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Demystifying the Role of Agroforestry
   in Biodiversity Conservation




Mohamed I Bakarr


ICRAF’s Scientific Renewal Seminar Series
Agroforestry….
 Creates livelihood options
for poor farmers and their
families in conservation
landscapes
 ‘Agroforest’ forms of tree
crop production form a matrix
that matters for conservation
of biodiversity
 Principles can be applied in
landscape approaches to
biodiversity conservation

       …..needs to be mainstreamed.
Why mainstream
agroforestry in biodiversity
      conservation?
Global Biodiversity Conservation
• The message is clear and consistent --
  – Maintaining representative networks of natural
    habitats – Protected Areas
  – Eliminate threats to species
  – Sustainable use of natural resources
  – Access and benefit sharing
• But, the extent to which we are integrating
  these efforts in broader landscapes
  remains questionable
Agroforestry and Biodiversity
       Conservation
• Agroforestry contributes to
  biodiversity conservation through
  three major pathways:
  1. Reducing pressure on natural forests,
  2. Providing habitat for native plant and animal
     species, and
  3. Serving as a benign matrix land use for
     fragmented landscapes
                                Schroth et al. 2004
Fragmentation is deleterious
Loss of habitat results in:
   – wildlife population
     declines
   – local “extinctions” --
     particularly large
     mammals
   – Increased in
     marginalized habitats


 Miss Waldron’s Red Colobus, a
 West African endemic believed to
 be extinct across its range.
Fragmentation causes forest edges to recede

• Edge effects can be
  pronounced by
  “harshness” of the
  matrix == >
   – incidence of fires --
     changes in biotic and
     abiotic features
   – exotic and invasive
     species
• Receding edges lead
  to increased
  impoverishment of
  the habitat interior
                               Gascon et al. 2000
The Future of Biodiversity is in
         Landscape-scale approaches
• Livelihood options for local people – top priority in
  forest management and conservation
• Effective linkages between protected areas and
  other land use practices – “beyond boundaries”
• Innovations in land use practices to create
  alternative sources of income
• Opportunities to recognize and reward land use
  innovations (e.g. payments for environmental
  services)
• Participatory processes for integrated natural
  resource management
Landscape-scale Conservation
• Integrating the
  management of:
   –   Protected Areas
   –   Watersheds
   –   Degraded forests
   –   Farms and Plantations
• To accommodate:
   – Species and habitat
     conservation needs
   – Ecological processes
   – Effects of biophysical
     changes such as climate
   – Traditional or
     subsistence livelihood
     practices
The science and practice of agroforestry
     embodies several conservation
     principles that are amenable to
         landscape approaches
Principle 1:

 Maintaining genetic diversity of
exploited species through in situ
   and ex situ conservation
Domestication of high value
indigenous trees




             1. Product
                development
             2. Business
                development
             3. Marketing
Principle 2:
Protecting biodiversity and
  enhancing ecological
        processes
Agroforestry for Biodiversity: ‘Shade’ coffee




‘Shade coffee’ supports diversity of avifauna in
the landscape.
AF in the Humid Tropics & C Stocks
                                400
                                      Primary Forest
            Vegetation Carbon

                                300
                                       Managed forest
                                200
(Mg ha-1)




                                                     Tree-based systems
                                100
                                                                  Crops, Pastures,
                                                                  Grasslands
                                 0
            Soil Carbon




                                100


                                            From ASB Climate Change Working Group,Palm et al.
Principle 3:

Management and conservation of
   belowground biodiversity
Tephrosia candida fallow: Nutrient
Cycling by: Leaf Litter; BNF; Deep
capture
Principle 4:

Improvement and sustainable
management of landscapes for
 livelihoods and biodiversity
Improved fallows


          Clearing

                                        Miombo woodlands



 Grass fallow
continuous cropping
                         Poor yields

                      NPK Fertilizer


 Improved fallow                       Improved yields
LIVE FENCES


Fencing is a major
cause of deforestation
in drier areas.


