Thermodynamics deals with relations between heat and other forms of energy. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another. The second law includes two statements: the Clausius statement says heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot without external work, and the Kelvin-Planck statement says it is impossible to convert all heat into work. The Carnot cycle provides the maximum efficiency for converting heat into work, while the reverse Carnot cycle describes refrigerators and heat pumps.

1. PRESENTED BY
GAURAV PATEL

2. THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics is a branch of physical
science that deals with the relations
between heat and other forms of energy
(such as mechanical, electrical, or chemical
energy), and, by extension, of the
relationships between all forms of energy.

3. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Energy can be changed from one form to
another, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
The total amount of energy and matter in the
Universe remains constant, merely changing
from one form to another. The First Law of
Thermodynamics (Conservation) states that
energy is always conserved, it cannot be
created or destroyed. In essence, energy can be
converted from one form into another

4. SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
 Second law of thermodynamics include two
statements
 1) Clausius statement
 2)Planck-Kelvin statement

5. CLAUSIUS STATEMENT
 Heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold
regions to hot regions without external work
being performed on the system.
 Ex: Refrigerator.

6. KELVIN-PLANK STATEMENT
 It is impossible to convert entire heat into
the work.
 Ex: Heat Engine.

7. CARNOT CYCLE
 It is a thermodynamic cycle that provides an
upper limit on the efficiency that any
classical thermodynamic cycle can achieve
during the conversion of thermal
energy into work.

8. REVERSE CARNOT CYCLE
 Reversing the Carnot cycle does reverse the
directions of heat and work interactions. A
refrigerator or heat pump that operates on
the reversed Carnot cycle is called a Carnot
refrigerator or a Carnot heat pump.

9. HEAT ENGINE AND HEAT PUMP
Heat engine converts some thermal energy
into work.
Ex: automobile engine.
Heat pump Use work to force heat to flow
from cold to hot.
Ex: Air conditioner.