different types of loom

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Different types of loom
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Md.Azmir Latif Beg, MSc.Engr.(Textile),Daffodil International University;Textile Testing Engineer
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Published on Jun 12, 2015
Loom is machine or device which is used to produce woven fabric. It is the
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Different types of loom
1. 1. Advanced Fabric Manufacturing Engr.Azmir Latif, M.Engr.(Textile) Loom: Loom is machine or device
which is used to produce woven fabric. It is the central point of whole process of cloth production. In
other word, a loom is a mechanism or tool used for weaving yarn and thread into textiles. Looms vary in a
wide assortment of sizes. They come in huge free standing hand looms, tiny hand­held frames, to vast
automatic mechanical tools. A loom can as well pertain to an electric line construction like that of a wiring
loom. The main task of looms is to clutch the twist threads under pressure to enable the progress of
interweaving of the woof strands. The loom's system and exact form can differ to some extent; however it
still performs the basic application. Classification of a Loom: Manual/Hand loom 1. Primitive or Vertical
loom. 2. Pit loom: a) Throw shuttle. b) Fly shuttle. 3. Frame loom: a) Throw shuttle. b) Fly shuttle. 4.
Chittaranjan loom. Power loom 1. Conventional power loom: a) Ordinary power loom b) Automatic
power loom 2. Modern loom: a) Air jet loom b) Water jet loom. c) Rapier loom. d) Projectile/Missile
loom. e) Multiphase loom. Page 1 of 19
2. 2. Advanced Fabric Manufacturing Engr.Azmir Latif, M.Engr.(Textile) 1. Primitive or Vertical loom.
Primitive or Vertical loom: A primitive loom is generally by sinking the frame into the ground and the
work inside the pit by both feet. The framework is of bamboo. This loom had been known to be in use in
5000 to 6000 years B.C. This loom are still used for weaving silk pieces ,silk shirting and sarees, muslim,
etc.by derivative weavers. Feature: • This type is loom used for finer yarn. • This loom has to be known to
be in use 600 yarn B.C • This is throw shuttle loom • Made of wood or metal • It must be heavy and
smooth Advantage: • First fabric is produce Page 2 of 19
3. 3. Advanced Fabric Manufacturing Engr.Azmir Latif, M.Engr.(Textile) • By skilled labour we can get very
quality fabric • Set­up cost is very low • Primitive loom can work with dobby & jacquard attachment
Disadvantage: • Slay are suspended from the top and its action is very weak eausing compact or heavy
cloth • Warp thread are drawn direct from the warp beam • Primitive loom accommodative a small can
weft. 2. Pit loom Pit loom: This loom is created by sunking four posters into the ground and with an

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overhang sley.The thread work inside the pit,so that the warp threads may absorb moisture and better
weaving will result.In this loom the combination of sley & shuttle boxes.In 1733 A.D John kay of
Bury,England invented the"Fly Shuttle".This invention wsa an extreamlyn important event in the history
and development of weaving. Page 3 of 19
4. 4. Advanced Fabric Manufacturing Engr.Azmir Latif, M.Engr.(Textile) Feature: • It fly shuttle loom • Its
production is double because by the introduction of sley,shuttle­boxes • An average weaver cans weave a
medium width fly­shuttle loom at 80­110 pics per minute. • Shuttle is transfer one box to another box • To
control moisture loom are settled in floor that way yarn can get moisture • By this loom we get texture
fabric. Advantage: • Production is high • Moisture can easily control Page 4 of 19
5. 5. Advanced Fabric Manufacturing Engr.Azmir Latif, M.Engr.(Textile) • May produce texture fabric • An
average weaver can weave • Fly shuttle pit­loom,back and beastbeams have been introduced to remove
this dificulties like(knot,yarn breakage etc) • Can accommodate a greater quality of weft in the pirn.
Disadvantage: • Difficult to control more number of heald shaft • This is one kind of hand loom so large
scale production is impossible • To set the loom is difficult. 3. Frame loom: Frame loom: Frame looms
almost have the similar mechanisms that ground looms hold. The loom was made of rods and panels
fastened at the right angles to construct a form similar to a box to make it more handy and manageable.
