Forest dynamics helps to understand several succession methods and to know about stand structure and development with forest based models like FORMIND, FORMIX, GRASMIND etc.,
This presentation provides an overview of a field-based practical exercise that allows students in forestry, ecology and natural resources to develop their understanding of forest stand dynamics. The exercise involves measurement of key tree growth parameters in four even-aged, single-species plantation stands of different age but occupying sites with similar soil and environmental characteristics. The selected stands represent key stages in stand development, from establishment to rotation age for fibre production. In the field, students work in small teams to gather data from an equal number of plots within each stand. Tree parameters include top height, crown diameter, live crown ratio and diameter at breast height. In addition, information on stand density and understorey vegetation is collected. Plot size and number can be varied to suit the constraints of class size and available time, though circular plots of 100 m2 are recommended. In the classroom, data are pooled and analysis focuses on presenting tree and vegetation changes through time. The simplest way of interpreting the data is to prepare graphs and charts for each of the parameters, though more advanced statistical interpretations are possible. The project as outlined here can be modified to meet the needs of different groups, and has been successfully used in undergraduate teaching of silviculture and forest ecology, as well as in postgraduate courses in natural resources management.
Download Paper at URL: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/254307252_The_development_of_even-aged_plantation_forests_an_exercise_in_forest_stand_dynamics
This presentation provides an overview of a field-based practical exercise that allows students in forestry, ecology and natural resources to develop their understanding of forest stand dynamics. The exercise involves measurement of key tree growth parameters in four even-aged, single-species plantation stands of different age but occupying sites with similar soil and environmental characteristics. The selected stands represent key stages in stand development, from establishment to rotation age for fibre production. In the field, students work in small teams to gather data from an equal number of plots within each stand. Tree parameters include top height, crown diameter, live crown ratio and diameter at breast height. In addition, information on stand density and understorey vegetation is collected. Plot size and number can be varied to suit the constraints of class size and available time, though circular plots of 100 m2 are recommended. In the classroom, data are pooled and analysis focuses on presenting tree and vegetation changes through time. The simplest way of interpreting the data is to prepare graphs and charts for each of the parameters, though more advanced statistical interpretations are possible. The project as outlined here can be modified to meet the needs of different groups, and has been successfully used in undergraduate teaching of silviculture and forest ecology, as well as in postgraduate courses in natural resources management.
Download Paper at URL: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/254307252_The_development_of_even-aged_plantation_forests_an_exercise_in_forest_stand_dynamics
This presentation is prepared for continuous evaluation for the subject Theories of Agricultural Resource Management -Bsc in Export Agriculture -Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka
Importance of non wood forest based industry in indianParvati Tamrakar
non- wood forest products, economic importance, socioeconomic benefits, tribal community, production and trade of nwfp- national and international, recent economic patterns of nwfp, india's noteworthy produce
This presentation is prepared for continuous evaluation for the subject Theories of Agricultural Resource Management -Bsc in Export Agriculture -Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka
Importance of non wood forest based industry in indianParvati Tamrakar
non- wood forest products, economic importance, socioeconomic benefits, tribal community, production and trade of nwfp- national and international, recent economic patterns of nwfp, india's noteworthy produce
Ecological Forestry in Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Forests of the Pac...Lily Tidwell
Ecological forestry is an emerging concept in the field of forest management based on silvicultural techniques that emulate natural disturbance regimes, thus preserving a relatively natural functioning forest ecosystem. This paper discusses the application of these concepts in Douglas-Fir forests of the Pacific Northwestern United States.
A framework for assessing and projecting climate change effects on forest com...Jennifer Costanza
Presented at US-IALE annual meeting in Baltimore, MD. We are using hierarchical classification to produce an empirical set of forest tree assemblages for use in projection, assessment, and monitoring of global change effects on forest communities.
