This document compares conventional looms to modern looms, focusing on shuttle looms, projectile looms, and rapier looms. Shuttle looms are the oldest type but are slow and noisy. Projectile looms insert weft using a bullet-like projectile and have advantages like higher speeds, less wear on threads, and ability to weave multiple fabrics at once. Rapier looms insert weft using rigid or flexible rapiers and gripper heads, allowing for high insertion rates but also potential for more yarn breaks if not properly tensioned. Modern looms like projectile and rapier looms offer improvements over conventional shuttle looms through technological refinements.

1. Introduction:
In the textile sector present time is the time of modern & new era. Man has invented a lot of modern loom
using with modern weft insertion system. So the comparison of conventional loom & modern loom
indicates how much the conventional loom is modified within the passing of time.
Hand Loom:
It is still not certain when the weaving process was introduced to human society. It is clear from many
historical records that weaving originated long before the time of Jesus Christ. In England the major shift
from agriculture to woolen industry came in the 14th century.
Earlier version of power loom was run by two men. After the steam engine and cast iron in early 1800,
great attention was paid to increasing productivity of the machine. To help achieve the increase in
productivity, William Radeliffe patented a dressing frame in 1803 for sizing and drying the warp threads
prior to winding on to a weavers beam.
Figure: Conventional loom
Shuttle Loom with Features:
The shuttle loom is the oldest type of weaving loom which uses a shuttle which contains a bobbin of
filling yarn that appears through a hole situated in the side. The shuttle is batted across the loom and
during this process, it leaves a trail of the filling at the rate of about 110 to 225 picks per minute (ppm).
Although very effective and versatile, the shuttle looms are slow and noisy. Also the shuttle sometimes
leads to abrasion on the warp yarns and at other times causes thread breaks. As a result the machine has to
be stopped for tying the broken yarns.
Salient Feature ofShuttle Less Looms:
1. Shuttleless weave 2 to 4 times as much as conventional looms per unit time.
2. The cost of pirn winding is eliminated
3. Strain upon the warp threads is reduced due to smaller depth of shed
4. Heavy cost of repairs and replenishment of worn out parts is reduced They can produce simpler
tubes of fabrics on a large scale and provide opportunities for profitable exploitation in the long
run.
5. The physical and mental strain upon the weaver is reduced
6. There is no risk of shuttle fly out owing to the absence of conventional shuttle and packing being
positive
7. Quality of the fabric gets enhanced because of a positive control over the weaving process
8. The looms are easier to work and manipulate

2. 9. Efficiency of the shuttle weaving shed is comparatively higher
10. 5% reduction in value loss for a Rs. 60/- Metre fabric would ensure an additional profit of Rs. 3/-
meter
11. Higher production per loom
12. Speed is not the only criterion for the selection of shuttleless looms. Efficiency is also an
important criterion.Efficiency advantage of 10-15% due to shuttle changes, Un weaving of
damages, reduced time for warp changes canbe obtained from shuttleless looms. 5% higher
efficiency would provide an additional profit of Rs. 1/- per metre.
13. 14 minutes stoppage per 24 hours.
14. Ex works cost is less due to less mending and inspection charges and no pirn winding charges.
15. Projectile and Air-jet looms suitable for Mass fabrics Rapier for fashion fabrics
Modern Looms:
Modern looms still weave by repeating in sequence the operations of shedding, picking, and beating in,
but within that framework there has been considerable development during the 20th century. Several new
types of loom have come into industrial use, whereas older types have been refined and their scope
extended. Two main influences have been the rising cost of labour and the increasing use of man-made
continuous- filament yarns.
Projectile Loom:
Sulzer brothers, Winterthur, Switzerland, Who are pioneer in the field of projectile method of weft
insertion, have been able to convert a brilliant concept Roshman into a viable commercial weaving
machine. It is introduced in the market in 1953.The main feature of this machine is weft insertion system.
A bullet like shuttle 90 mm long & weighting about 40 g, technically named as gripper projectile is used
here to insert the weft thread into the warp threads.
Figure: Projectile loom
Conventional Loom Versus Projectile Loom:
Sulzer projectile weaving machine differs from a conventional automatic loom mainly in two respects.
1. The method of insertion of weft into the warp shed
2. The method of moving the reed and the projectile track
Main Features ofProjectile Loom:

3. 1. The picking are projectile receiving units are separated from the moving sley. The sley carries the
reed & gripper guides.
2. The gripper projectile made of fine steel, 90 mm long 14mm wide and 6 mm thickness weight is
40 g. It carries the weft thread into the warp shed.
3. The weft is drawn directly from a large stationary cross wound package. There is no weft
winding.
4. The gripper projectile is picked across the warp shed at a very high speed ,the picking energy
being derived from the energy stored in a metal torsion bar which is twisted at predetermined
amount of released to give the projectile a high rate of acceleration .
5. Picking always takes place from one side, but several projectiles are employed and all of them
return to the picking side by a conveyor chain located underneath the warp shed.
6. During its flight through the shed the projectile runs in a rake likes steel guides, so that the warp
threads are touched neither by the projectile nor weft thread.
7. Every pick is cut off at the picking side near the selvedge after weft insertion, leaving a length
about 15 mm from the edge. Similar length of weft also projects from the selvedge on the
receiving side.
8. The ends of weft thread projecting on both sides of the cloth are tucked into the next shed by
means of special tucking device and woven in with next pick, thus providing firm selvedges.
9. The reed is not reciprocated as in a shuttle loom, but rocked about its axis by a pair of cams.
10. The reed & projectile guides are stationary during pick insertion.
11. The sley which carries the reed & projectile guides is moved forward & backward through a
saddle carrying two follower bowls, which bear against the surface of two matched cams.
12. A sley dwell of 25 degree at back center enables the projectile to travel through the warp shed
without being unnecessary reciprocated by the sley.
13. Whenever the reed width is reduced for weaving a small width cloth from the standard reed
width, the projectile receiving unit is moved inward on the telescope shaft, to the new selvedge
position, and so the projectile travel distance is reduced.
14. Smaller shed opening because of the smaller size projectile. This might result in lower warp
breakage rate.
15. Weft insertion rate up to 900-1500 m/min is possible depending up to the width of the weaving
machine.
16. The color changing mechanism is less complicated.
17. In case of weft breakage the take up beam & heald frames can de driven in reverse by a pick
finding mechanism.
Advantages ofProjectile Loom as a Modern Loom:
1. Two or three cloths can be woven simultaneously.
2. It is possible to achieve weaving performances with breakage rate per square meter of cloth. 50% of the
number of breaks that would occur on a conventional loom.
3. The lower warp breakage rate in a projectile weaving machine may be due to:
 Smaller warp shed
 Reed with higher ratio of air to wire (70:30)
 Beat up line being nearer to the centre of the reed between the two baulks.
Smaller warp shed will reduce the warp threads tension to some extent. However care should be taken to
maintain uniform tension to ensure that the warp shed is of same depth from one end to another.
Otherwise a few slack warp threads at the top shed will result in stitching and end cut of the projectile.

4. 4. Since the projectile is passing through guides there is no reed to projectile or projectile to yarn contact.
5. With the introduction of four/six colors weaving machine all the mechanical problems of the
conventional pick & pick multicolored loom are eliminated.
Suggestions:
The main feature of projectile loom is inserting the weft thread by projection method. If the fault from the
machine can be reduced then it will have the more weaving speed.
Rapier Loom:
Insertion of weft by rapier is a mechanically modern & refined version of the primitive method of fabric
production in which the weft was secured in a slot of a stick. At present version of the gripper head which
are attached to rapiers which are flexible tapes or rigid rods. Mr. John Gabler can be regarded as the
father of modern rapier technology he has built a rapier device on a cotton weaving machine in 1922.
Scope ofRapier:.
 Single rapier loom can insert weft only on alternate rapier traverse.
 In many cases this is modified to achieve a higher rapier velocity in the early and late parts of the
movement and thus a over maximum velocity halfway through the movement.
 Due to high rate of insertion the possibility of yarn breakages rate may increase.
 Additionally, it is necessary to control the weft by passing it trough an effective tension
arrangement so that the weaving tension will be more uniform, this can also occurred weft break.
Features ofRapier Loom:
1. An useful feature of rigid rapiers is that they can be simultaneously inserted in two sheds one
above the other, for producing double plush and certain carpets.
2. Rapier loom may have various types according to the weft insertion mechanism & number of
pick such as insertion of double pick, insertion of single pick, two phase rapier etc.
3. In all rapier looms to-and-fro-movement of the rapiers is derived initially either from a linkage
mechanism or from a cam. The use of linkage mechanism has the advantages of simplicity
reliability & is cheap, quite and consumers less energy than a cam mechanism but it does not
provide any dwell to the rapiers.
4. The only two phase rapier in commercial operation is the saurer of width 2 x 185 cm or 2 x 220
cm having weft insertion rate is about 1200 mpm.
5. The rigid rapier is driven from the centre and has a rapier head at each end.In one cycle of 360
degree the rapier inserts one pick alternately in the right hand and the left hand fabrics, the picks
being inserted and beaten up in opposite phase .
6. In gabler system of weft insertion the rapier system is combined with air jet picking system.
7. Gabler system rapier may be single sided or double sided. The machine include on gabler system
Draper DSL,Gusken etc.Those operating on dewas system include dornier, picanol, Novo pignon
SACM, Gunne, Smit, Sommet, Sulzer-Ruti etc.

