The document focuses on watershed management, defining a watershed as an area of land where all streams and rivers drain into a larger body of water. It discusses types of watersheds, management practices, and the integration of technologies such as GIS and ANN in decision-making and resource management. Additionally, it outlines various watershed management structures, their functions, and costs associated with their implementation.

1. Basin Planning &
Watershed Management
Course- B.E. Civil
Subject- Elective-II (IWRPM)
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Dr. A.A. Inamdar
B.E. Civil, M.E.-Civil, Ph.D. in Environmental Engineering
Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU)

2. Watershed Management
• “A watershed describes an area of land that contains a common set of
streams and rivers that all drain into a single larger body of water,
such as a larger river, a lake or an ocean”.
OR
• “A watershed or catchment is defined as any surface (varying from a
few hectares to several thousand km2) in which rainfalls collected &
conveyed to a common natural waterway.”
• “Watershed management is a concept which recognizes the
judicious management of three basic resources of soil, water and
vegetation for achieving particular objective for the well being of
plant, animal, and human communities within a watershed
boundary”
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3. TYPES OF WATERSHED
Watersheds is classified depending upon the size, drainage,
shape and land use pattern.
• Macro watershed (> 50,000 Hect)
• Sub-watershed (10,000 to 50,000 Hect)
• Milli-watershed (1000 to10000 Hect)
• Micro watershed (100 to 1000 Hect)
• Mini watershed (1-100 Hect)

4. Watershed Management includes
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 Flood and its mitigation & control
 Erosion & Sedimentation Control
 Water Quality & Quantity Management
 Irrigation and Water supply Management
 Groundwater Harvesting
 Land Management
 Landslides Management
 Ecosystem Management
 Fish, Wild Life & forestry

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6. Objectives of Watershed Management
1. Optimum utilization of natural resources such as water,
land, vegetation, etc.
2. Employment facility
3. Efficient and equal distribution of resources
4. Community’s living standard, food security, poverty
alleviation, hygiene, etc. of the community
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7. Factors affecting
Watershed Management
a) Watershed characters
I. Size and shape
II. Topography
III. Soils
IV. Relief
b) Climatic characteristic
i. Precipitation
ii. Amount and intensity of rainfall
c) Watershed operation
d) Land use pattern
i. Vegetative cover
ii. Density

8. Role of R.S. & G.I.S. in
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
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• RS - Remote Sensing GIS – Geographical Information System.
• GIS Serve as Toolbox, Databaseand Decision Support System for any
Organisation.
• Following are the Components of GIS:-

9. • Useful for generating environmental indicators that can be
integrated with related data and social indicators.
• It is appropriate method for quick, unbiased mapping and monitoring
of natural resources both in space and time domain.
• Timely and accurate information on spatial distribution – land use,
soil, vegetation density, forest, geology, water resources etc.
• R. S. data in conjunction with collateral data helps in
description of ridge line, characterization, prioritization, erosion
prone areas, etc.

10. ROLE OF GIS
Geographical Information System
 To fix the Catchment AreaBoundary.
 To make description of Watershed.
 To Prepare Soil Map of Watershed.
 To Prepare Contour Map of Watershed.
 To Prepare Geological Map Watershed.
 To Study Different Hydrological Parameters like
― Rainfall Characteristics
― Runoff Volume.
― Infiltration Indices.
 Catchments Characteristics
― Shape Factor.
― Form Factor etc. 10

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Following are the Working steps of GIS:
1. Data Capture (E.g. Satellite Image, Arial
Photogrammetry)
2. Data Storage (E.g. in CD, Pen drives, Hard disk)
3. Data Manipulation as per Project Requirement ( Edit
Data)
4. Data Analysis
5. Data Visualization ( Display outputs, Maps etc.)

12. Genetic Programming (GP) in
iwrm
• Genetic programming(GPs) is a evolutionary algorithm based
methodology inspired by biological evolution to find computer
programs that perform a user defined tasks.
• It is a specialization of genetic algorithms where the
individuals are the computer programs.
• GPs automatically solves problems without requiring the user
to know or specify the form of structure of the solution.
• GP is especially useful in the domains where the exact form of
the solution is not known in advance or an approximate
solution is acceptable (possibly because finding the exact
solution is very difficult).
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13. • It saves time by freeing the human from having to design
complex algorithms. Not only designing the algorithms
but creating ones that give optimal solutions.
• It combines genetic algorithms with the basic thrust of
Artificial Intelligence (AI), which was to get computers to
do things automatically – to evolve a population of
programs.
• For many problems in Machine Learning and Artificial
Intelligence, the most natural representation for a
solution is a computer program.
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14. Artificial Neural networks (ANN) in
IWRM
• ANN describe a system modeled on a human brain with
neurons and interconnections that enable input to be
mapped to the output.
• In the early stage, a basic 3-layer ANN (Input, hidden,
output) to predict runoff based on simulated rainfall
patterns in a synthetic catchment.
• The ANN does not model the individual physical processes.
• ANN become more important as they are able to evolve
their prediction with changing conditions. 14