Effect of planting density on leucaena leucocephala forage and Woody stems p...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Lack of year round supply of forage for animal feed is common in most parts of dry lands. leucaenaleucocephala is one of most widely used dry season tree legume forage. In this study, the effect of planting density on forage and woody stems production was investigated. Three different planting spacing corresponding to (40X40 cm, 60X60 cm and 80X80 cm) were applied to tests its effects on tree growth and yield. Tree height and diameter were measured before every cutting harvest. In addition to that fresh and dry matter production of both stems and forage (tons/ha), stems, and leaves dry weight ratios over time were determined. The study revealed that different planting densities were resulted in very high significant effects on forage and stem production. Tree height was affected by planning density in most of the harvests, while diameter showed significant difference among the treatments in only one harvest. Planting trees at 40 cm distance produced higher forage yield with smaller woody stems sizes, whereas 60 and 80 cm spacing resulted in lesser forage yield, but with bigger stems size. This indicates that planting trees at closer spacing produce higher wood and forage yield, but the wood with smaller sizes. There is also, observed seasonal variation in production in which hot weather lowered yield. The stems and leaves dry matter ratio revealed that leaves production is slightly higher than stem production and were not affected by planting density. The results conclude that planting leucaena in closer spacing in arid lands will supply a considerable amount of forage as supplementary feed in addition to wood that can be used for different purposes.
Continuous cover forest management system is gaining popularity to clear-felling and the rotation management system associated. Very few researches have been done to assess this management system. A harvest event was analysed in a Reinhausen forest compartment of 2ha, belonging to the state forest of Göttingen; Göttingen is situated in the state of Lower Saxony in Germany. The harvest has modified the stem number per hectare mostly in bigger class of diameter. The diameter class the most affected was between 14 and 23 cm. The harvest affected 11% of the stem in the stand and was constituted only by Fagussilvatica (7.5%) and Fraxinus excelsior (3.5%) which are the main species of this forest. The thinning removed 15% of the basal area and 16% of the volume of the forest stand. The type of thinning was thinning from above (high thinning). Apart from Fagussilvatica that the average height of trees reduces of 45cm after harvest, there was no difference on average height after harvest for other species. The harvest event has induced changes on the spatial distribution of the forest stand. The impact of this modification on environment has not been analyzed by this study.
Competition and individual sizeThis lab will observe the effects.docxdonnajames55
Competition and individual size
This lab will observe the effects of competition on pine trees. All of the pine trees in each of the study areas were planted at the same time, and therefore are the same age. They are also known as "improved" trees. This means that they have been genetically selected from a few parent trees over two or more generations. Thus, these trees are similar in their genetic make-up.
There are three main factors that determine the rate of growth in trees: water, nutrients, and sunlight. All of the trees are on the same deep sandy soil. It is droughty and nutrient poor. Pines can grow under both of these conditions, so we will assume that competition for sunlight is the main factor responsible for the differences in the size of the trees. However, note that it is likely that competition for all three resources contributes to the size difference in the trees to some extent.
Experiment 1. Measure the circumference of 50 sand pine (Pinus clausa) trees along the road or other open area. Measure the circumference of 50 pine trees in the middle of the stand. Take the measurement at breast height (4½ feet or 1.4 m from the soil surface). Plot your results using histograms. Test the difference between your means with a t-test – see handout 5b. Discuss your results. What type of competition is this?
Experiment 2. Measure 100 longleaf pine (Pinuspalustris) trees at random. Fifty will be from the area of high competition from hardwoods and 50 from the area where hardwood competition has been reduced by the use of fire. Determine the height (m) using a Merritt Hypsometer and the circumference at breast height (cm) with a tape. To use the Merritt Hypsometer, stand 66 feet from the tree that you wish to measure, plumb the hypsometer stick 25” from your eye. Line up the stick with the base of the tree (rather than stump height in this case), read the height on the scale, then multiply by 16 to get the height in feet. Report your data in SI (metric units - meters) see link below for metric converter. Note if the tree is in the open (O), or if hardwood trees shade it (S). Graph this information in the form of a scatter graph (see Fig. 1 below for example). Place height on the vertical axis and circumference on the horizontal axis, using different symbols or colors to represent the different populations (hardwood open, hardwood shaded, burnt area open, burnt area shaded). In addition, use histograms to graph the plants by height alone, and by circumference alone, again using different shading or colors to represent the different populations (hardwood open, hardwood shaded, burnt area open, burnt area shaded). Discuss your results. Also use F and t-tests to see if the differences are statistically significant. Does competition effect growth height or circumference the most, or is it equal? What type of competition is this?
