Data Leak prevention is a research field which deals with study of potential security threats to
organizational data and strategies to prevent such threats. Data leaks involve the release of sensitive information
to an untrusted third party, intentionally or otherwise while data loss on the other hand is disappearance or
damage of data, inwhich a correct data copy isno longer available to the organization.Thesecorrespond toa
compromise of data integrity oravailability. Data leak/loss has led to huge loss of revenue in the affected
organisation and a threat to their continued existence. All organisations using electronic data storage are
vulnerable to this attack. This research work is targeted at organisations with sensitive datasuch as Bank,
Manufacturing industries, GSM operators, research centres, Military, Higher Educational Institutions and so
on.The authorsanalyse the possible threats to organisational data and the parties that are involved in such threat,
the impact of successful attack on an organisation,and current approaches to DLP.The authorsalso design a DLP
modelusing “text mining” and “social network analysis”, and suggested further research into “text mining” and
“social network analysis”for effective future solution to DLP problems.In conclusion, implementation of this
design with adherence to good data security practices and proactive strategies suggested in thispaper will
significantly reduce the risk of such security threats.
Ransomware is the number one IT security challenge facing asset managers today, with resource-limited small and mid-size businesses the most likely targets. Don’t let malware attackers find and encrypt your most important data.
This webinar will explore the ways in which cybercriminals are exploiting a variety of threat vectors, including email, network traffic, user behavior, and application traffic. Don’t miss out on this important program. Financial institutions without a comprehensive strategy that secures all vectors are almost certain to become a victim. CIOs, web teams, data teams, and other decision makers within asset management and financial services will benefit from the following educational topics:
- Understanding the types of ransomware, malicious software, and phishing attacks
- Assessing the potential risks posed to financial firms
- Providing digital opportunities to shareholders while protecting data integrity
While C2M2 is not the love child of C3PO and R2D2 (sorry), the Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Model (C2M2) program under the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) is helping to enhance the security and resilience of the United States’ critical infrastructure.
New malware, the increasing sophistication of hackers, and the exploding use of social media and ecommerce all shape today’s changing threat landscape. Most legacy security measures are insufficient to meet these evolving threats. If your firewall is more than two years old—you are no longer protected.
ENISA - EU strategies for cyber incident responseKevin Duffey
ENISA is the EU Agency for Network & Information Security. In this presentation, the Head of Stakeholder Relations shares lessons for CEOs from over 200 cyber simulations and other research conducted by ENISA.
Ransomware is the number one IT security challenge facing asset managers today, with resource-limited small and mid-size businesses the most likely targets. Don’t let malware attackers find and encrypt your most important data.
This webinar will explore the ways in which cybercriminals are exploiting a variety of threat vectors, including email, network traffic, user behavior, and application traffic. Don’t miss out on this important program. Financial institutions without a comprehensive strategy that secures all vectors are almost certain to become a victim. CIOs, web teams, data teams, and other decision makers within asset management and financial services will benefit from the following educational topics:
- Understanding the types of ransomware, malicious software, and phishing attacks
- Assessing the potential risks posed to financial firms
- Providing digital opportunities to shareholders while protecting data integrity
While C2M2 is not the love child of C3PO and R2D2 (sorry), the Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Model (C2M2) program under the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) is helping to enhance the security and resilience of the United States’ critical infrastructure.
New malware, the increasing sophistication of hackers, and the exploding use of social media and ecommerce all shape today’s changing threat landscape. Most legacy security measures are insufficient to meet these evolving threats. If your firewall is more than two years old—you are no longer protected.
ENISA - EU strategies for cyber incident responseKevin Duffey
ENISA is the EU Agency for Network & Information Security. In this presentation, the Head of Stakeholder Relations shares lessons for CEOs from over 200 cyber simulations and other research conducted by ENISA.
Webroot is next-generation cyber protection for
computers, endpoints, networks, and end users,
and is powered by Webroot® threat intelligence.
Whether you’re looking for computer protection
for your business, educational establishment,
charity, NFP organisation, or staff working at
home on personal devices, Webroot SecureAnywhere
® AntiVirus is an ideal tool to help deliver
key aspects of your personal and GDPR security
policy.
