The document discusses concepts related to incident prevention including defining incidents and accidents, recognizing causes, and understanding prevention costs and programs. It explains principles of prevention like management commitment and cooperation. Causes are classified into three models: Heinrich's theory of direct and indirect causes, multi-causation theory, and Bird's loss causation model. The three basic causes of incidents are poor management, personal factors, and environmental factors. Prevention costs include design, operational, and future safeguarding. Effective prevention requires management commitment, prevention planning, and training.

1. CHAPTER 2
INCIDENTS PREVENTION
Understand the concepts of incident
2.1.1 Define incidents
2.1.2 Define accidents
2.2 Understand principle of incidents prevention
2.2.1 Explain principle of incidents prevention
2.3 Recognize causes of incident
2.3.1 Classify the types of incident
2.3.2 Determine three model of accident theory
a. Heinrich’s Theory
b. Multiple Causation Theory
c. Bird Loss Causation Model
2.3.3 Discover the three basic causes of incident
a. Basic causes
b. Indirect causes
c. Direct causes
2.4 Understand incidents prevention costs
2.4.1 List the design costs
2.4.2 List the operational costs
2.4.3 List safe guarding of the future costs
2.5 Know accident prevention programme
2.5.1 State management commitment in accident prevention
2.5.2 Develop the accident prevention planning
2.5.3 Determine the accident prevention training
1
1

2. What is An Incident???
•An unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events.
•That occurs through a combination of causes.
•Which result in :
Physical harm ( injury, ill-health or disease ) to an individual
Damage to property
A near miss
Any combination of these effects.
2

3. Why Prevent Incident???
•Legal
•Human right
•Business
3

4. 6 Principles of
INCIDENTS PREVENTION by Ministry of
Labour and National Services UK ( 1956 )
•Accident prevention is an essential part of good management and of
good workmanship.
•Management and workers must fully cooperate.
•Top management must take the lead in organising safety.
•There must be definite and known safety policy in workplace.
•The organisation and resources necessary to carry out the policy
must exist.
•The best available knowledge and method must be applied.
4

5. Types of INCIDENTS
Cause immediate injury or damage to
equipment or property
-a forklift dropping a load
- Someone falling off a ladder.
Occur over an extended period
-Hearing loss
- Illness resulting from exposure to chemicals.
5

6. Model of ACCIDENTS
THEORY
Domino Theory
Loss causation model
Multi – causality Accident Model
6

7. Domino Theory
Introduced by Herbert W.Heinrich ( 1930 ).
Injury from an accident is the result of a series of events that is
dependent on each other.
-Injuries are caused by accidents
- Accidents are caused by unsafe acts and unsafe condition.
- Unsafe acts and unsafe condition are caused by the faults of
person.
- Faults of person are caused by a personal flaw such as violent
temper, nervousness or ignorance.
- The injured worker’ s ancestry and social environment.
ancestry
person
Hazard
accidents
Injuries
7

8. Multicausality Accident
Model
Refers to the facts that there may be more that one cause to
any accident.
Example: Someone who had tripping accident over a piece of
wood lying on a floor in a dark walkway.
Cause A
( poor lighting )
Cause B
( Not look where Accident ( Trip)
going )
Cause C
( Wood in
walkway )
8

9. Loss Causation Model
Introduced by Frank E. Bird ( 1970 ).
Revised Heinrich Domino.
Blaming management
Threshold Limit
Lack of Basic Immediate Incidents Loss
Control causes causes
Inadequate sys Personal factors Substandard act/practice
Event Iunintended harm or
Damage
Inadequate Stand
Job/syt factors Subst. Conditio
Inadequate Compliance
9

10. 3 Basic Causes of
Accident
Basic Causes
Poor Management Safety Policy
& Decision
Peronal factors
Environment factors
Unsafe act Indirect Causes Unsafe condition
Unplanned
accidents
ACCIDENTS
direct Causes
Personal injury,
Property damage
10

11. Cost of Incident
Prevention
Insured : RM 1
uninsured :
RM 8~36
Accident Cost
Iceberg
11

12. Cost of Incident
Prevention
i ) Design cost: Installing machine guard to protect worker
ii) Operational cost : Running a Safety Department ( training, PPE )
iii) Planning and consequence- limiting cost
Safeguarding the future, cost for environmental sampling, safety
audit.
12

13. Du Pont Ten Principles of
Safety Management
•All injuries and occupational illness are preventable
•Management is directly responsible for doing this
•Safety is condition of employment
•Training is required
•Safety audit and inspection must be carried out.
•Deficiencies must be corrected
•All unsafe practices, incidents and injury accidents will be
investigated.
•Safety away from work is as important as safety at work.
•Accident prevention is cost effective; the highest cost is human
suffering.
•Employees must be actively involved.
13