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- 1. Animal Behavior Part 2 of 2 BIOL 1407 Fall 2017 Ebeling
- 2. Learning Objectives • Describe how behavior can improve survival. • Describe how behavior can improve reproductive success. • Describe the benefits and drawbacks of living in a group. • Compare and contrast the behavioral adaptations of solitary and social animals. • Explain why male cuttlefish mimic females of the species.
- 3. Many behaviors improve survival Section 36.3 Behavioral ecology explores the survival value and evolution of behavior patterns. Most behavior can be linked to adaptations that increase survival, reproduction, or both. Keys to improving survival include •predator avoidance •finding resources or shelter •balancing foraging effort with the energy content of food Figure 36.12 ©Roy Toft/National Geographic/Getty Images
- 4. Many behaviors promote reproductive success Section 36.4 Most reproductive activities fall into the category of social behaviors, which are interactions among members of the same species. Social behaviors that promote reproductive success include courtship, mating, and parental care. Figure 36.15 (tail fanned): ©Corbis/SuperStock RF
- 8. Mate selection: Who is choosier?
- 11. Courtship Behaviors Bird of Paradise Peacock Spider Japanese Cranes
- 13. Mating Behaviors Top 10 list 9 Extreme inverts
- 16. Parental Care Awesome Animal Dads
- 17. Section 36.4 sexual selection sexual dimorphism Peacocks: © Photodisc/Getty Images Sexual Selection Leads to Sexual Dimorphism
- 22. Group living increases chances for survival Section 36.3 Group living also offers defense against predators. These meerkats are watching for potential threats. When a sentry barks an alarm call, the entire community dashes underground to safety. Figure 36.12 ©Roy Toft/National Geographic/Getty Images
- 23. Advantages of group living Section 36.5 Advantages of group living: •Finding food •Protection from environmental conditions •Protection from predators Figure 36.12 ©Roy Toft/National Geographic/Getty Images
- 24. Disadvantages of group living Section 36.5 Disadvantages of group living: •Competition between group members •Predators may more easily detect groups •Disease could spread quickly through the group Establishing a territory helps reduce competition for resources among group members. These lions are fighting to establish their territories. Figure 36.21 ©imageBROKER/Alamy
- 25. Section 36.5 Social behavior sometimes seem to be altruistic direct fitness indirect fitness kin selection inclusive fitness Ground squirrel: ©Joe McDonald/Corbis Social Behaviors May Seem Altruistic Figure 36.24
- 31. Investigating Life Section 36.6 Figure 36.26 Competition to fertilize an egg has selected for unique mating strategies among cuttlefish males. Cuttlefish: © Georgette Douwma/Science Source
- 32. Section 36.6 Figure 36.26 Females mate several times, so males try to flush out sperm packets from other males. After mating, he guards her until she lays fertilized eggs. Investigating Life Cuttlefish: © Georgette Douwma/Science Source
- 33. Section 36.6 Figures 36.26, 36.27 Males that guard mates have higher fertilization success than those that don’t. Investigating Life Cuttlefish: © Georgette Douwma/Science Source
- 34. Section 36.6 Figure 36.26 A smaller male may impersonate a female, changing his skin color and hiding the arms that reveal his sex. Investigating Life Cuttlefish: © Georgette Douwma/Science Source
- 35. Section 36.6 Figures 36.26, 36.28 If the ruse fools a guarding male, then the small male can try to mate with the female. Sometimes, he successfully fertilizes eggs. Investigating Life Cuttlefish: © Georgette Douwma/Science Source
- 36. Section 36.6 Even within one species, there may be more than one path to reproductive success. Investigating Life Figures 36.26, 36.28Cuttlefish: © Georgette Douwma/Science Source
Editor's Notes
- Section 9-4 Opener Now hear this! Two common European toads communicate.
- FIGURE 9-17 Maximizing reproductive success in fruit flies.
- FIGURE 9-26 Large variance in reproductive success. Studies of the Xavante Indians of Brazil show that the range in number of offspring over their lifetime is much greater for men than for women.
- FIGURE 9-20 A costly decision. Because of the investment the male bush cricket is required to make when fertilizing a female, he chooses a mate very carefully.
- FIGURE 9-21 Four factors that influence a female's choice of mate.
- FIGURE 9-30 Loud and true. The female Natterjack toad is attracted to the biggest male with the loudest call預n "honest signal," because there is no way for a small toad to fake the call volume of a larger toad.
- FIGURE 9-22 Preventing paternity uncertainty. A prolonged period of mating prevents the female from accessing other males, assuring the male of reproductive success.
- FIGURE 9-23 A reasonable trade-off? The male black widow spider ensures his paternity by an extreme form of mate guarding.
- FIGURE 9-27 (part 1) Size says a lot. Species with large males and small females are very likely to be polygamous. Species with similarly sized males and females are likely to be monogamous.
- FIGURE 9-24 King of the beach. The biggest, best-fighting male elephant seals control the beach and mate with as many females as possible.
- FIGURE 9-27 (part 2) Size says a lot. Species with large males and small females are very likely to be polygamous. Species with similarly sized males and females are likely to be monogamous.
- FIGURE 9-25 Let's stay together. Parental investment that is roughly equal often leads to monogamous mating behavior in birds
- FIGURE 9-9 Sacrificing her safety for the sake of relatives. At great risk to herself, a female Belding's ground squirrel will make an alarm call in order to save her family members from a predator.
- FIGURE 9-11 Reading the will. How likely are you to inherit money from a family member?
- FIGURE 9-12 The gift of life. A starving vampire bat receives blood from another, well-fed bat. The recipient of the blood will return the favor one day
- FIGURE 9-13 You scratch my back, I'll scratch yours. One vervet monkey will groom another, but expects assistance in return.
- FIGURE 9-14 Charitable acts can give us pleasure. In the small hunter-gatherer groups in which humans evolved, altruistic behaviors would be reciprocated. Today, the pleasure we feel in response to such behaviors remains—even though the favor may never be returned.
- Start at 15 seconds in…turn on the sound.
- FIGURE 9-28 Chemical, auditory, and visual communication. Many animal behaviors require communication: the ability to convey and receive information from other animals.
- FIGURE 9-29 Dancing, signing, and speaking. Animals have evolved a variety of ways to convey complex information to others.