Bamboo fiber can be produced through either mechanical or chemical processes. The chemical process involves breaking down bamboo cellulose with harsh chemicals like sodium hydroxide and carbon disulfide to produce viscose fiber. A more environmentally friendly method uses amine oxides in a closed loop system to produce lyocell bamboo fiber. Bamboo fiber has various properties including moisture wicking, UV protection, and antibacterial effects. It is used to make clothing, textiles, and other products like towels and mats.
Banana fiber is a natural fiber and very very very much useful in our day to day life. In coming days the BANANA FIBER is going to mark its presence for sure.
Banana fiber is a natural fiber and very very very much useful in our day to day life. In coming days the BANANA FIBER is going to mark its presence for sure.
This presentation is about evolution of Textile Industry from animan skin to most modern performance clothing. It gives overview of past, present & future innovations in Textile Industry.
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose. Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will increase the dispersal of the seeds.
Cellulose fibres manufacturing process,Introduction,
Cultivation of Cotton,Manufacturing Process,By Products of Cotton,Properties of Cellulose fibre - Cotton and Major End uses
Jacquard fabric is also called flower fabric. Warp or weft yarn is lift to exhibit a three-dimensional shape while weaving. Each floating-point connection forms a variety of design patterns. Jacquard fabric applications are very wide, such as for bedding, curtains, blankets, artwork and other textiles.
In this chapter production ,phsical and chemical properties ,physical and chemical structures as well as end use applications of cotton and other bast fibers will be studied.
This presentation is about evolution of Textile Industry from animan skin to most modern performance clothing. It gives overview of past, present & future innovations in Textile Industry.
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose. Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will increase the dispersal of the seeds.
Cellulose fibres manufacturing process,Introduction,
Cultivation of Cotton,Manufacturing Process,By Products of Cotton,Properties of Cellulose fibre - Cotton and Major End uses
Jacquard fabric is also called flower fabric. Warp or weft yarn is lift to exhibit a three-dimensional shape while weaving. Each floating-point connection forms a variety of design patterns. Jacquard fabric applications are very wide, such as for bedding, curtains, blankets, artwork and other textiles.
In this chapter production ,phsical and chemical properties ,physical and chemical structures as well as end use applications of cotton and other bast fibers will be studied.
Textile Fibers are the basic structural units of Textile fabrics. Knowing the building blocks of textile fibers(polymers) is vital inoder to explain chemical and physical properties.
In general, clothing from the ancient Greek and Roman times was based more on function rather than style. Clothing was loose and flowing, never tight fitting. Tunics covered with layers of draped cloth were common for both men and women.
A natural or manmade substance that is substantially longer than it is wide is known as fibre (from the Latin word fibra. Fibres are frequently utilised to create other materials. Fibres are frequently used in the strongest engineering materials, such as carbon fibre and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene.
Bamboo fibre is actually a bio degradable fibre...... To know more you can read
https://skeducation-blogs.blogspot.com/2023/10/bamboo-fibre.html
Bamboo fibre is produced from bamboo plant. As a fibre, bamboo is a natural cellulosic regenerated bio-degradable environment friendly textile material. It is not only a green fibre but it has also inherent property of antibacterial and UV-protective property. It is pro-duced through some process. Firstly, Starchy pulp is produced from bamboo stems and leaves through a process of alkaline hydrolysis and multi-phase bleaching. Further chemical process produces bamboo fibre finally. It is very useful due to high tensile strength, stability and durability.
Viscose is a man-made cellulosic fibre and the third most commonly used in the world. Often seen as a vegan alternative to silk due to its properties, viscose can have severe impacts on forests, workers and local communities. Learn more about what to consider while developing a collection with viscose.
Introduction of Viscose Rayon Fiber, Properties: physical , chemical and biological properties of Viscose Rayon fiber, manufacturing : steeping, mercerization, ageing, xanthation, ripening and spinning & uses of Viscose Rayon Fiber
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. INTRODUCTION
Bamboo has a long and interesting history dating back more than 5,000 years. The
ancient Chinese used this versatile grass for many projects, including arrow
making, construction, weaving, books, and paper.
Bamboo textiles are cloth, yarn, and clothing made out of bamboo fibers. While
historically used only for structural elements, such as bustles and the ribs of
corsets, in recent years a range of technologies have been developed allowing
bamboo fiber to be used in a wide range of textile and fashion applications.
Modern bamboo clothing is clothing made from either 100% bamboo yarn or a
blend of bamboo and cotton yarn. The bamboo yarn can also be blended with
other textile fibers such as hemp or even spandex.
3. BAMBOO FIBER
Bamboo is a natural lingo cellulosic fiber
obtained from bamboo culm. It is usually not
made from the fibers of the plant, but is a
synthetic viscose made from bamboo
cellulose.
Bamboo textile fiber is made from bamboo
timber which has matured in the forest for at
least 4 years.
4. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BAMBOO
FIBER
Bamboo is a natural ligno-cellulosic fiber obtained from bamboo culm. Its chemical composition is
similar to baste fiber, so its structure and properties are often compared with other baste fibers such as
flax and jute. Besides, it belongs cellulose I crystalline structure, like that of cotton and ramie. Though
bamboo fiber is alike a baste fiber, it is often misinterpreted as a baste fiber. The major chemical
constituents of bamboo are cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin accounting for over 90 % of the total
mass and the minor constituents being soluble polysaccharides, waxes, resins, tannins, proteins and
ashes. In their study found that bamboo culms consist of 60–70 % holo-cellulose
(cellulose + hemicellulose = holo-cellulose), pentose's (20–25 %), hemicelluloses and lignin (each 20–
30 %). On the whole, bamboo contains 40–50 % α-cellulose, which is comparable with the reported α-
cellulose contents of softwoods (40–52 %) and hardwoods (38–56 %). Cellulose contents in this range
make bamboo a suitable raw material for the pulp and paper industry.
Bamboo fiber contains more than 70 % cellulose. Generally, the cellulose amounts as ‘holocellulose’ to
more than 50 % of the chemical constituents. Non-cellulose substances like pectin and hemicelluloses
influence the fiber properties such as strength, flexibility, moisture and also density significantly.
Cellulose, like other plant cellulose, consists of linear chains of β-1-4-linked glucose anhydride units.
Above 90 % of hemicelluloses in bamboo comprise of xylene (4-O-acetyl-4-O-methyl-d-
glucuronoxylan, a relatively short polymer, degree of polymerization 200). Lignin is a polymer of
phenyl-propane units (p-hydroxyphenyl) (H), guaiacyl (G) and syringly (S) in a molar ratio of 10:68:22 .
5. PRIMARY PROCEDURE
In summer, when new shoots reach their full height, they are marked with a year code which makes
sure they are harvested at the right maturity. When harvested they are taken to mills where they are
crushed and submersed in a strong solution of sodium hydroxide which dissolves the bamboo
cellulose. With the addition of carbon disulfide it renders the mix ready to regenerate fibres which are
then drawn off, washed and bleached to a bright white color and dried. The resultant fluff is very long
in staple and visibly finer than other fibers. Then they are spun into yarn, like any other textile fiber. The
longer staple and higher tensile strength is what makes a tough, soft yarn – which is not as susceptible
to wearing and fraying as many other yarns. This is what gives bamboo fabrics excellent durability. The
hollowness of the fiber contributes to its very high level of absorbency. But it also takes longer to dry
on a clothesline. The hollowness of the fiber also enables it to hold dyes and pigments more readily
and permanently, thus making it much more colorfast.
The two main chemicals used in the process are sodium hydroxide and carbon disulfide.
It was only discovered that carbon disulfide was a nerve poison after many years of exposure at high
concentrations by factory workers in Italy in the 1930s and 40s. With adequate ventilation it is not a
problem these days and it breaks down when in contact with the natural elements. Neither carbon nor
sulfur are poisonous elements.
Sodium hydroxide is also known as caustic soda, and it is true that it is strongly alkaline and will react
with many substances. However, it is not toxic at all and is used extensively in cooking. Used in quite
6. EFFECT’S OF BAMBOO FIBER
Antibacterial: Bamboo contains anti-bacterial substances - Bamboo Kun, except for personal
clothing and a deodorant effect of odor.
Healthy: Antioxidants in bamboo can effectively remove free radicals, bamboo fiber contains many
essential amino acids.
UV: UV transmittance of bamboo fiber is 0.06%, UV resistance of bamboo fiber is 41.7 times of
cotton. Bamboo fiber doesn't contain free charge, anti-static, itching.
Moisture proof: In all fibers, bamboo fiber is the best fiber for absorbing wet and permeability. It
has the name of "breath of fiber".
Comfort: Cool in summer and warm in winter, also can get rid of excess heat and moisture of the
body.
Aesthetics: Bamboo fiber has natural and simple elegance of texture.
Environmentally friendly: Bamboo fiber is the real green environmental protection products
without any chemical pollution, 100% bamboo fiber biodegradable.
7. MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF BAMBOO
FIBER
The manufacturing process of bamboo fiber is where the debate gets intense and the sustainability
and green image of bamboo is tarnished. There are two main methods of producing bamboo fibers
namely mechanical and chemical.
The chemical process is of two kinds:
The viscose process used to produce rayon where the fiber is broken down with harsh chemicals
and extruded through mechanical spinnerets.
The closed solvent spinning loop which, is essentially the same process used to produce Lyocell
fibers.
There is another category of bamboo fiber known as bamboo charcoal Nano fiber, which is beyond
the scope of this subject and not discussed in details.
8. FIBER EXTRACTION THROUGH MECHANICAL
PROCESS.
FIBER EXTRACTION THROUGH CHEMICAL PROCESS
(RAYON PROCESS)
The bamboo culm is crushed into smaller fractions and soaked in a solution of 18 % NaOH at 20–25 °C for 1–
3 h to form alkali cellulose.
The bamboo alkali cellulose is pressed to remove excess NaOH solution, crushed by a grinder and left to dry
for 24 h.
