This document discusses accident causation and workplace safety. It outlines several accident causation models from simple linear models to complex non-linear models. It also discusses factors that can lead to workplace accidents like lack of training or unsafe conditions. The document notes that accident investigations are important to identify causes and implement corrective actions to reduce risks. Finally, it discusses employees' rights to compensation and benefits for workplace injuries under relevant laws and regulations.

1. ACCIDENT CAUSATION
Presented by :
Iliyas Najeem 820351
Nabila Ahmad Nasir 816558
Shaliza Samsudin 816231
Samer Jibrail 818636

2. Introduction
Accidents have been broadly defined as:
An accident is an undesirable incidental and unplanned event that could
have been prevented had circumstances leading up to the accident been
recognized, and acted upon, prior to its occurrence.
Most scientists who study unintentional injury avoid using the term
"accident" and focus on factors that increase risk of severe injury and that
reduce injury incidence and severity (Robertson, 2015).

3. Accident Causation Models
Accident causation models vary from simplistic linear models to complex non-linear
models. The history of accident models to date can be traced from the 1920s
through three distinct phases:
Simple linear models
Complex linear models
Complex non-linear models.

4. Simple sequential linear accident models:
Simple sequential accident models represent the notion that accidents are the
culmination of a series of events which occur in a specific and recognisable order
Bird and Germain’s Loss
Causation model
Heinrich’s Domino
Theory

5. Domino Theory
1932 First Scientific Approach to
Accident/Prevention - H.W. Heinrich
Social
Environment
and Ancestry
Fault of the
Person
(Carelessness)
Unsafe Act
or
Condition
Accident Injury
MISTAKES OF PEOPLE

6. INJURY
UNSAFE ACTS
CONDITIONS
ACCIDENTScaused by
FAULT OF
PERSONS
SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENT

8. Human Factors Theory
Overload
•Environmental
Factors (noise,
distractions
•Internal Factors
(personal problems,
emotional stress)
•Situational Factors
(unclear instructions,
risk level)
Inappropriate
Response
•Detecting a
hazard but not
correcting it
•Removing
safeguards from
machines and
equipment
•Ignoring safety
Inappropriate
Activities
•Performing tasks
without the
requisite training
•Misjudging the
degree of risk
involved with a
given task

9. Petersen’s Accident/Incident
Theory
Overload
•Pressure
•Fatigue
•Motivation
•Drugs
•Alcohol
•Worry
Ergonomic Traps
•Incompatible
workstation (i.e.
size, force, reach,
feel)
•Incompatible
expectations
Decision to Err
•Misjudgment of
the risk
•Unconscious
desire to err
•Logical decision
based on the
situation
Systems Failure
Policy Inspection
Responsibility Correction
Training Standards
Human Error
Accident
Injury/Damage

10. Epidemiological Theory
Predisposition
Characteristics
•Susceptibility of people
•Perceptions
•Environmental factors
Situational
Characteristics
•Risk assessment by
individuals
•Peer pressure
•Priorities of the
supervisor
•Attitude
Can cause or prevent accident
conditions

11. Systems Theory Model
Machine Person
Environment
Interaction
Collect
information
Weigh risksMake
decision
Task to be
performed

12. Combination Theory
• For some accidents, a given model may be very
accurate, for others less so
• Often the cause of an accident cannot be adequately
explained by just one model/theory
• Actual cause may combine parts of several different
models

13. Behavioral Theory
• Often referred to as behavior-based safety (BBS)
• 7 basic principles of BBS
– Intervention
– Identification of internal factors
– Motivation to behave in the desired manner
– Focus on the positive consequences of
appropriate behavior
– Application of the scientific method
– Integration of information
– Planned interventions

14. WHY DO ACCIDENT HAPPEN?
In the workplace accidents can generally traced back to:
• Lack of training
• Failure to follow procedures
• Faulty equipment
• Workers mistake
• Mislabeled equipment
• Unsafe conditions

16. COST OF ACCIDENT
Many managers believe that the broker will pick up the
costs of an misfortune, and that's why they pay their
insurance. Though the costs of an accident can be
cracked down into the direct cost and indirect (uninsured)
costs.