Find out more about Webroot UK here - https://www.counterpoint.co.uk/pages/webroot-uk
Outpost24 webinar - Why asset discovery is the missing link to enterprise vul...Outpost24
learn how an asynchronous approach can help build an enterprise CMDB and automate continuous detection for any new and critical vulnerabilities in your asset repository so you’ll never miss a critical risk again
Talk that Prof. Mustaque Ahamad from GaTech gave at Global Cybersecurity Leaders Program http://www.cisoacademy.com/gclp2-prof-mustaque-ahamad-april-2015/
This webinar was hosted by Ignyte Assurance Platform and Federal Publication Seminars on 18 June 2021.
The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), under the Department of Homeland Security, launches a campaign to reduce the risk of ransomware. Following an executive order signed by President Biden on May 12, 2021, which aims to increase cybersecurity defenses and resiliency against nation-state data exfiltration and hold global criminals accountable for ransomware attacks.
As we’ve seen with the Solar Winds and Colonial Pipeline hacks, cybercrime isn’t limited to government organizations. In fact, both public and private sectors are vulnerable to an all-too-common type of cyber attack which exposed the gaps in U.S. cyber defenses. New standards such as Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) are becoming required compliance and cyber hygiene minimum for all organizations involved in the federal supply chain.
This webinar is designed for federal contractors and companies that provide critical infrastructure or any type of software to the government. Our guests and leading data security and compliance experts will explain how both public and private sector organizations need to act now to protect global software supply chains that affect government and private sector computer systems.
Knowing exactly where your cybersecurity and compliance gaps are and the solutions needed to implement and fix them is central to your success. Early adopters demonstrating high security & compliance postures are positioned to win more business over laggards.
the Defense Department and General Services Administration report on improving cyber security and resilience through acquisition. This report, developed as part of the President’s Executive Order on Cyber Security, forms the baseline for a fundamental shift in federal procurement policy. In short, going forward cyber security is going to be a core consideration in federal procurements. Contractors will likely find cyber security obligations embedded in their contracts, and may even find themselves excluded from the procurement process if certain cyber security benchmarks are not met.
The report spells out six key recommendations:
1) Institute Baseline Cybersecurity Requirements as a Condition of Contract Award for Appropriate Acquisitions
2) Address Cybersecurity in Relevant Training
3) Develop Common Cybersecurity Definitions for Federal Acquisitions
4) Institute a Federal Acquisition Cyber Risk Management Strategy
5) Include a Requirement to Purchase from Original Equipment Manufacturers, Their Authorized Resellers, or Other “Trusted” Sources, Whenever Available, in Appropriate Acquisitions
6) Increase Government Accountability for Cyber Risk Management
As cyber criminals and nation-states continue to improve the sophistication of attacks that bypass traditional preventive defenses, organizations must evolve their security defenses to reduce dwell time. Join Fidelis Advisor, and ex CIA CTO, Bob Flores and Fidelis Senior Manager, Tom Clare as they delve into the results of The 2018 State of Threat Detection Report and discuss what the research means for organizations large and small across the globe.
Insider Threats Part 2: Preventing Data Exfiltration with Fidelis ElevateFidelis Cybersecurity
This webinar is a continuation to Part 1: Identifying Insider Threats with Fidelis EDR Technology. Fidelis Engineers, Lucas Chumley and Louis Smith will provide a demonstration of how Fidelis Technology can help organizations respond to and prevent an insider threat from moving data externally. You’ll learn how our Elevate technology can be leveraged to successfully identify what data has left your network, and how to prevent data leaving in future by looking for similar information on all other assets.
General Data Protection Regulation and Compliance - GDPR: Sharique M RizviSharique Rizvi
The GDPR. applies to all EU member states, and replaces Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC. The personal data must be kept secure and organisation are accountable for data security, large fines to be levied for the breaches.
Talk that Prof. Mustaque Ahamad from GaTech gave at Global Cybersecurity Leaders Program http://www.cisoacademy.com/gclp2-prof-mustaque-ahamad-april-2015/
Join Fidelis Threat Intelligence experts, Danny Pickens and Aamil Karimi for a live webinar as they present their findings from a series of data sets and dive into the implications for enterprise organizations, breaking down how security experts can apply threat intelligence insight to their real world defensible strategies.