In this stage, CS2 is added to the bamboo alkali cellulose to sulfurise the compound, causing it to jell.
The remaining CS2 is removed by evaporation due to decompression, resulting in sodium xanthogenate.
A diluted solution of NaOH is added to the cellulose sodium xanthogenate, which dissolve it into a viscose
solution consisting of about 5 % NaOH and 7–15 % bamboo fiber cellulose.
The viscose solution is forced through spinneret nozzles into a larger container of diluted sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
solution which, hardens the viscose and reconverts it to cellulose bamboo fiber which are spun into yarns (to
be woven or knitted).
Simplified bamboo viscose manufacturing steps. a Raw bamboo. b Bamboo processed into thick pulp. c
Bamboo processed further into fine pulp sheet. d Bamboo rayon fiber. e Spun into yarn.
9. FIBER EXTRACTION BY CLOSED
SOLVENT SPINNING LOOP PROCESS
Lyocell process uses N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMNO) to dissolve the bamboo cellulose into
viscose solution. NMNO are weak alkalines that act as surfactant and help break down the cellulose
structure.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is added as a stabilizer and the solution is forced through spinnerets into
a hardening bath (usually a solution of H2O2 and a alcohol like methanol or ethanol), which causes
the thin streams of viscose solution to harden into bamboo cellulose fibers.
The regenerated bamboo fibers are spun into yarns.
While much more expensive, the lyocell process substantially reduces the environmental threats
associated with the viscose process and thus, comparatively eco-friendly because the amine oxides are
reported to be non-toxic to humans beings. The process being closed-loop, 99.5 % of the chemicals
used during the processing are captured and recycled and virtually no waste is created and only trace
amounts escape into the atmosphere. It is considered to be one of the leading methods of producing
environmentally friendly regenerated fibers for textiles. Regenerated bamboo fiber made by lyocell
process would be labeled as lyocell.
It should be noted that some manufacturing company such as Tanboocel bamboo fiber from
Bambrotex claim they produce bamboo fiber with their proprietary closed loop system using the
conventional chemicals (NaOH and CS2) for producing rayon.
10. BAMBOO CHARCOAL FIBER
The joints of bamboo are cut out and then split up
into pieces of slivers of an inch in width.
The shredded bamboo is pickled in a solution of
clear lime-water, nitrate of soda and oxalic acid.
The pickled bamboo is removed after 12–24 h in
order to be boiled in a solution of soda ash.
The material is crushed and then combed, carded,
or heckled. It is then spun into cordage, yarn or
other forms of manufacturing.
11. LITRAX (NATURAL) BAMBOO
FIBER
Mechanical extraction of natural
bamboo fiber, a Bamboo culms. b
Mechanical splitting of bamboo
culms. c Rasping of woody parts. d
Enzyme bath. e Gray and bleached
natural bamboo fibers. f Woven
bamboo fabric.
In order to turn bamboo into a fiber, first the culm must
be crushed mechanically. The crushed bamboo strands
are then treated with designed enzymes to separate the
fibrous material from the glue-like lignin within the plant.
This includes a series of precisely timed alternate steam-
washing and enzyme treatment cycles, which also act on
the vertical and horizontally aligned lignin of the
resulting fiber bundles. The final step is to bleach the
fibers with hydrogen peroxide. The resulting natural
staple length varies between 70 and 150 mm, but can be
cut to shorter lengths for processing, i.e. 50 or 38 mm
staple. Litrax provides the LITRAX-1 (L1) natural bamboo
fibers with a special DNA coding to protect its vertical
supply chain and customers. The DNA coding will
guarantee that customers are buying the original,
authentic bamboo fiber from Litrax. The fiber is strong
and durable. Litrax also team up with Lenzing Gruppe, a
12. TECHNICAL DATA OF LITRAX L1 BAMBOO
FIBER
L1 fiber characteristics Dimensions
Fineness 5.7D
Fiber dimensions 38 mm from (natural 70–150 mm staple)
Fiber cross section Kidney shape
Production process Enzyme retting
13. END USES OF BAMBOO
FIBER
Bamboo fabrics are made from pure bamboo fiber yarns which have excellent wet permeability,
moisture vapor transmission property, soft hand, better drape, easy dying, splendid colors. It is
newly founded, great prospective green fabric.
Bamboo intimate apparels include sweaters, bath-suits, mats, blankets, towels have comfortable
hand, special luster & bright color, good water absorbance. Bamboo fiber has an unique function
of anti bacteria, which is suitable to make underwear, tight t-shirt & socks. Its ultraviolet nature is
suitable to make summer clothing, specially for the protection of pregnant ladies & young children
from damage of ultraviolet radiation. Besides hygiene materials such as, sanitary napkin, masks,
mattress, food packing bags are made due its anti-bacterial nature.
14. Finally, it is clear to us that, the bamboo fiber added a new side in textile
world.
15. “
”
END
Thank you all to seeing this.
GoodBye
Prsented by
Md. Ruman hosen
Nasir Uddin Meaji
Nishat Hasanur Rahman