17. Direct costs of an accident
• Direct costs are those costs that are increased directly from the accident. They are quite easy
to analyze, and include the medical costs incurred and the reward payments made to the
injured workers. Direct costs are usually insurable by companies.
Indirect costs of an accident
• Indirect costs are the less clear costs of an accident that can be costed. Although the indirect
costs created by accidents are unseen, they too must be paid from incomes from the sale of
products. They are more difficult to estimate and tend not to be protected. Indirect costs
include:
• Time away from the work not covered by employees' compensation insurance.
• Payment of other staffs who are not damaged, for example those who stopped work to look
after or help the injured worker and those who require output from the injured in order to
complete their responsibilities.
• The cost of injury to materials or equipment involved in the accident;

18. ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND
THEIR ROLE IN SAFETY
MANAGEMENT

19. ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
Is a process of systematic collection and analysis of
information relating to a accident that led to the loss of
property, time or health of individuals or even the loss
of lives.

20. WHY CONDUCT ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION???
• To determine How and Why these accident occurred
• To reduce risks for employees
• To respond to the management needs
• To identify violations of company procedures
• To comply with workers’ compensation rules

21. INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES
1. Report the accident occurrence to a designated
person within the organization.
2. Provide first aid and medical care to injured person to
prevent further injuries or damage
3. Investigate the accident
4. Identify the causes
5. Report the findings
6. Develop a plan for corrective action
7. Implement the plan
8. Evaluate the effectiveness of the corrective action.
9. Make changes for continuous improvement

22. ROLES IN SAFETY MANAGEMENT
1. Supervisor
2. Line Manager
3. Safety officer
4. Staff Managers
5. Committee Investigations

23. Workers’ Compensation
Remedies available to the injured employees under
Employees’ Social Security Act 1969
SOCSO (Social Security Organizaition) or PERKESO
( Pertubuhan Keselamatan Social) under Ministry of
HR, establish January 1971 to administer and enforce
Employees’ Social Security Act 1969 and Employee
Social Security General Rules 1971.
Provide free medical treatment, facility for physical or vocational
rehabilitation and financial assistance to employees if they have lost
abilities due to accidents or diseases that have reduced their abilities to
work or rendered.
Benefits :
Medical benefits, temporary and permanent disablement benefit, constant
attendance allowance, dependant’s benefits, funeral benefit,
rehabilitation benefit, education, survivors’ pension, invalidity grant.

24. The General Principles of
Employees’ Social Security
• Solidarity Fund
• Replacement of Income
• Equality

25. Employment Injury Scheme
• Coverage & protection for employees suffer from
employment injury.
• Example : Accident & Occupational Disease
• Benefits : Medical Treatment, Disablement Benefit
(temporary & permanent), constant-attendance
allowance, rehabilitation, dependant’s benefits,
funeral benefit and education benefit
Invalidity Pension Scheme
• Suffer from invalidity by reason of specific morbid
condition of permanent nature either incurable or is not
likely to be cured and no longer capable of earning, by
work corresponding to his strength and physical ability.
• Benefits : Invalidity pension & grant, constant-
attendance allowance, survivors’ pension, funeral
benefit, rehabilitation, educational loan & Return to
Work Programme

26. Medical Benefits
The Benefits under Insurance Schemes
Temporary Disablement Benefit
Permanent Disablement Benefit Constance-Attendance Allowance
Facilities for Physical or Vacational
Rehabilitation
Return to Work Programme
Dependants’ Benefit Funeral Benefits

27. CONCLUSION
• Accident can be triggered through several factor and mostly it has
been supported with theories.
• By identifying the direct cost and indirect cost, company can be more
aware of their financial budget in order to avoid company loss.
• Accident investigation can be effective when it is written in a standard
and clear guidelines and having a clear assigned of responsibilities in
conducting the investigation.
• Payment of benefits made to eligible employees or dependants under
the Employees’ Social Security Act 1969 and Employees’ Social
Security (General) Regulations 1971. This is to ensure that fairness and
equality to all employees are achieved to those that have contributed
to the solidarity fund.