5. Rapier Loom
Integrating the features of rapier looms of Model SJ758 and other imported and domestic rapier looms,
Model SJ736-III rapier loom is specially designed for weaving of light, medium and heavy fabrics and
check designs, it adopts automatic pick finder and electronic color selector.
Features of Rapier Loom:
Control panel:
The loom is controlled by the control panel with a micro-computer, the lcd display provides a very user-
friendly human-machine interface, which shows the production statistic data of each shift and provides
the weft color programming function.
Weft color selection:
The machine adopts electronic color selector up to 8 colors, and the color selection pattern is programmed
directly on the machine control panel.
Wefting:
Wefting mechanism adopts 6-lever wefting structure and can ensure the adjustment of the rapier entry and
exit time and ensure stable wefting and insertion motion. This machine adopts 4 levers, short connectors
and short sley to complete the beating motion, the rock shaft adopts 110mm(diameter) seamless tube to
ensure the beating strength and can be suitable for high-speed motion and weaving of heavy and high
density fabrics. The rapier transmission box adopts the advanced helix umbrella gears to ensure stable
transmission. The tension device adopts 3-rear-beam tension structure, which is specially designed for
balancing the warp tension of high-density weaving and can improve the quality of the weaving fabrics.
Pick finding mechanism:
The machine adopts electronic let-off mechanism with a high-accuracy step motor and the optimized
mechanical take-up system for stable and accurate pick finding motion. The pick finding motion is very
stable and proved to be very successful and reliable.
The adoption of two pressing rollers on the fabric winding roller enables the worker to unload the fabric
from the fabric roller without stop. The frequent adoption of bearings for the major moving parts provides
better performance and easier maintenance.
Suggestions:
Some of the disadvantages of rapier loom if may reduced then this machine will be more effective for

6. weaving.
Advantages ofRapier Loom: Over Conventional Loom:
1. The rapier loom doesn’t require dynamic forces or anything like the magnitude as those involved
in the conventional loom.
2. The weft insertion rate in a rapier loom is very much influenced by the method of weft control.
3. Weft insertion rate is very high rather than any conventional loom
4. It can occur double pick at a time by double picking insertion system. Here is no need to cut the
weft selvedges and no weft wastage.
5. Weft insertion rate is very high rather than any conventional loom Rigid rapiers has a useful
features that they can be simultaneously inserted in two sheds one above the other ,for producing
double plush and certain carpets.
6. Looms that use rigid rapiers eliminate entirely the need to assist the rapier head through the warp
shed, this is a un doubted advantages.
Air Jet Loom:
Weft insertion by means of air jet has made a major breakthrough in the early 70s and its importance is
increasing further because of its ability to weave a wide range of fabrics at a very high speed weft
insertion rate of about 2000 mpm. The first attempt to use a compressed air steam instead of shuttle is
made by Brooks in 1914.
Scope ofAir Jet Loom:
 To insert the weft threads here used compressed air.
 Not suitable for the coarser count or heavier fabric.
 The timing of jet activity should be controlled in such a way that the main nozzle is supplied with
compressed air from the beginning of the weft insertion phase and the relay nozzles also receive
compressed air.
 High maintenances is needed.
Features ofAir Jet Loom:
1. Air jet weaving machine is high speed machine having good quality
2. For instance on a weaving machine having a speed of 600 rpm the weaving cycle is 100m/s.
3. Cam control valves have the advantages of high speed precision of action whilst the electrically
controlled solenoid valves permit easy setting.
4. Finer count of yarn is used as the weft thread to produce fency type of fabric.