This type of loom is being utilized even until now due to its economy and portability. Page 5 of 19
6. 6. Advanced Fabric Manufacturing Engr.Azmir Latif, M.Engr.(Textile) Page 6 of 19
7. 7. Advanced Fabric Manufacturing Engr.Azmir Latif, M.Engr.(Textile) Feature: • This type of loom made
on a frame • The movement of the slay is given by the left hand of the weaver • Twill,satin other weave
more number may produce • Beam dia may highnby weaving Advantage: • It has a increased speed as one
hand of the weaver operates the picking handle and the other remains free to operate the slay • Fabrics of
long width can as conveniently be woven as narrow ones • Larger number of heald can conveniently be
operated • Ensure better selvedge • Let off is done with a pawl lever arrangement. Disadvantage: • Cloth
beam dia increase and make it very large • Difficult to fit the level • Fabric may compact 4. Chittaranjan
loom. Chittaranjan loom:A type of semiautomatic loom of sturdy construction made of iron and wood
commonly used in Bengal is known as Chittarangan loom.This loom also called Japani loom. Page 7 of 19
8. 8. Advanced Fabric Manufacturing Engr.Azmir Latif, M.Engr.(Textile) Feature: • The principle
characteristics of this loom lie in its beating up take up and let off motion • For beat up two wheels upon
the top shaft connect the slay at two ends with two livers • A five wheel positive take­up motion has been
aadopted to regulate pics per inch • Production rate is high • Shedding & picking motion in this loom
work as fly shuttle loom. Advantage: • An average can conveniently run this loom • In 80 percent
Efficiency this loom run at 120 to 140 picks per minute • It ensure uniformity in the inserstion of picks per
inch by the use of five wheel positive take up motion • It also ensure uniform beat up • It is more suitable
for weaving medium and coarse fabric then finer ones • The sweep of slay to produce terry piles Page 8 of
19
9. 9. Advanced Fabric Manufacturing Engr.Azmir Latif, M.Engr.(Textile) Disadvantage: • This is not a
automatic loom • Five wheel positive take up motion is use which give jerky motion • Precise control of
fraction of pic k is not possible • Production rate is less over then modern loom 5.Hattersley Loom
Hattersley Loom:In 1856 hattersley and hill of kighley,Yourkshire act in the same manner as a power
loom excepting the movement of the slay which may either be operated manually or by motive power to
the top shaft,but the loom is constructed with lighter foming. Page 9 of 19
10. 10. Advanced Fabric Manufacturing Engr.Azmir Latif, M.Engr.(Textile) Feature: • Tis is the same manner
of power loom • This loom is lighter then power loom • Shdding,picking,beating up,taking up and let off
motions are automatically operated. • For take up five wheel take up motion is used. • Shedding is the
formed from the bottom shaft in case of plane weave. Advantage: • Maximum motion are motive by
power • This loom is lighter then power loom • It also ensure uniform beat up • It ensure unifprm insertion
of pick • An average weaver can conveniently run this loom. Disadvantage: • For driving manually more
than 50'' read space is not control • An weaver can not weave a long time • Five wheel take up give jerkey
motion Page 10 of 19
11. 11. Advanced Fabric Manufacturing Engr.Azmir Latif, M.Engr.(Textile) Power loom Power Loom: This
type of loom is not drive by hand only eclectic power is used. Modern loom 6. Air jet loom Air jet loom:
This looms use a jet of air to propel the filling yarn strength the shed,It requires uniform filling yarn. They
are suitable use with medium weight yarns then very light and very heavy yarn. Page 11 of 19

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12. 12. Advanced Fabric Manufacturing Engr.Azmir Latif, M.Engr.(Textile) Feature: • Power consumption
less • Much production std.fabric and light to medium fabric produced • Air jet std.width 190 cm. •
Highest weft insertion performance(600 ppm) • Multi color weft insertion up to 8. Advantage: • Air jet
standard. width 190 cm. • Power consumption less • Highest weft insertion performance(600 ppm) • Noise
levels is lower than missile and rapier loom. Disadvantage: Page 12 of 19
13. 13. Advanced Fabric Manufacturing Engr.Azmir Latif, M.Engr.(Textile) • Due to air resistance there form