Figure 1. Example of a scatter graph.
Write up: Supplement your write up with i.
A critical step in sustainable forest management is to ensure the establishment and regeneration of seedlings and sapling of exploitable tree species following logging. Since selective logging is one of the main silvicultural practices in Cameroon, a detailed understanding of regeneration following selective logging is vital. This study evaluated the natural regeneration of some commercial timber species in logged and unlogged forest types in two forest management units (FMU) in the East Region of Cameroon (FMU 10052 and 10025). Two transects of 5000 x 50m each were established in logged and unlogged forest types. Eleven commercial tree species were assessed for fruit fall, the number of seedlings established and the height increment of the established seedlings. Three of these commercial tree species fruited in both forest types. Fruit fall was significantly higher (p≤0.001)in the logged forest (492 fruits/ha)than in the unlogged forest (52 fruits/ha). Comparing species that fruited in both forest types Klainedoxa gabonensis recorded the highest number of fruit fall(84 fruits/ha) and least (0.24 fruits/ha) in the logged and unlogged forest types respectively. Seedling establishment was significantly higher (p≤0.001) in the unlogged forest (404 seedlings/ha) than in the logged forest (72 seedlings /ha). Seedling performance was better in the unlogged forest compared to the logged forest (low mortality rate). Due to the low seedling establishment and performance of these species in the logged forest, seed trees should be marked and protected prior and after logging as prescribed in the sustainable forest management.
Natural regeneration of some commercial timber tree species following selecti...Innspub Net
A critical step in sustainable forest management is to ensure the establishment and regeneration of seedlings and sapling of exploitable tree species following logging. Since selective logging is one of the main silvicultural practices in Cameroon, a detailed understanding of regeneration following selective logging is vital. This study evaluated the natural regeneration of some commercial timber species in logged and unlogged forest types in two forest management units (FMU) in the East Region of Cameroon (FMU 10052 and 10025). Two transects of 5000 x 50m each were established in logged and unlogged forest types. Eleven commercial tree species were assessed for fruit fall, the number of seedlings established and the height increment of the established seedlings. Three of these commercial tree species fruited in both forest types. Fruit fall was significantly higher (p≤0.001)in the logged forest (492 fruits/ha)than in the unlogged forest (52 fruits/ha). Comparing species that fruited in both forest types Klainedoxa gabonensis recorded the highest number of fruit fall(84 fruits/ha) and least (0.24 fruits/ha) in the logged and unlogged forest types respectively. Seedling establishment was significantly higher (p≤0.001) in the unlogged forest (404 seedlings/ha) than in the logged forest (72 seedlings /ha). Seedling performance was better in the unlogged forest compared to the logged forest (low mortality rate). Due to the low seedling establishment and performance of these species in the logged forest, seed trees should be marked and protected prior and after logging as prescribed in the sustainable forest management.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...
Forest dynamics
1.
2. Introduction
• Forest dynamics : Forest models and tree models (Shugart and west 1980)
• The study of change in forest stand structure with time, including stand behaviour
during and after disturbance (human-caused or natural) - every management
action (Willson, 2014)
• Studied through Compositional change - relay floristics (the classical successional
model) (Johnstone et al. 2010)
• Stand dynamics is the study of changes in forest stand structure over time,
including stand behavior during and after disturbances (Smith et al. 1997)
3. What are the Foundations - Forest Stand
Dynamics? / need
Observation
Ecology, physiology, morphology, anatomy, environmental
factors
Facilitates study of Interactions –i.e., tree-tree, species-
species, tree-site.
Enables understanding of Stand Growth and Succession
4. Why is Forest Stand Dynamics important
for foresters?