7. Figure: Air jet loom
Advantages ofAir Jet Loom Over Conventional Loom:
 The conventional loom requires shuttle or shuttle like substance to insert the weft yarn,
comparatively in air jet loom there is no need to any kind of shuttle instead of shuttle here the
compressed air force is used.
 In the conventional loom the pick insertion rate is very low compare to the air jet loom.
 The weft stop motion is machine controlled over the differ from conventional loom
 In conventional loom the mechanical or hand shuttle reach the weft thread to the fell of the cloth,
but in air jet through air force this is done, here uniform let up, take up, uniform picking, uniform
bet up is possible.
 It has the automatic weft repair device.
Disadvantages:
 Short or buckle pick
 Loose pick
 Snarling
 Excess dynamic pressure
 Weft stop problem
 Tip problem
 Timing of shed may not be proper
 Too high or too low main nozzle pressure
 Left side warp yarn is loose.
Suggestions:
Air jet loom has some disadvantages like as floating the yarn into wrong direction. To get the better
result these main disadvantages must be reduced.
Water Jet Loom:
The first loom to make use of a water jet for insertion of weft was developed by Satyr.The loom was first
shown at the Brussels textile Machinery Exhibition in 1995.

8. Scope ofWater Jet Loom:
 Weft and warp yarn must be insensitive .i.e hydrophobic in nature.
 Weaving of the water attractive fabric is not possible by the water jet loom,
 Thermoplastic yarns offer the advantages of severance of weft by a heated blade and the
provision of a heat selvedge by fusing.
 It has required miniature pump to feed water under pressure to the nozzle.
Figure: Water Jet loom.
Features of Water Jet:
New “ZW8100 Water Jet Loom” for the next generation
The water jet loom demonstrated at ITMA ASIA 2005 as a concept model now has debuted as the
“ZW8100.” The new model “ZW8100” inherited the basic abilities of the “ZW series” that has enjoyed
an excellent reputation as the global standard water jet loom and has enhanced stability at high speed. The
ZW8100 intends to succeed and advance the long-cultivated basic abilities of water jet looms – weaving
technology, high- speed ability, quality, and energy-saving – for the next hundred years.
Tsudakoma consistently emphasises the basic abilities: high speed, quality, versatility, eco-friendliness.
Tsudakoma particularly focuses on ultra high speed ability - the mission of all jet looms. Because it
considers ultra high speed as the base, Tsudakoma has optimised the frame structure, the beating system
and the shedding system, and employs a newly-developed nozzle. A navigation system that enjoys a good
reputation for air jet looms is also employed while taking careful note on higher versatility and better
operability. To give the best answer to reply to market demands, fulfilling basic abilities is indispensable.
Flexibility to woven material is also increased. True user-friendliness is attained.
The ZAX9100 is well-established for its ultra-high speed ability. The “ZAX9100HD” is a package model
that can weave heavy fabrics at high speed while keeping quality high with enhanced basic abilities and
new technology. Tsudakoma’s unique heavy-duty structure responds to user’s strict quality demands. The
exhibit demonstrated weaving quality yarn-dyed shirting at high speed.