pile up and buckle tip of yarn • Some times there is formed loom of weft yarn along weft direction due to
variation of air pressure. • Double pick may occurred • Excess air pressure of main nozzle cause miss pick
or broken pick. 7. Water jet loom Water jet loom:A pre measured length of filling yarn is carried across
the loom by a jet of water.It can produce superior quality of fabrics. Feature: Page 13 of 19
14. 14. Advanced Fabric Manufacturing Engr.Azmir Latif, M.Engr.(Textile) • This type of loom is suitable for
non absorbent fibre like synthetic fabric • Less power consumption • Highest weft insertion (600 ppm) •
weft yarn package weight 3.6­4.1 kg • Treated water are used by pump nozzle. Advantage: • Less power
consumption • Production rate is high • Noise level is lower then missile and rapier loom • This type of
loom is suitable for non absorbent fibre like synthetic fibre. Disadvantage: • Not suitable for absorbent
fibre like (cotton) • By hard water may form rust on the yarn. 8. Rapier loom Page 14 of 19
15. 15. Advanced Fabric Manufacturing Engr.Azmir Latif, M.Engr.(Textile) Rapier loom:These loom are
competitors to the missille looms.There are two types of rapier looms.Long rapier & double rapier
long/single rapier that carries the weft across the width from one side of the loom to another.Double rapier
that is one on each side of the loom.One rapier feed the filling yarn half way through the shed of warp
yarn to the arm the other side,which reach in and takes it across the rest of the way. Feature: • Fancy fabric
produced • Production costly • Power consumption moderate • Simple mechanism • Suitable for weft
patterning • Standard rapier width 190 cm. Advantage: • Fancy fabric produced • Production costly Page
15 of 19
16. 16. Advanced Fabric Manufacturing Engr.Azmir Latif, M.Engr.(Textile) • Suitable for weft patterning •
Power consumption moderate • Simple mechanism • Production speed (200­260 ppm) Disadvantage •
Noise level is high then jet loom • Production speed is less then jet loom. 9. Projectile Loom Projectile
Loom: This picking action is accomplished by a series of small bullet projectiles which grip the filing yarn
and carry it through the shed and return empty. Page 16 of 19
17. 17. Advanced Fabric Manufacturing Engr.Azmir Latif, M.Engr.(Textile) Feature: • Accommodator used
reduce tension • Power consumption is less (3 kw­hr) • No. of projectile 11 to 17 • Width minimum 190
cm • Width maximum 540 cm • Multiple fabric produce • Double beam single fabric can be produced in
projectile. Advantage: • Fashionable fabric may produce • Drawing­in pinning of drop wires and knotting
are accepted prectice • The weft and warp stop motions actuate first and reliable • Simple to operate and
maintain Page 17 of 19
18. 18. Advanced Fabric Manufacturing Engr.Azmir Latif, M.Engr.(Textile) • Less noisy then shuttle looms.
Disadvantage: • Require skilled personnel • High initial investment • High noisy than jet loom • It lasted
long. Special Loom Multiple shuttles loom: More than one tape is produce. More than one shuttle is used,
Shuttle are traverses on belt No. of shuttle tapes are placed on race boared grove length of shuttle=3",
length of pirn =2" Needle loom: This type of loom, one angular needle always carries the yarn
horizontally. Weft yarn comes from the top of the machine; latch needle makes the loop at one side of the
selvedge. No. of tapes/one loom obtained. Conclusion: Loom is machine or device which is used to
produce woven fabric. By this experiment we come to know about loom. This assignment will help us in
our study life as well as job life. Special thank to our honorable teacher for great co­operation. Page 18 of
19
19. 19. Advanced Fabric Manufacturing Engr.Azmir Latif, M.Engr.(Textile) REFERENCE • Webpage •
http://www.projectile loom.com • http://www.Rapier loom.com • http://www.Water jet loom.com •
http://www.power loom.com • http://www.chemheritage.org.com • Books • Weaving Mechanism,
N.N.Banerjee • Studies in Primitive looms, H. Ling Rock • Fabric Manufacturing Technology­IV, Md. Al­
Amin Sheikh • Weaving Machine, mechanism & Management, Talukder • Special Fabric Production, Md.
Al­Amin Sheikh Page 19 of 19
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