• Aids understanding of forest development and responses to natural disturbance
• Basis for understanding the interactions and responses to planned interventions
– Predicting productivity and future yield
– Predicting future structure and composition
– Controlling silvicultural costs
– Habitat and conservation values
– Enhancing landscape-scale values
• Forests are complex systems and need to be managed to be both resilient (to minimise
effects of climate change, pests and diseases) and sustainable (social, economic, ecological
and environmental factors)
• Principles of forest stand dynamics apply to all forest types and forest biomes
5.
6. Succession - "Relay floristics" - Balsam fir
is replacing trembling aspen
• Composition of forest does
not changes so completely
or in a singular direction
• Mode of replacement is
strongly dependent on the
composition of the stand
and site type
Change through "gap replacement"
7. Canopy gap replacement
• If a stand is a mixture of mid- tolerant
(e.g., red oak white ash) and tolerant
(e.g., sugar maple) species, and
occurs on a rich mesic site, any
canopy gaps that occur through
death of single trees are likely to be
"captured" by tolerant species.
• This is because tolerant species are
likely to be better represented in the
reproduction layer and their growth
rates are optimal on such sites.
• If a similar stand develops on a drier,
less fertile site, the mid-tolerant
species have a greater chance to fill
gaps because on these sites their
growth rates exceed those of the
more moisture and nutrient
demanding tolerant species
Canopy gap replacement as a function of chance occurrence of seedlings in the gap area
and differential growth rate of species on a dry-mesic site.
SM=sugar maple
WA=white ash
RO=red oak
11. Forest dynamics models- schematic diagram illustrates
assumptions that are associated with model classification
(Shugart,1984)
Mode of classification Phenomena
schematic
Category
Agestructure
Diversity
space
Regeneration
Growth
Geometric
competition
Resource
competition
Mortality
Tree Mixed Mono Spatial ** *
Tree Mixed Mono Nonspatial **
Tree Mixed Mono Nonspatial * **
Tree Mixed Mono Spatial ** *
Tree Mixed Mono Nonspatial ** * * **
Tree Mixed Mono Spatial * ** ** * **
Tree Mixed Mono Nonspatial ** ** **
Gap Mixed Mono Nonspatial ** **
Gap Mixed Mono Spatial ** ** * * *
** strong emphasis, * some emphasis and a blank no or little emphasis
12. Mixed aged, Mixed-species non spatial tree model - Principal
subroutines in the FOREST model
• MAIN
• INPUT
• STANGN
• HOWFAR
• COMPE
• YIELD
• STAT
• CUT
• OUTPUT
• REPRO
• PSEED
• SEEDYR
• DSTRIB
• GRAMIN8
• GROW
13. MAIN Determines height, diameter, and crown development of over story trees
INPUT Accepts parameter values for each species primarily for over story development
STANGN Accepts real tree input data or generates spatial patterns and tree characteristics for each species
HOWFAR
Determines the distance between points on main plot and buffer zone that are needed for evaluation of competition and seed and
sprout distribution
COMPE Evaluates the tree competition
YIELD Calculates the timber product yields based on individual tree dimensions, specific gravity and bark characteristics
STAT Computes parameters of distribution of tree and stand characteristics for summary output
CUT
Orders tres by size or increment for pruning or harvest treatments and implements these treatments on individual trees by species.
Harvest includes row thinning, selection according to specified criteria, spacing rules, cuts to basal area levels and combinations above.
The timing and degree of cutting may be set by the user or allowed to vary as dictated by stand development
OUTPUT Prepare table, stem map, and graphic output that describe stand development
REPRO
Accepts input of initial reproduction status, reproduction parameters for each species, and specifications for degree and timing of any
changes in reproduction parameters to be implemented during the run
PSEED Determines seed and sprout production for each over story tree as a function of species, size and threshold stage
SEEDYR Generates seed year multiplier for each species (i.e., frequency of good, moderate and poor seed years)
DSTRIB Distributes seeds and sprouts (root suckers and basal sprouts) from each overstory tree to subplots within main plot
GRMIN8 Calculates seed germination as a function of microsite and over story cover conditions
GROW
Controls growth and mortality of reproduction until surviving individual reproduction stems reach overstory status - then MAIN
assumes control of stem development
Contd.,
14. Gap model - 450 years change on a single simulated plot
(BRIND model) for alpine ash zone of the Brindabela mountains
(Shugart 1984)
The species are drawn to scale by height, and the width
of plot in 32 m
15. Die back regeneration cycle shown in simplified form
for Metrosiderous polymorpha on hawaiian islands
(Shugart, 1984)
Severely declining stand of ohia
Stand of mature healthy ohia
16. Forest Gap models - importance
1. Forests are represented as a collection of small patches. The
forest successional stage and age vary across patches.