15. • One of the key advantages of using ANN in IWRPM modeling is that
when developed, the model can be running in near-real-time and
continuously use available data to adapt and improve its
prediction.
• This is very important in an area where land use changes at a faster
pace than normal.
• ANN does not need an explicit mathematical equation to specify
the connection between the inputs and the outputs.
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Artificial Neural networks in IWRM

16. Decision Support System (DSS)
What are Decision Support System - DSS?
Interactive procedures, software and databases to assist in
making informed decisions.
DSS to understand the integration…
in the natural systems:
• between land and water
• between rainfall, surface water and groundwater
• between water quantity and quality
• between upstream and downstream
• between the freshwater system and the coastal waters.
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17. Functions of DSS Examples of DSS
• Geographical
Information Systems
• Hydrological
Modelling
• Climate Models
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18. Why Decision Support System?
• Misconception: A DSS takes decisions.
• Using a DSS, a project manager is able to make rational
use of resources without an in-depth knowledge of
modeling techniques
• Provides timely information
• Communicate result to a larger audience
• Open and unbiased working
• Scenario analysis

19. Applications of DSS
• Surface water planning
• Integrated operation of reservoirs
• Conjunctive surface and ground water planning
• Drought monitoring, assessment and management
• Management of surface and ground water quality

20. Model Tree In
Water Resources Planning
• Model Tree is a tree based machine learning technique which deals
with numeric continuous values and its learning algorithm is called
M5, proposed by Quinlan in 1992,
• M5 model tree is easy to use and it is robust when it comes in finding
missing data.
• Some of the basic advantages of model tree are:
i) It performs variable screening or feature selection perfectly,
ii) Needs relatively less effort for data preparation,
iii) Nonlinear relationships among variables do not affect the
performance of tree, and
iv) Tree representations are better for analytics and easy to
interpret.
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21. Watershed Management Structures
1. BROAD BEDS AND FURROWS
• The broad bed and furrow system is laid within the field
boundaries.
• The land levels taken and it is laid using either animal
drawn or tractor drawn ridges.
• Tocontrol erosion and to conserve soil moisture in the soil
during rainy days.
• Approximate cost for laying beds & furrows is Rs.1800/ha.
• Conserves soil moisture in dry land and controls soil
erosion.
• Acts as a drainage channel during heavy rainy days.

22. BROAD BEDS AND FURROWS

23. 2. CONTOUR BUND
• It helps to control run off velocity. The embankment may be closed or
open, surplus arrangements are provided wherever necessary.
• To intercept the run off flowing down the slope by an embankment.
• Approximate cost of laying contour bund is Rs.1400 / ha.
• It can be adopted on all soils
• It can be laid upto 6% slopes.
• It helps to retain moisture in the field.

24. 3. BENCH TERRACING
• It consists of construction of step like fields along contours by
half cutting and half filling.
• The vertical & horizontal intervals are decided based on level
slope.
• Approximate cost for laying the terrace is Rs.5000 / ha.
• It helps to bring sloping land into different level strips to
enable cultivation. Suitable for hilly regions.
• The benches may be inward sloping to drain off excess
water.
• The outward sloping benches will help to reduce the existing
steep slope to mild one.
• It is adopted in soils with slopes greater than 6%.

25. BENCH TERRACING

26. 4. MICROCATCHMENTS FOR
SLOPING LANDS
• It is useful for insitu moisture conservation and erosion
control for tree crops.
• Slope ranges from 2 –8%
• Soil type – Light to moderate texture
• In-situ moisture conservation with staggered planting
• Suitable for dry land Horticulture & Agro
forestry
• Bund height – 30 to 45 cm.

28. 5. CHECK DAM
• A low weir normally constructed across the gullies
• Constructed on small streams and long gullies formed by
erosive activity of flood water
• It cuts the velocity and reduces erosive activity
• The stored water improves soil moisture of the adjoining
area and allows percolation to recharge the aquifers
• Height depends on the bank height, varies from a metre to
3 metre and length varies from less than 3m to 10m
• Cost varies from Rs. 40000/- to Rs. 100000/- per unit

29. Check dam

30. 6. PERCOLATION POND
• To increase the ground water recharge
• Shallow depression created at lower portions in a natural
or diverted stream course
• Preferable under gentle sloping stream where narrow
valley exists
• Located in soils of permeable nature
• Adaptable where 20-30 ground water wells for irrigation
exist with in the zone of influence about 800 – 900m
• Minimum capacity may be around 5000 m3
• Also act as silt detention reservoir
• Cost varies from Rs. 60000 to 150000 per unit

31. PERCOLATION POND

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