Government Technology & Services Coalition & InfraGard NCR's Program: Cyber Security: Securing the Federal Cyber Domain by Strengthening Public-Private Partnership
Presentation: How do we Strengthen the Public-Private Partnership to Mitigate and Minimize the Damage: Improving Cybersecurity and Resilience Through Acquisition
Presenter: Emile Monette, Senior Advisor for Cybersecurity, GSA, Office of Mission Assurance
Description: How do we approach deliberate attacks against Federal contractors who handle and have access to massive amounts of sensitive and confidential data and information? From the increasing Insider threat to state-sponsored attacks, how can the Federal government partner more effectively with the private sector to detect and mitigate these attacks?
Découvrez comment mettre en place un programme de protection des données effi...Benoît H. Dicaire
À l’ère où les vols massifs de données personnelles font constamment les manchettes, toutes les entreprises sont à risque, et ce, peu importe leur budget. Une approche combinant des ressources humaines, des processus et des outils doit être privilégiée afin de réduire l’exfiltration et la divulgation de données.
Bien que nous ne sommes pas les propriétaires de l’actif, notre rôle de fiduciaire est de gérer et assurer la confidentialité des ressources informationnelles. Lors de cette allocution, nous allons proposer des façons de faire pragmatiques pour la protection de l’information nominative et stratégique.
This webinar series is designed to help internal auditors looking to equip themselves with competencies and confidence to handle audit of IT controls and information security, and learn about the emerging technologies and their underlying risks
The series focuses on contemporary IT audit approaches relevant to Internal Auditors and the processes underlying risk based IT audits.
Session 10 of 10
This Webinar focuses on Advanced Persistent Threats and targeted cyber attacks:
• Advanced Persistent Threats – the shifting paradigm to targeted attacks
• Understanding Advanced Persistent threats
• Overview of popular types of APTs
• Impact of APTs on sensitive data as well as organisation reputation
• Characteristics and Attack sequence of APT attacks and the challenges in detecting APTs
• Assessing, Managing and Auditing APT Risks
• Data loss and Cyber intrusions
A Proposed Solution to Secure MCC Uprising Issue and Challenges in the Domain...IJERD Editor
The development of cloud computing and mobility,mobile cloud computing has emerged and
become a focus of research. By the means of on-demand self-service and extendibility, it can offer the
infrastructure, platform, and software services in a cloud to mobile users through the mobile network. Security
and privacy are the key issues for mobile cloud computing applications, and still face some enormous
challenges. In order to facilitate this emerging domain, we firstly in brief review the advantages and system
model of mobile cloud computing, and then pay attention to the security and privacy in the mobile cloud
computing. MCC provides a platform where mobile users make use of cloud services on mobile devices. The
use of MCC minimizes the performance, compatibility, and lack of resources issues in mobile computing
environment. By deeply analyzing the security and privacy issues from three aspects: mobile terminal, mobile
network and cloud, we give the current security and privacy approaches. The users of MCC are still below
expectations because of the associated risks in terms of security and privacy. These risks are playing important
role by preventing the organizations to adopt MCC environment. Significant amount of research is in progress in
order to reduce the security concerns but still a lot work has to be done to produce a security prone MCC
environment. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of MCC and its security issues,challenges
and possible solutions for the security issues.
Webroot is next-generation cyber protection for
computers, endpoints, networks, and end users,
and is powered by Webroot® threat intelligence.
Whether you’re looking for computer protection
for your business, educational establishment,
charity, NFP organisation, or staff working at
home on personal devices, Webroot SecureAnywhere
® AntiVirus is an ideal tool to help deliver
key aspects of your personal and GDPR security
policy.
Find out more about Webroot UK here - https://www.counterpoint.co.uk/pages/webroot-uk
Outpost24 webinar - Why asset discovery is the missing link to enterprise vul...Outpost24
learn how an asynchronous approach can help build an enterprise CMDB and automate continuous detection for any new and critical vulnerabilities in your asset repository so you’ll never miss a critical risk again
Talk that Prof. Mustaque Ahamad from GaTech gave at Global Cybersecurity Leaders Program http://www.cisoacademy.com/gclp2-prof-mustaque-ahamad-april-2015/
This webinar was hosted by Ignyte Assurance Platform and Federal Publication Seminars on 18 June 2021.
The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), under the Department of Homeland Security, launches a campaign to reduce the risk of ransomware. Following an executive order signed by President Biden on May 12, 2021, which aims to increase cybersecurity defenses and resiliency against nation-state data exfiltration and hold global criminals accountable for ransomware attacks.