9. The ZAX9100 is ranked as a premium air jet loom provided with the “Weave Navigation System.” It
handles diverse responsibilities, such as being cost-competitive, quick style change, value-added fabrics,
and developing new fabrics that will be required more than ever. The ESS Electronic Shedding System, 6-
colour weft selection, and the PSC support weaving value-added fabrics of various kinds and thickness
wefts. The PSC Programmable Speed Control controls the rpm per one pick according to weft kinds and
fabric weaves in order to attain stable weaving, thus the operation efficiency is considerably increased.
Fabrics formerly limited to rapier looms are woven easily keeping quality.
Tsudakoma has the largest air jet terry weaving experience in the world. Many terry weavers consider
Tsudakoma’s air jet looms the standard. While fusing the ultra-high speed ability of the ZAX9100 with its
abundant terry weaving know-how, various elaborately designed towels such as pileheight changes and
pile-cycle switching between 3 to 7-picks can be woven with a pleasant texture. In combination with the
electronic Jacquard motion higher value-added terry cloth can be woven.
The “Versa-Terry System” is the integration of Tsudakoma’s terry weaving technology. Various systems
that Tsudakoma developed especially for terry are enhanced and new technology for weaving diversified
terry cloth designs is employed. The “Versa-Terry System” inherits and advances the thorough experience
of the world’s largest record of air-jet terry weaving machines. Improving all of its basic abilities: speed,
versatility, quality, energy saving, operability, the ZAX9100-Terry realizes true user-friendliness.
Water Jet Loom Advantages:
Water jet propulsion has many advantages over other forms of marine propulsion, such as stern drives,
outboard motors, shafted propellers and surface drives. These advantages include...
Excellent Maneuverability
 Precise steering control at all boat speeds
 "Zero Speed" steering effect provides 360° thrusting ability for docking and holding stationary.
 Sideways movement possible with multiple jet installations.
 High efficiency astern thrust with "power-braking" ability at speed
High Efficiency
 Propulsive coefficients as good or higher than the best propeller systems achievable at medium to
high planning speeds
 Flexibility when using multiple water jets may allow operators to continue to operate efficiently
on fewer drives
LowDrag and Shallow Draught
 Absence of underwater appendages reduces hull resistance
 Shallow draught - the water jet intake is flush with hull bottom to allow access to shallow water
areas and beach landings with no risk of damage to the drive
LowMaintenance
 No protruding propulsion gear eliminates impact damage or snags
 Minimum downtime and simple maintenance routines
Smooth and Quiet

10.  No hull vibration, no torque effect and no high speed cavitations gives maximum comfort levels
on board
 Low underwater acoustic signature
Total Safety
 No exposed propeller for complete safety around people in the water and marine life
Maximum Engine Life
 Jet unit impeller is finely matched to engine power
 Power absorption is the same regardless of boat speed
 No possibility of engine overload under any conditions
Simplicity
 Single packaged module
 No heavy and expensive gearbox required for many installations. Simple driveline from engine to
jet coupling
Easy installation
 Complete factory tested package,ready to bolt in
 No difficult engine alignment problems.
Comments on Water Jet:
Water jet loom is produce shed by using the high force of water. In the weaving I think that is a
tremendous invention.
Multiphase Loom:
The phase number of a loom is defined as the average number of shuttles or weft carriers inserting weft
simultaneously. It is shown that existing multi-phase looms must have high phase numbers to
compensate for their low shuttle velocity. The analysis suggests that looms with high-velocity flying
shuttles would achieve equally high weft-insertion rates with moderate increases in the phase number.
Such moderate increases in the phase number can be obtained by dividing the shedding and beat-up
motions into a comparatively small number of sections. The suggested alternative would avoid many of
the textile and engineering problems arising in existing multi-phase looms.

11. Figure: Multiphase loom
Features ofMultiphase Loom:
1. A multi-phase loom with magnetic shuttle features that the spiral reed blade with shuttle path is
used for beating-up.
2. The linear motor is used for wefting, the heald wheel or electromagnetically excited heald needle
is used for opening, and the weft opening with off-line multi-path asynchronous weft replenishing
is used.
3. Its advantages include high efficiency, high speed and low weaving cost.
4. The multiphase loom can form many different sheds at different places, thereby enabling
insertion of number of filling yarns, one behind the other.
Advantages ofMultiphase Loom Over Conventional Loom:
1. An analysis of the factors determining the weft-insertion rate of weaving machines shows that
these factors are essentially the same on all looms in which shuttles or weft carriers are used, such
as conventional shuttle looms, gripper- shuttle looms, and multi-phase looms.
2. Its advantages include high efficiency, high speed and low weaving cost.
3. The multiphase loom can form many different sheds at different places, thereby enabling
insertion of number of filling yarns, one behind the other.