2. Patches are independent of their neighborhoods and do not
interact with other patches. Thus, dynamic processes such as tree
recruitment, growth and mortality are calculated separately for
each patch.
3. All patches are homogeneous in size and resource level (i.e., light
reaching the upper canopy). The size of one patch is usually
chosen according to the extent of the largest possible tree crown
(e.g., 20 m x 20 m). Intra- or interspecific interactions are
simulated for all trees in a patch rather than tree-by-tree, as tree
positions are not included.
4. Leaves are modeled as thin disks on top of each tree. Trees
standing within one patch compete for light due to asymmetric
shading
17. Forest based models – Forest dynamics
(Fischer et al., 2016)
FORMIX
FORMIND
GRASSMIND
18. FORMIX
• Applied to tropical forests in South-East Asia. FORMIX
accounts for biomass and tree numbers in five distinct
canopy layers (each layer has some representative trees
similar to size class models). (Huth et al., 2001)
19. FORMIND
• Is the process- and individual-based successor of the FORMIX
model, in which the concept of distinct layers was discarded.
FORMIND was developed in the late 1990’s to simulate
tropical forest dynamics more realistically than before.
(Fischer et al., 2016)
20. MAIN PROCESSES OF FORMIND
• Establishment
• Growth
• Mortality
• Competition and environmental limitations
• Disturbances
• Carbon cycle
21. Simulation of species-rich forests with the
growth model FORMIND (Fischer et al., 2016)
Individual-based means that growth is calculated for each tree individually. Trees in
high diversity forests are aggregated into different plant functional types in order to
facilitate the parameter definition of similar-behaving species and to reduce
computing time.
Output - Allows to simulate forests of high
heterogeneity
The model area (1 to 50 ha) is divided into
20m x 20m patches. Forest gaps are
implemented to simulate forest structure and
dynamics. Gaps occur- dying trees or external
disturbances – leads to establishment of LD
spp.
22. • This image shows a visualization of a mountainous tropical forest in
Ecuador.
• Tree species are aggregated into seven plant functional types.
• Trees colored in red are of late successional stage (shade-tolerant
species), trees colored in green are of early successional stage (light-
demanding species) and trees in blue are of intermediate successional
stage.
23.
24. GRASSMIND - Simulation of species-rich grasslands
with GRASSMIND
• The individual-based approach of forest gap models offer a high degree of
flexibility to be adapted to different environments (e.g., temperate
forests) or even other ecosystem types (e.g., temperate grassland
• GRASSMIND designed for simulating the structure and dynamcis of
herbaceous communities including:
– competition between individual plants for light, space, soil water and
nitrogen
– different management regimes (mowing, irrigation, fertilization)
– climatic changes (drought events, increased temperatures, etc.)
individual plants compete for light and space
aboveground and for soil water and nitrogen
belowground. So, the GRASSMIND is coupled
with the soil model CANDY.
26. Facilitating learning in forest stand
dynamics
• Part 1 : field (site inspection and data collection)
• Part 2 : data collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation
29. Session 2 : Analysis and Interpretation
• Introduction
– Outline the learning goals, objectives and structure of the session
– review and reflect on key aspects of session 1
• Fast facts lecture
– Theory and terminology
• Explain the task
– Distribute handout and data sheets
– Explain steps required to complete the exercise
• Student activity
– Summarise and collate data
– Present results in graphical format
– Creat a stand profile diagram
• Review and reflect
– Group and class discussion
– Reviw of learning outcomes and reflect on application of knowledge to forestry
practice