                           Live fences are
                           alternatives to
                           dead fences—limit
                           tree clearance—
                           and are sources of
            Jatropha       income .
Harvey et al. 2005
Rotational Woodlots
Acacia species yield approx 100t/ha after 5 years
Principle 5:

Addressing livelihood needs in the
 margins of conservation areas
Effective management of protected buffer zones to
                reduce encroachment
          e.g. ICRAF’s work in Philippines
How can Agroforestry be
mainstreamed in Biodiversity
       Conservation?
Option 1
• Linking agroforestry
  science to landscape
  conservation planning
   – targeting agroforestry
     innovations for habitat
     connectivity
   – landscape reclamation or
     restoration
   – improving land productivity
     and habitat quality for wild
     species

Strategic alliances with mainstream conservation NGOs
Option 2
• Use of INRM approaches for defining
  livelihood priorities and tree-based
  options in conservation landscapes
  – Tradeoff analysis in the forest margins (e.g.
    ASB Matrix)
  – Negotiation support systems for conflict
    management
  – Collective action for improved natural
    resource management (e.g. Landcare)
Option 3
• Engaging conservation
  biologists in the science
  and practice of
  agroforestry
  – defining biodiversity targets
  – analyzing metapopulation
    dynamics
  – mitigating impacts of climate
    change
  – types of trees, spatial
    configurations of trees,
    densities of trees
Option 4
• Expanding the range
  of agroforestry options
  offered to farmers to
  enhance conservation
  values
   – enhance the use of
     multiple species of
     trees, especially
     indigenous species,to
     diversify production
     landscapes
Option 5
• Harnessing and
  maintaining complex
  agroforestry systems for
  biodiversity conservation
  – rewards and incentive
    mechanisms for poor
    farmers engaged in
    conservation-friendly
    practices (e.g. shade
    coffee, rubber
    agroforests)
Option 6
• Promoting more
  systematic studies of
  species interactions
  and ecological
  processes in
  agroforestry systems
  – understanding the risks of
    invasiveness for alien
    tree species
  – habitat use by wild
    species, including
    corridors
  – watershed management
Option 7
• Integrating agroforestry into Conservation
  Biology Curricula, with topics such as:
  – Domestication of high value tree species
  – Managing trees for improved landscapes
  – Managing trees to mitigate the effects of biophysical
    changes
  – Integrating trees in landscapes to enhance
    environmental services
  – Assessing and rewarding environmental stewardship in
    agroecosystems
  – Value-adding for tree-based practices to create options
    for improved livelihoods in conservation areas
Option 8
• Linking agroforestry science to global and
  regional environmental policy process
  – Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
    endorsement – major achievement!
  – CBD Programmes of Work on agricultural
    biodiversity; Global Strategy for Plant
    Conservation
  – UNCCD – reversing land degradation in the
    drylands
  – UNFCCC – climate change adaptation and
    mitigation; clean development mechanism
  – NEPAD Environment Initiative
Implications for ICRAF’s
  ‘Emerging Science’
Emerging Science? (1)
• Are we putting agroforests or agroforestry
  systems into landscape contexts?
  – Value-adding options for linking “farms” at
    landscape scale
  – Restoration or recovery of degraded lands
  – Optimizing land use practices for native
    biodiversity (plants, animals)
  – Optimizing land use practices to mitigate
    alien invasives
  – Climate change adapation
Emerging Science? (2)
• How does agroforests or agroforestry
  systems influence landscape scale
  patterns/processes and vice versa?
  – Hydrological processes - watersheds
  – Agroforestry “stepping stones” as biological
    corridors
  – Erosion control on slopes
  – Climate change mitigation - Carbon
    sequestration
    Mainly SE Asia, some work in Western Kenya
Strategic Alliances
• ICRAF-CIFOR Biodiversity Platform
  – Understanding tropical landscape mosaics to improve
    livelihoods and conserve biodiversity