As we’ve seen with the Solar Winds and Colonial Pipeline hacks, cybercrime isn’t limited to government organizations. In fact, both public and private sectors are vulnerable to an all-too-common type of cyber attack which exposed the gaps in U.S. cyber defenses. New standards such as Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) are becoming required compliance and cyber hygiene minimum for all organizations involved in the federal supply chain.
This webinar is designed for federal contractors and companies that provide critical infrastructure or any type of software to the government. Our guests and leading data security and compliance experts will explain how both public and private sector organizations need to act now to protect global software supply chains that affect government and private sector computer systems.
Knowing exactly where your cybersecurity and compliance gaps are and the solutions needed to implement and fix them is central to your success. Early adopters demonstrating high security & compliance postures are positioned to win more business over laggards.
the Defense Department and General Services Administration report on improving cyber security and resilience through acquisition. This report, developed as part of the President’s Executive Order on Cyber Security, forms the baseline for a fundamental shift in federal procurement policy. In short, going forward cyber security is going to be a core consideration in federal procurements. Contractors will likely find cyber security obligations embedded in their contracts, and may even find themselves excluded from the procurement process if certain cyber security benchmarks are not met.
The report spells out six key recommendations:
1) Institute Baseline Cybersecurity Requirements as a Condition of Contract Award for Appropriate Acquisitions
2) Address Cybersecurity in Relevant Training
3) Develop Common Cybersecurity Definitions for Federal Acquisitions
4) Institute a Federal Acquisition Cyber Risk Management Strategy
5) Include a Requirement to Purchase from Original Equipment Manufacturers, Their Authorized Resellers, or Other “Trusted” Sources, Whenever Available, in Appropriate Acquisitions
6) Increase Government Accountability for Cyber Risk Management
As cyber criminals and nation-states continue to improve the sophistication of attacks that bypass traditional preventive defenses, organizations must evolve their security defenses to reduce dwell time. Join Fidelis Advisor, and ex CIA CTO, Bob Flores and Fidelis Senior Manager, Tom Clare as they delve into the results of The 2018 State of Threat Detection Report and discuss what the research means for organizations large and small across the globe.
Insider Threats Part 2: Preventing Data Exfiltration with Fidelis ElevateFidelis Cybersecurity
This webinar is a continuation to Part 1: Identifying Insider Threats with Fidelis EDR Technology. Fidelis Engineers, Lucas Chumley and Louis Smith will provide a demonstration of how Fidelis Technology can help organizations respond to and prevent an insider threat from moving data externally. You’ll learn how our Elevate technology can be leveraged to successfully identify what data has left your network, and how to prevent data leaving in future by looking for similar information on all other assets.
General Data Protection Regulation and Compliance - GDPR: Sharique M RizviSharique Rizvi
The GDPR. applies to all EU member states, and replaces Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC. The personal data must be kept secure and organisation are accountable for data security, large fines to be levied for the breaches.
Talk that Prof. Mustaque Ahamad from GaTech gave at Global Cybersecurity Leaders Program http://www.cisoacademy.com/gclp2-prof-mustaque-ahamad-april-2015/
Join Fidelis Threat Intelligence experts, Danny Pickens and Aamil Karimi for a live webinar as they present their findings from a series of data sets and dive into the implications for enterprise organizations, breaking down how security experts can apply threat intelligence insight to their real world defensible strategies.
Government Technology & Services Coalition & InfraGard NCR's Program: Cyber Security: Securing the Federal Cyber Domain by Strengthening Public-Private Partnership
Presentation: How do we Strengthen the Public-Private Partnership to Mitigate and Minimize the Damage: Improving Cybersecurity and Resilience Through Acquisition
Presenter: Emile Monette, Senior Advisor for Cybersecurity, GSA, Office of Mission Assurance
Description: How do we approach deliberate attacks against Federal contractors who handle and have access to massive amounts of sensitive and confidential data and information? From the increasing Insider threat to state-sponsored attacks, how can the Federal government partner more effectively with the private sector to detect and mitigate these attacks?
