of natural selection.

6. Pre-Interactive Activity :
4. If males compete against each other for access to
females, and females choose among males for mates,
then we would expect females to be brightly colored
and males to be drab.
A.TRUE
B. FALSE

7. Pre-Interactive Activity :
4. If males compete against each other for access to
females, and females choose among males for mates,
then we would expect females to be brightly colored
and males to be drab.
A.TRUE
B. FALSE

8. Pre-Interactive Activity :
5. Intersexual Selection occurs between
members of the same sex.
A. True
B. False

9. CORRECT ANSWER
ANSWER PERCENTAGE MATE-MATCH
1. B 5 = 100 % American
2. B 4 = 95 % European
3. B 3 = 90 % Asian
4. B 2 = 85 % African
5. B 1 = 80 % Indian
0 = 75 % Afghan
Absent = 70 % Mongolian

10. What is Choice Mate ?
• Differences in reproductive value
• Behavior patterns exhibited by one sex that
makes the member of this sex more likely to
mate with specific members of the opposite sex
• Limitations to reproduce by gametes

11. What is Predation ?
 Predation is a type of
ecological interaction where
one of the species kills and
feeds on the other.
 The organism that kills and
feeds on the dead organism
is called the predator,
whereas the organism that
gets killed is called the prey.

12. SEXUAL SELECTION
• a special type of natural
selection in which the sexes
acquire distinct forms either
because the members of one
sex choose mates with
particular features or because
in the competition for mates
among the members of one
sex only those with certain
traits succeed.

13. SEXUAL SELECTION
Sexual selection creates
colorful differences
between sexes (sexual
dimorphism) in Goldie's
bird-of-paradise. Male
above; female below.
Painting by John Gerrard
Keulemans (d.1912)

14. What is Natural Selection ?
-the process whereby organisms
better adapted to their
environment tend to survive and
produce more offspring. The
theory of its action was first fully
expounded by Charles Darwin and
is now believed to be the main
process that brings about
evolution.Compare with survival of
the fittest.

16. Which is a special case of natural selection?
Sexual selection is a
"special case" of
natural selection.
Sexual selection acts
on an organism's
ability to obtain (often
by any means
necessary!) or
successfully copulate
with a mate.

17. Which is a special case of natural selection?
Rooster (Left )has brightly colored to attract mates, while chicken (middle) has
dully colored to protect the eggs and young effectively. The same is true of
mallard ducks (right).

19. Involves characteristics which affect the outcome of
competition among members of one sex for access to
members of the other sex
1. Intrasexual Selection

22. Males and females often look different. Sexual Dimorphism. Males
and females differ in appearance (secondary sexual characteristics)
Primary sexual characteristics : reproductive organs

26. 2. Intersexual Selection
-would influence the evolution of secondary sexual
characteristics which determine the relative “
attractiveness” of members of one sex to the other sex

34. So ,why are male birds often
More brightly colored than females ?
Choice
Females just choose more brightly
colored males.

35. So ,why are male birds often
More brightly colored than females
Choice
Females just choose more brightly
colored males( so do predators !

36. Monogamy -
• defined as a pair bond between two
adult animals of the same species –
typically of the opposite sex.
• the habit of one mate at a time.
• This pair may cohabitate in an area or
territory for some duration of time,
and in some cases may copulate and
reproduce with only each other.
Mating System :

37. So ,why are male birds often
More brightly colored than females
Choice
Females just choose more brightly
colored males( so do predators !

38. So ,why are male birds often
More brightly colored than females
Choice
Females just choose more brightly
colored males( so do predators !

39. So ,why are male birds often
More brightly colored than females
Choice
Females just choose more brightly
colored males( so do predators !

40. So ,why are male birds often
More brightly colored than females
Choice
Females just choose more brightly
colored males( so do predators !

41. So ,why are male birds often
How blood-derived odor influences mate-choice
decisions by a mosquito-eating predator
By : Fiona R. Crossa, Robert R. Jacksona,b, and
Simon D. Pollardc
https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/106/46/1941
6.full.pdf
than females
1. Example of field or lab. Experiment designed to test the
influences of mate choice and predation in animals

42. Evarcha culicivora (Araneae, Salticidae)
feeds indirectly on vertebrate blood by
choosing, as preferred prey, blood carrying
female mosquitoes. Mutual mate-choice
behavior is also pronounced in this species. It
was shown that, when E. culicivora feeds
indirectly on blood, it acquires a diet-related
odor that makes it more attractive to the
opposite sex.
How blood-derived odor influences mate-choice
decisions by a mosquito-eating predator
Findings :

43. So ,why are male birds often
The effect of experimental design on the
measurement of mate choice: a meta-analysis
By: Liam R. Dougherty, David M. Shuker
https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/26/2/3
11/257207
than females
2. Example of field or lab. Experiment designed to test the
influences of mate choice and predation in animals

44. Findings :
Female intraspecific mating preferences are significantly stronger
when tested using a choice paradigm compared with a no-choice
paradigm. We suggest that this is due to the increased cost of
rejection in no-choice tests. This effect may not be limited to mate
choice but may indeed also be applicable to other areas of behavioral
research in which these kinds of choice designs are used, such as
studies of foraging (Kacelnik et al. 2011) or predation (Beatty and
Franks 2012). We also show that the effect of experimental design on
preferences depends on both the type of preference and the sex of
the subject used in a test.
The effect of experimental design on the
measurement of mate choice: a meta-analysis

45. Predator exposure alters female mate choice
in the green swordtail
By : Jerald B. Johnson, Alexandra L. Basolo
https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arg046
3. Example of field or lab. Experiment designed to test the
influences of mate choice and predation in animals

46. Female green ,Xiphophorus helleri
;swordtails are capable of flexible mate-
choice behavior in response to changes in
perceived predation risk. After exposure to
the predator video, female interest in the
male with the long sword decreased
significantly, while female interest in the
swordless male increased.
Predator exposure alters female mate choice in the green swordtail

47. Post- Learning
Questions

48. In evolution, the selection of a mate based on secondary sex
characteristics. Sexual selection is thought to lead distinct
differences in the appearance of the two sexes within a species. For
example, the tail of the male peacock may be the result of sexual
selection.
Which is an example of sexual selection in evolution?

49. Sexual selection as a consequence of female choice is easy to
understand, provided we are willing to accept that female
preferences exist. If females show a preference, then males with the
preferred trait will leave greater numbers of offspring, and their trait
values will tend to increase in frequency in the population.
How is sexual selection a consequence of female choice?

50. Male fruit flies sometimes transfer a substance to their
mate that inhibits courtship by subsequent males. Male
dunnocks (a small European bird) often peck the cloaca of
their mate until she everts it, sometimes ejecting sperm.
Which is an example of intrasexual selection?

51. Males that impress a female with their plumage, for
instance, are more likely to mate and have offspring. But
Darwin’s fellow scientist Alfred Russel Wallace watched
drab female birds. He credited their more boring colors to
natural selection — adaptations to help a species survive.
Why are male birds more likely to mate?

52. Why do male deer have so many
antlers?
1 Antlers help to dissipate body heat
2 Male deer attracts females with big antlers
3 Antlers are used to fight and earn territory and
breeding rights

53. REFERENCES
https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/26/2/311/257207
https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/14/5/619/186747
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_selection#/media/File:Paradesia_decora_Ke
ulemans.jpg
https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/106/46/19416.full.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46512584_Predator_exposure_alters_
female_mate_choice_in_the_green_swordtail.

54. Thank you very much..
Keep safe everyone !
-Sir Anton Azuela
Reporter