• ICRAF-CI Hotspots Alliance
  – Science for climate change adaptation, habitat
    recovery and sustainable livelihoods in tropical
    hotspots and high biodiversity wilderness areas

• ICRAF-WWF Carbon Alliance
  – Delivering cost-effective greenhouse gas emission
    reductions, while promoting biodiversity conservation,
    sustainable land use and improvements in rural
    livelihoods

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Demystifying the Role of Agroforestry in Biodiversity Conservation Mohamed I Bakarr

  • 1. Demystifying the Role of Agroforestry in Biodiversity Conservation Mohamed I Bakarr ICRAF’s Scientific Renewal Seminar Series
  • 2. Agroforestry….  Creates livelihood options for poor farmers and their families in conservation landscapes  ‘Agroforest’ forms of tree crop production form a matrix that matters for conservation of biodiversity  Principles can be applied in landscape approaches to biodiversity conservation …..needs to be mainstreamed.
  • 3. Why mainstream agroforestry in biodiversity conservation?
  • 4. Global Biodiversity Conservation • The message is clear and consistent -- – Maintaining representative networks of natural habitats – Protected Areas – Eliminate threats to species – Sustainable use of natural resources – Access and benefit sharing • But, the extent to which we are integrating these efforts in broader landscapes remains questionable
  • 5. Agroforestry and Biodiversity Conservation • Agroforestry contributes to biodiversity conservation through three major pathways: 1. Reducing pressure on natural forests, 2. Providing habitat for native plant and animal species, and 3. Serving as a benign matrix land use for fragmented landscapes Schroth et al. 2004
  • 6. Fragmentation is deleterious Loss of habitat results in: – wildlife population declines – local “extinctions” -- particularly large mammals – Increased in marginalized habitats Miss Waldron’s Red Colobus, a West African endemic believed to be extinct across its range.
  • 7. Fragmentation causes forest edges to recede • Edge effects can be pronounced by “harshness” of the matrix == > – incidence of fires -- changes in biotic and abiotic features – exotic and invasive species • Receding edges lead to increased impoverishment of the habitat interior Gascon et al. 2000
  • 8.
  • 9. The Future of Biodiversity is in Landscape-scale approaches • Livelihood options for local people – top priority in forest management and conservation • Effective linkages between protected areas and other land use practices – “beyond boundaries” • Innovations in land use practices to create alternative sources of income • Opportunities to recognize and reward land use innovations (e.g. payments for environmental services) • Participatory processes for integrated natural resource management
  • 10. Landscape-scale Conservation • Integrating the management of: – Protected Areas – Watersheds – Degraded forests – Farms and Plantations • To accommodate: – Species and habitat conservation needs – Ecological processes – Effects of biophysical changes such as climate – Traditional or subsistence livelihood practices
  • 11. The science and practice of agroforestry embodies several conservation principles that are amenable to landscape approaches
  • 12. Principle 1: Maintaining genetic diversity of exploited species through in situ and ex situ conservation
  • 13. Domestication of high value indigenous trees 1. Product development 2. Business development 3. Marketing
  • 14. Principle 2: Protecting biodiversity and enhancing ecological processes
  • 15. Agroforestry for Biodiversity: ‘Shade’ coffee ‘Shade coffee’ supports diversity of avifauna in the landscape.
  • 16. AF in the Humid Tropics & C Stocks 400 Primary Forest Vegetation Carbon 300 Managed forest 200 (Mg ha-1) Tree-based systems 100 Crops, Pastures, Grasslands 0 Soil Carbon 100 From ASB Climate Change Working Group,Palm et al.
  • 17. Principle 3: Management and conservation of belowground biodiversity
  • 18. Tephrosia candida fallow: Nutrient Cycling by: Leaf Litter; BNF; Deep capture
  • 19.
  • 20. Principle 4: Improvement and sustainable management of landscapes for livelihoods and biodiversity
  • 21. Improved fallows Clearing Miombo woodlands Grass fallow continuous cropping Poor yields NPK Fertilizer Improved fallow Improved yields
