The document is an overview of electronics, covering its fundamentals, applications, and history. It highlights the importance of electronic devices in various fields such as medical sciences, computer science, and media, while emphasizing the role of semiconductors in modern technology. Key historical figures like Charles Coulomb and Alessandro Volta are mentioned for their contributions to the field.

1. 1. Fundamentals of Electronics
FALL 2018
WEEK 1
INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. BUSHRA AIJAZ

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Outline
1. Introduction to Electronics
2. Applications
3. History
4. Basic Terminologies
5. Conclusion
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1.1 Introduction to Electronics
 Electronics, branch of physics and electrical engineering that deals with the emission,
behavior, and effects of electrons and with electrical devices.
 Electronic device is a device that accomplishes its purpose electronically.
 Mainly electronic devices are those small elements on the electrical systems which uses to
make easy current flow through the whole system.
 As a whole electronic devices are diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, vacuum tubes
etc.
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1.2 Applications of Electronics
 In Medical sciences
 In Computer sciences & IT world
 In Media industry
 In Gaming
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In Medical Sciences
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In Computer Science and IT world
The importance of electronic devices is huge in computer education and we
will discuss some of these in here:
 Semiconductor devices are made with silicon are the heart of every
personal computer
 Simple wrist watches to cell phones and others digital devices are made by
semiconductors
 Simple calculators to scientific calculators are made with semiconductor
chip
 In computer signaling we use LED systems which is also made by diodes
 Each and every digital circuit systems like CPU motherboard, Graphic
Cards, circuit boards etc. are using semiconductor chipset and microchips
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 Even in memory card to flash drive are using semiconductor
technologies for saving data
 Cloud computing is totally based on data center and Big data center
is using semiconductors systems
 Techgiants like google, facebook, twitter are making millions of data.
To save those information they are using haddrives, on the big
computer systems which are totally based on semiconductor
technologies.
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There has been created lots of semiconductors companies throughout globe.
Some of those prominent companies are:
 Intel –the largest maker of computer CPU in the world
 Texas Instruments –maker of the most popular electronic calculators and
thousand of other semiconductors
 Samsung –prominent Korean manufacturer of memory circuits and other
electronics
 Toshiba –large Japanese manufacture
Lots of techgiant like Intel, hp, Yahoo, ebay, Google, Apple started their
business from Silicon Valley
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 People working outside office through use of telecommunication devices interacting with
IT world
 Information kiosk provides information on nearby facilities in public places
 Electronic money can be used for petty cash payments as ATM and Octopus
 Internet of Things
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In Media Industry
 Media Industry uses electronics or electromechanical audience to
access the content.
 The primary electronic media sources familiar to the general public are
video recordings, audio recordings, multimedia presentations, slide
presentations, CD-ROM and online content.
 Most new media are in the form of digital media. However, electronic
media may be in either analog electronics data or digital electronic
data format.
 Any equipment used in the electronic communication process (e.g.
television, radio, telephone, desktop computer, game console,
handheld devices) are all results of electronic advancements.
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In Gaming
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1.3 History- Pioneers in Electronics
 French natural philosopher Charles Augustin Coulomb
(1736-1806) developed a method for measuring the
force of attraction and repulsion between two
electrically charged spheres.
 Coulomb established the law of inverse squares and
defined the basic unit of charge quantity, the Coulomb
Charles Coulomb
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 In 1796 Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)
developed the first chemical battery, which provided the
first practical source of electricity
 The unit of measure for current, the ampere (A) was named
for French physicist Andre Marie Ampere (1775 -1836).
 Ampere discovered that two parallel wires attract each
other when currents flow through them in the same
direction and repel each other when currents are made to
flow in opposite directions.
Alessandro Volta
Andre Ampere
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1.4 Basic Terminologies
A. Electric Charge
B. Electric Current
C. Potential & Potential Difference
D. Energy & Power
E. Types of materials
F. System International (SI) Units
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A. Electric Charge
 The total deficiency or excess of electrons in a body is known as its
charge.
 If there is excess of electrons, the body is said to be negatively-
charged. Conversely, if there is deficiency of electron , the body is said
to be positively-charged.
 The two important properties are:
 Conservative
 Quantized
 Unit of electric chage is couomb (C). 1C= 6.24exp18 electrons
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B. Electric Current
 It is the rate of flow of electric charge.
 If a charge of q coulombs flows across any point in a conductor in time
t seconds, then
 Current= charge/ time (or i=q/t)
 Its unit is ampere (A).
 Conventional current is the net rate of flow of positive charge whereas
electronic current is the net rate of flow of negative charge.
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C. Potential and Potential Difference
 The ability of a charge to do work represent its potential.
 Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit
charge through an element, measured in volts (V)
 Voltage=workdone/charge (or V= W/q)
 A constant voltage is called a DC voltage whereas a sinusoidally time-
varying voltage is called an AC voltage.
 Voltage is commonly produced by a battery; ac voltage is produced
by an electric generator.
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D. Energy and Power
 Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in Joules (J)
 It is given as w=P*t
 Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy or simply,
Power is defined as a product of Electric current and Electric potential
 P=I*V (or P=w/t)
 Its unit is watt
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E. Types of
Materials
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F. System International (SI) units
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21. Numerical –refer class lectures
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1.5 Conclusion
 Whole data base systems are now rely on semiconductors directly or
indirectly
 This modern age would be impossible without semiconductors that
means without electronic device knowledge in the computer science
education the modern era would be impossible
 Semiconductors are neither purely insulator nor conductors.
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References
 Grab’s Basic Electronics |tenth edition| Mitchel E Schultz
 https://www.britannica.com/technology/electronics
 https://www.elprocus.com/know-about-brief-history-of-electronics-and-
their-generations/
 https://www.slideshare.net/zakilivebuzz/final-41935056
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What next ??
 Basic Laws
 Current and Voltage Sources
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