Découvrez comment mettre en place un programme de protection des données effi...Benoît H. Dicaire
À l’ère où les vols massifs de données personnelles font constamment les manchettes, toutes les entreprises sont à risque, et ce, peu importe leur budget. Une approche combinant des ressources humaines, des processus et des outils doit être privilégiée afin de réduire l’exfiltration et la divulgation de données.
Bien que nous ne sommes pas les propriétaires de l’actif, notre rôle de fiduciaire est de gérer et assurer la confidentialité des ressources informationnelles. Lors de cette allocution, nous allons proposer des façons de faire pragmatiques pour la protection de l’information nominative et stratégique.
This webinar series is designed to help internal auditors looking to equip themselves with competencies and confidence to handle audit of IT controls and information security, and learn about the emerging technologies and their underlying risks
The series focuses on contemporary IT audit approaches relevant to Internal Auditors and the processes underlying risk based IT audits.
Session 10 of 10
This Webinar focuses on Advanced Persistent Threats and targeted cyber attacks:
• Advanced Persistent Threats – the shifting paradigm to targeted attacks
• Understanding Advanced Persistent threats
• Overview of popular types of APTs
• Impact of APTs on sensitive data as well as organisation reputation
• Characteristics and Attack sequence of APT attacks and the challenges in detecting APTs
• Assessing, Managing and Auditing APT Risks
• Data loss and Cyber intrusions
A Proposed Solution to Secure MCC Uprising Issue and Challenges in the Domain...IJERD Editor
The development of cloud computing and mobility,mobile cloud computing has emerged and
become a focus of research. By the means of on-demand self-service and extendibility, it can offer the
infrastructure, platform, and software services in a cloud to mobile users through the mobile network. Security
and privacy are the key issues for mobile cloud computing applications, and still face some enormous
challenges. In order to facilitate this emerging domain, we firstly in brief review the advantages and system
model of mobile cloud computing, and then pay attention to the security and privacy in the mobile cloud
computing. MCC provides a platform where mobile users make use of cloud services on mobile devices. The
use of MCC minimizes the performance, compatibility, and lack of resources issues in mobile computing
environment. By deeply analyzing the security and privacy issues from three aspects: mobile terminal, mobile
network and cloud, we give the current security and privacy approaches. The users of MCC are still below
expectations because of the associated risks in terms of security and privacy. These risks are playing important
role by preventing the organizations to adopt MCC environment. Significant amount of research is in progress in
order to reduce the security concerns but still a lot work has to be done to produce a security prone MCC
environment. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of MCC and its security issues,challenges
and possible solutions for the security issues.
Con Girando puoi esplorare, attraverso il cinema, i diversi volti della città, dalle sue periferie al centro storico.
Metti alla prova le tue abilità muovendoti tra gli scenari dei film più celebri e condividendo con gli altri la tua esperienza di viaggio
Review on Detection & Prevention Methods for Black Hole Attack on AODV based ...IJERD Editor
Dynamic nature of Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET) challenges the quality of service (QoS)
because route failure probability is increased in MANET due to the mobility of nodes. Lack of fixed
infrastructure, wireless shared medium and dynamic topology makes MANET prone to different types of
attacks. Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in MANETs which is vulnerable to a
variety of security threats in ad-hoc networks. Black hole attack is an attack that drop considerable number of
packet by performing packet forwarding misbehaviour and violate the security to cause Denial-of-Service
(DoS) in Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET). In this paper we investigate different mechanism to detect and
prevent black hole attack in AODV protocol. We also discuss about advantages and disadvantages of the
methods.
Traffic Safety Risks from Digital Advertising Billboards in AlabamaIJERD Editor
Increase in the number and sophistication of digital advertising billboard signs raises safety concerns
over potential contribution of such signs to traffic crashes. This paper describes a study that analysed 5 years of
historical crash records from Alabama to examine potential correlations between crash locations and their
proximity to digital advertising billboards. First, the research team identified locations of digital advertising
billboards along major limited-access facilities in Alabama and selected eight suitable sites for analysis. Eight
sites immediately downstream of the digital billboard locations were also considered as control sites. Then,
historical crash data were retrieved for all study sites and crash rates were calculated for digital advertising
billboards influence zones and adjacent control sites. Statistical analysis was employed to determine if
correlations can be established between crash occurrence and digital advertising billboard presence. The crash
data analyses revealed that the presence of digital billboards increased the overall crash rates at digital
advertising billboard influence zones by 29% compared to the study control sites. Moreover, sideswipe and
rear-end crashes were found to be overrepresented at digital advertising billboard influence zones compared to
control sites.