  • 22. LIVE FENCES Fencing is a major cause of deforestation in drier areas. Live fences are alternatives to dead fences—limit tree clearance— and are sources of Jatropha income .
  • 24. Rotational Woodlots Acacia species yield approx 100t/ha after 5 years
  • 25. Principle 5: Addressing livelihood needs in the margins of conservation areas
  • 26. Effective management of protected buffer zones to reduce encroachment e.g. ICRAF’s work in Philippines
  • 27. How can Agroforestry be mainstreamed in Biodiversity Conservation?
  • 28. Option 1 • Linking agroforestry science to landscape conservation planning – targeting agroforestry innovations for habitat connectivity – landscape reclamation or restoration – improving land productivity and habitat quality for wild species Strategic alliances with mainstream conservation NGOs
  • 29. Option 2 • Use of INRM approaches for defining livelihood priorities and tree-based options in conservation landscapes – Tradeoff analysis in the forest margins (e.g. ASB Matrix) – Negotiation support systems for conflict management – Collective action for improved natural resource management (e.g. Landcare)
  • 30. Option 3 • Engaging conservation biologists in the science and practice of agroforestry – defining biodiversity targets – analyzing metapopulation dynamics – mitigating impacts of climate change – types of trees, spatial configurations of trees, densities of trees
  • 31. Option 4 • Expanding the range of agroforestry options offered to farmers to enhance conservation values – enhance the use of multiple species of trees, especially indigenous species,to diversify production landscapes
  • 32. Option 5 • Harnessing and maintaining complex agroforestry systems for biodiversity conservation – rewards and incentive mechanisms for poor farmers engaged in conservation-friendly practices (e.g. shade coffee, rubber agroforests)
  • 33. Option 6 • Promoting more systematic studies of species interactions and ecological processes in agroforestry systems – understanding the risks of invasiveness for alien tree species – habitat use by wild species, including corridors – watershed management
  • 34. Option 7 • Integrating agroforestry into Conservation Biology Curricula, with topics such as: – Domestication of high value tree species – Managing trees for improved landscapes – Managing trees to mitigate the effects of biophysical changes – Integrating trees in landscapes to enhance environmental services – Assessing and rewarding environmental stewardship in agroecosystems – Value-adding for tree-based practices to create options for improved livelihoods in conservation areas
  • 35. Option 8 • Linking agroforestry science to global and regional environmental policy process – Millennium Ecosystem Assessment endorsement – major achievement! – CBD Programmes of Work on agricultural biodiversity; Global Strategy for Plant Conservation – UNCCD – reversing land degradation in the drylands – UNFCCC – climate change adaptation and mitigation; clean development mechanism – NEPAD Environment Initiative
  • 36. Implications for ICRAF’s ‘Emerging Science’
  • 37. Emerging Science? (1) • Are we putting agroforests or agroforestry systems into landscape contexts? – Value-adding options for linking “farms” at landscape scale – Restoration or recovery of degraded lands – Optimizing land use practices for native biodiversity (plants, animals) – Optimizing land use practices to mitigate alien invasives – Climate change adapation
  • 38. Emerging Science? (2) • How does agroforests or agroforestry systems influence landscape scale patterns/processes and vice versa? – Hydrological processes - watersheds – Agroforestry “stepping stones” as biological corridors – Erosion control on slopes – Climate change mitigation - Carbon sequestration Mainly SE Asia, some work in Western Kenya
  • 39.
  • 40. Strategic Alliances • ICRAF-CIFOR Biodiversity Platform – Understanding tropical landscape mosaics to improve livelihoods and conserve biodiversity • ICRAF-CI Hotspots Alliance – Science for climate change adaptation, habitat recovery and sustainable livelihoods in tropical hotspots and high biodiversity wilderness areas • ICRAF-WWF Carbon Alliance – Delivering cost-effective greenhouse gas emission reductions, while promoting biodiversity conservation, sustainable land use and improvements in rural livelihoods