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Bacterial Morphology and Structure Guide
1. Bacterial Morphology and StructureBacterial Morphology and Structure
Xiao-Kui Guo PhD
http://basic.shsmu.edu.cn/passw/micro2/index.asp
2. SIZE OF BACTERIASIZE OF BACTERIA
Unit for measurement :
Micron or micrometer,μm:
1μm=10-3mm
Size:
Varies with kinds of bacteria, and
also related to their age and external
environment.
Cocci: sphere, 1μm
Bacilli: rods , 0.5-1 μm in width -3 μm in length
Spiral bacteria: 1~3 μm in length and 0.3-0.6 μm in width
3. Structure of BacteriaStructure of Bacteria
Particular structures
capsule 荚膜
flagella 鞭毛
pili 菌毛
spore 芽胞
Essential structuresEssential structures
cell wallcell wall 细胞壁细胞壁
cell membranecell membrane 细胞膜细胞膜
CytoplasmCytoplasm 细胞质细胞质
nuclear materialnuclear material 核质核质
4. Gram +
Gram -
Cell wall
Cell (inner) membrane Outer membrane
Ribosomes
Granule
Cell wall
NucleoidCell membrane
Capsule
Flagellum
Pili
Gram, C. 1884. Ueber die isolirteGram, C. 1884. Ueber die isolirte
Farbung der Schizomyceten inFarbung der Schizomyceten in
SchnittÄund Trockenpraparaten.SchnittÄund Trockenpraparaten.
Fortschritte der MedicinFortschritte der Medicin, Vol. 2, pages, Vol. 2, pages
1884:1884: Christian GramChristian Gram: First publication for the Gram stain method): First publication for the Gram stain method)
Editor's note: I would like to testify that I have found the Gram method to be one ofEditor's note: I would like to testify that I have found the Gram method to be one of
the best and for many cases the best method which I have ever used for stainingthe best and for many cases the best method which I have ever used for staining
Schizomycetes.Schizomycetes.
5. Cell wallCell wall
Situation:
outmost portion.
15-30nm in
thickness, 10%-
25% of dry
weight.
6. Cell wallCell wall ::Common peptidoglycan layerCommon peptidoglycan layer
A backbone of N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid: Both discovered
in Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
A set of identical tetrapeptide side chain attached to N-acetyl-muramic acid:
different components and binding modes in Gram positive and Gram negative
bacteria.
A set of identical peptide cross bridges: only in Gram positive bacteria
7.
8. Special components ofSpecial components of
Gram positive cell wallGram positive cell wall
Teichoic acid
SPA / M POTEIN
9. pecial components of Grampecial components of Gram
negative cell wallnegative cell wall
10. FunctionsFunctions of Cell Wallof Cell Wall
Maintaining the cell's characteristic shape- the rigid
wall compensates for the flexibility of the
phospholipid membrane and keeps the cell from
assuming a spherical shape
Countering the effects of osmotic pressure
Providing attachment sites for bacteriophages
Providing a rigid platform for surface appendages-
flagella, fimbriae, and pili all emanate from the
wall and extend beyond it
Play an essential role in cell division
Be the sites of major antigenic determinants of
the cell surface 。
Resistance of Antibiotics
11. Wall-less forms ofWall-less forms of
BacteriaBacteria..
When bacteria are treated with 1) enzymes that are lytic for
the cell wall e.g. lysozyme or 2) antibiotics that interfere
with biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, wall-less bacteria are
often produced.
Usually these treatments generate non-viable organisms.
Wall-less bacteria that can not replicate are referred to as
spheroplasts (when an outer membrane is present) or
protoplasts (if an outer membrane is not present).
Occasionally wall-less bacteria that can replicate are
generated by these treatments (L forms).
12. CellCell
membranemembrane
•
Site of biosynthesis of DNA, cell wall polymers and membrane lipids. Selective
permeability and transport of solutes into cells
• Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
• Excretion of hydrolytic exoenzymes
13. MesosomesMesosomes
• Mesosomes are specialized structures formed
by convoluted inveigh-nations of cytoplasmic
membrane, and divided into septal and
lateral mesosome.
14. CytoplasmCytoplasm
Composed largely of water, together with proteins, nucleic
acid, lipids and small amount of sugars and salts
Ribosomes: numerous, 15-20nm in diameter with 70S;
distributed throughout the cytoplasm; sensitive to
streptomycin and erythromycin site of protein synthesis
Plasmids: extrachromosomal
genetic elements
Inclusions: sources of stored
energy, e,g volutin
15. PlasmidPlasmid Plasmids are
small , circular/line , extrachromosomal
, double-stranded DNA molecules 。 They
are capable of self-replication and contain
genes that confer some properties , such as
antibiotic resistance , virulence factors 。
Plasmids are not essential for cellular
survival.
Inclusions ofInclusions of
BacteriaBacteria
Inclusions are
aggregates of various
compounds that are
normally involved in
storing energy
reserves or building
blocks for the cell.
Inclusions accumilate
when a cell is grown
in the presence of
excess nutrients and
they are often
observed under
laboratory
granulose
17. Capsules and slime layersCapsules and slime layers
These are structures surrounding the outside of the cell envelope. They
usually consist of polysaccharide; however, in certain bacilli they are
composed of a polypeptide (polyglutamic acid). They are not essential
to cell viability and some strains within a species will produce a
capsule, whilst others do not. Capsules are often lost during in vitro
Attachment
Protection from phagocytic
engulfment.
Resistance to drying.
Depot for waste products.
Reservoir for certain
nutrients.
protection
18. FlagellaFlagella
Monotrichate/Amphitrichate/Lophotrichate/Peritrichate
Identification
of Bacteria
Pathogenesis
Motility of
bacteria
Some bacterial species are mobile and possess
locomotory organelles - flagella. Flagella consist of a
number of proteins including flagellin
The diameter of a flagellum is thin, 20 nm, and
long with some having a length 10 times the
diameter of cell. Due to their small diameter,
flagella cannot be seen in the light microscope
unless a special stain is applied. Bacteria can have
one or more flagella arranged in clumps or spread
all over the cell.
19. PiliPili
Pili are hair-like projections of the cell , They are
known to be receptors for certain bacterial viruses.
Chemical nature is pilin
Classification and Function
a. Common pili or fimbriae: fine , rigid numerous,
related to bacterial adhesion
b. Sex pili: longer and coarser, only 1-4, related to
bacterial conjugation
20. EndosporesEndospores
(spores)(spores)
• Dormant cellDormant cell
• Resistant to adverseResistant to adverse
conditionsconditions
- high temperatures- high temperatures
- organic solvents- organic solvents
• Produced when starvedProduced when starved
• Contain calcium dipicolinateContain calcium dipicolinate
DPA,DPA, DDipicolinic acidipicolinic acid
• BacillusBacillus andand ClostridiumClostridium
Identification of
Bacteria
Pathogenesis
Resistance