This document describes the morphology and structures of bacteria. It discusses their size, which can range from 0.5-3 μm depending on type. The structures include a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and sometimes capsules, flagella, pili or endospores. The cell wall provides shape and protection, while the cell membrane is selective and involved in transport. Cytoplasm contains ribosomes, nucleic material, and inclusions. Flagella, pili and endospores help with motility, attachment and dormancy. Gram staining distinguishes cell wall composition and bacteria are viewed with microscopes.

1. Bacterial Morphology and StructureBacterial Morphology and Structure
Xiao-Kui Guo PhD
http://basic.shsmu.edu.cn/passw/micro2/index.asp

2. SIZE OF BACTERIASIZE OF BACTERIA
 Unit for measurement :
Micron or micrometer,μm:
1μm=10-3mm
 Size:
Varies with kinds of bacteria, and
also related to their age and external
environment.
 Cocci: sphere, 1μm
 Bacilli: rods , 0.5-1 μm in width -3 μm in length
 Spiral bacteria: 1~3 μm in length and 0.3-0.6 μm in width

3. Structure of BacteriaStructure of Bacteria
Particular structures
capsule 荚膜
flagella 鞭毛
pili 菌毛
spore 芽胞
Essential structuresEssential structures
cell wallcell wall 细胞壁细胞壁
cell membranecell membrane 细胞膜细胞膜
CytoplasmCytoplasm 细胞质细胞质
nuclear materialnuclear material 核质核质

4. Gram +
Gram -
Cell wall
Cell (inner) membrane Outer membrane
Ribosomes
Granule
Cell wall
NucleoidCell membrane
Capsule
Flagellum
Pili
Gram, C. 1884. Ueber die isolirteGram, C. 1884. Ueber die isolirte
Farbung der Schizomyceten inFarbung der Schizomyceten in
SchnittÄund Trockenpraparaten.SchnittÄund Trockenpraparaten.
Fortschritte der MedicinFortschritte der Medicin, Vol. 2, pages, Vol. 2, pages
1884:1884: Christian GramChristian Gram: First publication for the Gram stain method): First publication for the Gram stain method)
Editor's note: I would like to testify that I have found the Gram method to be one ofEditor's note: I would like to testify that I have found the Gram method to be one of
the best and for many cases the best method which I have ever used for stainingthe best and for many cases the best method which I have ever used for staining
Schizomycetes.Schizomycetes.

5. Cell wallCell wall
 Situation:
outmost portion.
15-30nm in
thickness, 10%-
25% of dry
weight.

6. Cell wallCell wall ::Common peptidoglycan layerCommon peptidoglycan layer
 A backbone of N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid: Both discovered
in Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
 A set of identical tetrapeptide side chain attached to N-acetyl-muramic acid:
different components and binding modes in Gram positive and Gram negative
bacteria.
 A set of identical peptide cross bridges: only in Gram positive bacteria

8. Special components ofSpecial components of
Gram positive cell wallGram positive cell wall
Teichoic acid
SPA / M POTEIN

9. pecial components of Grampecial components of Gram
negative cell wallnegative cell wall

10. FunctionsFunctions of Cell Wallof Cell Wall
 Maintaining the cell's characteristic shape- the rigid
wall compensates for the flexibility of the
phospholipid membrane and keeps the cell from
assuming a spherical shape
 Countering the effects of osmotic pressure
 Providing attachment sites for bacteriophages
 Providing a rigid platform for surface appendages-
flagella, fimbriae, and pili all emanate from the
wall and extend beyond it
 Play an essential role in cell division
 Be the sites of major antigenic determinants of
the cell surface 。
 Resistance of Antibiotics

11. Wall-less forms ofWall-less forms of
BacteriaBacteria..
 When bacteria are treated with 1) enzymes that are lytic for
the cell wall e.g. lysozyme or 2) antibiotics that interfere
with biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, wall-less bacteria are
often produced.
 Usually these treatments generate non-viable organisms.
Wall-less bacteria that can not replicate are referred to as
spheroplasts (when an outer membrane is present) or
protoplasts (if an outer membrane is not present).
 Occasionally wall-less bacteria that can replicate are
generated by these treatments (L forms).