Power Loss Allocation in Deregulated Electricity MarketsIJERD Editor
The restructuring of Electricity Supply Industry (ESI) all over the world thatstartedmainlyinthe 20th
century introduces an open electricity marketfor trading electricity betweengenerators and suppliers in
competitive environments. Market participants utilize thenetwork differently to maximize their profits. This
transformation consists of two aspects that are related with each other; restructuring and privatization.
However, dueto this change, some problems and challenges have risen. One of it is theissue of power losses
allocation. When electrical power is transmitted throughanetwork, it will cause power losses. The generators
must compensate this lossbygenerating more power. Under competitive electricity market environment, no
generators would want to generate more to compensate this loss asit will increase their production cost.
Logically both generators and consumers are supposed topayfor the losses because they both use the network
and thus are responsible for the lossesincurred. If there is no specified method to handle this problem, there is a
probability that the Independent System Operator (ISO) which is a non-profit entity and does not have source of
income will be responsible for this losses. However, if ISO paid forthe losses, itis considered unfair. Thus, this
analysis focuses on some existing allocating transmissionlosses.The selected methods are pro rata, postage
stamp, and Current Adjustment Factor (CAF) and these methods have been tested using simple bus network and
the IEEE standard 14 test bus system.
Risk and Threat Assessment Report Anthony WolfBSA 5.docxmalbert5
Risk and Threat Assessment Report
Anthony Wolf
BSA/ 520
May 11th, 2020
Jeffery McDonough
Running head: RISK AND THREAT ASSESSMENT REPORT
1
RISK AND THREAT ASSESMENT REPORT
2
Risk and Threat Assessment Report
The rise of innovation and technological advancement has affected the aspects of technology in different ways. Improvement of software and operating systems gives hackers a reason to strive and develop more complex forms of overweighing security measures on those applications. Traditional application security best practices and secure coding are often recommended in protecting different applications against runtime attacks.
Runtime application self-protection is an emerging application in the protection of software applications, data, and databases. The increase in attacks has triggered the development of security technology that is linked or build into an application runtime environment. Besides, database deployment is safeguarded by run time application self-protection that can control the execution of applications, detecting, and preventing real-time attacks. The threats and risks associated with operating systems, networks, and software systems are significant concerns to users.
The internet has changed how people do their businesses. With the growth of e-commerce and other online transactions, there has been a subsequent increase in internet risk threats that are commonly occasioned by hacking and malware attacks. There are different types of e-commerce threats and might be accidental, deliberately done by perpetrators, or occur due to human error. The most prevalent threats are money theft, unprotected services, credit card fraud, hacking, data misuse, and phishing attacks. Heats associated with online transactions can be prevented or reduced by keeping the credit cards safe. Consumers/customers should be advised to avoid carrying their credit cards in their wallets since they increase the chances of misplacement. Each buyer should be cautious when using their you’re their online credit information.
The advancement in technology has seen an increase in online transactions. The practice of doing business transactions via the internet is called e-commerce. Their growth has subsequently lead to the rise in internet risk threats that are commonly occasioned by hacking and malware attacks. E-commerce is the activity of conducting transactions via the internet. Internet transactions can be drawn on various technologies, including internet marketing, electronic data exchanges, automated data collection systems, electronic fund transfer, and mobile commerce.
Online transaction threats occur by using the internet for unfair means with the aim of fraud, security breach, and stealing. The use of electronic payment systems has a substantial risk of fraud. It uses the identity of a customer to authorize a payment like security questions and passwords. If someone accesses a customer's password, he will gain access to his accounts and.
The uniqueness of the text61.5SHOW ALL MATCHESPage addre.docxarnoldmeredith47041
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Information Security Issues Faced by Organizations In any organization, Information Security threats may be many like Software assaults, theft of intellectual belongings, identity robbery, theft of gadget or statistics, sabotage, and facts extortion. A risk can be something which could take gain of a vulnerability to breach security and negatively adjust, erase, damage object or gadgets of interest. Software attacks imply an attack by Viruses, Worms, Trojan Horses and so forth. Many customers consider that malware, virus, worms, bots are all the same matters. But they're now not identical, the simplest similarity is that they all are malicious software program that behaves differently. Apart from these threats, there are some headache information security threats they are: Cyberattack Threats: - Cyber-attacks are, of course, establishments’ pinnacle problem. There are many methods cybercriminals can target companies. Each will motive distinct types of harm and need to be defended in opposition to in one-of-a-kind methods. Some attacks, consisting of phishing campaigns, are typically designed to thieve private information. Others, such as ransomware and denial-of-carrier assaults, have several feasible pursuits, ranging from extorting cash to disrupting business operations for political reasons. Cyber threats, unfortunately, are getting an increasing number of risks in these days clever international. But what precisely is cyber risk? A cyber threat is an act or viable act which intends to scouse borrow records (non-public or in any other case), damage records or motive a few types of digital damage. Today, the time period is nearly exclusively used to explain records safety topics. Because it’s tough to visualize how digital signals touring throughout a cord can represent an assault, we’ve taken to visualizing the virtual phenomenon as a bodily one. A cyber-attack is an assault this is hooked up in opposition to a corporation (that means our digital gadgets) making use of cyberspace. Cyberspace, a digital space that doesn’t exist, has grown to be the metaphor to assist us to understand virtual weaponry that intends to harm us. What is actual, but, is the purpose of the attacker as well as the potential impact. While many cyberattacks are mere nuisances, a few are quite serious, even potentially threatening human lives. Malware: - Software that plays a malicious project on a goal tool or community, e.g. Corrupting facts or taking on a machine. Ransomware: - An attack that involves encrypting information on the goal system and traumatic a ransom in alternate for letting the consumer has got right of entry to the facts again. These assaults range from low-level nuisances to severe incidents just like the locking do.
Top 10 Cyber Security Threats and How to Prevent ThemChinmayee Behera
Modern business has been altered by growth of the Internet. Organizations are increasingly making news due to cyber security threats and how to prevent them. Organizations are increasingly making news due to cybersecurity breaches.Every year, these attacks cause damage to corporate networks, equipment, business processes, and data, costing companies billions of dollars in losses and missed opportunities. Today, firms must invest in deterrents to these cybersecurity dangers. Here are the top ten most common and costly cyber security threats today, as well as the actions a business may take to avoid them.
1.Phishing
Because it can be high-tech or low-tech, phishing is a widespread yet severe cyberthreat. Criminals act as genuine companies in these assaults to take advantage of victims’ trust, curiosity, greed, or charity. They send bogus emails in order to persuade their victims to submit sensitive information such as passwords, social security numbers, or bank account information.
Some of the most frequent phishing scam strategies used by hackers nowadays include:
Spear phishing is the use of personalized messaging to target certain organizations or individuals.
Pretexting is creating fictitious but realistic events in order to gain the target’s trust and obtain sensitive information.
Mortgage fraud entails defrauding individuals by using stolen identities or fabricated income and asset data.
Baiting is the use of enticing incentives or possible rewards to entice people to provide sensitive information.
Pharming is the practice of redirecting website users to bogus websites that seem authentic in order to collect sensitive personal information.
Whaling – Phishing assaults targeting an organization’s top leadership or high-profile workers, such as the Chief Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer.
2.Malware
Malware is an abbreviation for harmful software. As the name implies, they are computer programs that are meant to harm a computer system, network, or device. Malware may take many forms, from innocuous bothersome pranksters to deadly and sophisticated programs that can leave a whole computer system inoperable.
An Improved Method for Preventing Data Leakage in an OrganizationIJERA Editor
Data is one of the most important assets an organisation has since it denes each organisations unique- ness.It
includes data on members and prospects, their inter- ests and purchases, your events, speakers, your content,
social media, press, your staff, budget, strategic plan, and much more. As organizations open their doors to
employees, part- ners, customers and suppliers to provide deeper access to sensitive information, the risk
sassociated with business increase. Now, more than ever, within creasing threats of cyber terrorism, cor- porate
governance issues, fraud, and identity theft, the need for securing corporate information has become paramount.
Informa- tion theft is not just about external hackers and unauthorized external users stealing your data, it is also
about managing internal employees and even contractors who may be working within your organization for
short periods of time. Adding to the challenge of securing information is the increasing push for corporate
governance and adherence to legislative or regulatory requirements. Failure to comply and provide privacy,
audit and internal controls could result in penalties ranging from large nes to jail terms. Non-compliance can
result in not only potential implications for executives, but also possible threats to the viability of a corporation.