12. CellCell
membranemembrane
•
Site of biosynthesis of DNA, cell wall polymers and membrane lipids. Selective
permeability and transport of solutes into cells
• Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
• Excretion of hydrolytic exoenzymes

13. MesosomesMesosomes
• Mesosomes are specialized structures formed
by convoluted inveigh-nations of cytoplasmic
membrane, and divided into septal and
lateral mesosome.

14. CytoplasmCytoplasm
 Composed largely of water, together with proteins, nucleic
acid, lipids and small amount of sugars and salts
 Ribosomes: numerous, 15-20nm in diameter with 70S;
distributed throughout the cytoplasm; sensitive to
streptomycin and erythromycin site of protein synthesis
 Plasmids: extrachromosomal
genetic elements
 Inclusions: sources of stored
energy, e,g volutin

15. PlasmidPlasmid Plasmids are
small ， circular/line ， extrachromosomal
， double-stranded DNA molecules 。 They
are capable of self-replication and contain
genes that confer some properties ， such as
antibiotic resistance ， virulence factors 。
Plasmids are not essential for cellular
survival.
Inclusions ofInclusions of
BacteriaBacteria
 Inclusions are
aggregates of various
compounds that are
normally involved in
storing energy
reserves or building
blocks for the cell.
Inclusions accumilate
when a cell is grown
in the presence of
excess nutrients and
they are often
observed under
laboratory
granulose

16. NucleusNucleus
 Lacking nuclear
membrane, absence
of nucleoli, hence
known as nucleic
material or nucleoid,
one to several per
bacterium.

17. Capsules and slime layersCapsules and slime layers
 These are structures surrounding the outside of the cell envelope. They
usually consist of polysaccharide; however, in certain bacilli they are
composed of a polypeptide (polyglutamic acid). They are not essential
to cell viability and some strains within a species will produce a
capsule, whilst others do not. Capsules are often lost during in vitro
 Attachment
 Protection from phagocytic
engulfment.
 Resistance to drying.
 Depot for waste products.
 Reservoir for certain
nutrients.
 protection

18. FlagellaFlagella
Monotrichate/Amphitrichate/Lophotrichate/Peritrichate
 Identification
of Bacteria
 Pathogenesis
 Motility of
bacteria
Some bacterial species are mobile and possess
locomotory organelles - flagella. Flagella consist of a
number of proteins including flagellin
The diameter of a flagellum is thin, 20 nm, and
long with some having a length 10 times the
diameter of cell. Due to their small diameter,
flagella cannot be seen in the light microscope
unless a special stain is applied. Bacteria can have
one or more flagella arranged in clumps or spread
all over the cell.

19. PiliPili
 Pili are hair-like projections of the cell , They are
known to be receptors for certain bacterial viruses.
Chemical nature is pilin
 Classification and Function
a. Common pili or fimbriae: fine , rigid numerous,
related to bacterial adhesion
b. Sex pili: longer and coarser, only 1-4, related to
bacterial conjugation

20. EndosporesEndospores
(spores)(spores)
• Dormant cellDormant cell
• Resistant to adverseResistant to adverse
conditionsconditions
- high temperatures- high temperatures
- organic solvents- organic solvents
• Produced when starvedProduced when starved
• Contain calcium dipicolinateContain calcium dipicolinate
DPA,DPA, DDipicolinic acidipicolinic acid
• BacillusBacillus andand ClostridiumClostridium
 Identification of
Bacteria
 Pathogenesis
 Resistance

21. Microscope
 Light Microscope
 Electron Microscope
 Darkfield Microscope
 Phase Contrast Microscope
 Fluorescence Microscope
 Cofocal Microscope ）
Methods
Staining Methods
 Simple staining;
 Differential staining ( Gram
stain, Acid-fast stain),
 Special staining( Negative stain,
Spore stain, Flagella stain)