Insiders too represent a sign cant risk to data security. The task of detecting malicious insiders is very
challenging as the methods of deception become more and more sophisticated. There are various solutions
present to avoid data leakage. Data leakage detection, prevention (DLPM) and monitoring solutions became an
inherent component of the organizations security suite.DLP solutions monitors sensitive data when at rest, in
motion, or in use and enforce the organizational data protection policy.These solutions focus mainly on the data
and its sensitivity level, and on preventing it from reaching an unauthorized person. They ignore the fact that an
insider is gradually exposed to more and more sensitive data,to which she is authorized to access. Such data
may cause great damage to the organization when leaked or misused. Data can be leaked via emails, instant
messaging, le transfer etc. This research is focusing on email data leakage monitoring, detection and
prevention. It is proposed to be carried out in two phases: leakage detection through mining and prevention
through encryption of email content.
1
2
Cyber Research Proposal
Cybersecurity in business
Introduction
Because of today's international economy, securing a company's intellectual property, financial information, and good name is critical for the company's long-term survival and growth. However, with the rise in risks and cyber vulnerability, most businesses find it difficult to keep up with the competition. Since their inception, most companies have reported 16% fraud, 37.7% financial losses, and an average of over 11% share value loss, according to data compiled by the US security. Most corporations and governments are working hard to keep their customers and residents safe from harm. There are both physical and cybersecurity risks involved with these threats. According to a recent study, many company owners aren't aware of the full scope of cybersecurity. People who own their businesses must deal with various issues daily.
Nevertheless, steps are being taken to address these issues. Customers and the company are likely to be protected by the measures adopted. Cybersecurity is one of the most pressing issues facing organizations today. Leaks of a company's intellectual property and other secrets may have devastating effects on its operations, as competitors and rivals will do all in their power to stop them. is an excellent illustration of this. This is perhaps the most talked-about security compromise of the year [footnoteRef:3]. The firm was severely damaged because of this. [1: "Database security attacks and control methods."] [2:q "Comprehending the IoT cyber threat landscape: A data dimensionality reduction technique to infer and characterize Internet-scale IoT probing campaigns."] [3: "The Equifax data breach: What cpas and firms need to know now." ]
Some individuals take advantage of clients by stealing highly important information to profit financially from their actions. For example, if the wrong individuals get their hands on your credit card information, you're in serious trouble since you might lose money. Some families lose all their resources, while others are forced to declare bankruptcy after being financially stable for a long period. Many of the findings of this study will be focused on cybersecurity and the sources of cybersecurity risks. The paper outlines a few of the issues and solutions that organizations may use to keep their operations and consumers safe from exploiting dishonest individuals.
Research question
According to the most recent study, more than 1500 companies have been exposed to some cybersecurity assault[footnoteRef:4]. This research details the specific types of attacks that have occurred. Organizational operations are affected, as is corporate governance, and the internal management of financial status is rendered ineffective due to these assaults. The question that will be investigated during the study is: [4: "Towards blockchain-based identity and access management for internet of things in enterprises."]
How doe ...
1
2
Cyber Research Proposal
Cybersecurity in business
Introduction
Because of today's international economy, securing a company's intellectual property, financial information, and good name is critical for the company's long-term survival and growth. However, with the rise in risks and cyber vulnerability, most businesses find it difficult to keep up with the competition. Since their inception, most companies have reported 16% fraud, 37.7% financial losses, and an average of over 11% share value loss, according to data compiled by the US security. Most corporations and governments are working hard to keep their customers and residents safe from harm. There are both physical and cybersecurity risks involved with these threats. According to a recent study, many company owners aren't aware of the full scope of cybersecurity. People who own their businesses must deal with various issues daily.
Nevertheless, steps are being taken to address these issues. Customers and the company are likely to be protected by the measures adopted. Cybersecurity is one of the most pressing issues facing organizations today. Leaks of a company's intellectual property and other secrets may have devastating effects on its operations, as competitors and rivals will do all in their power to stop them. is an excellent illustration of this. This is perhaps the most talked-about security compromise of the year [footnoteRef:3]. The firm was severely damaged because of this. [1: "Database security attacks and control methods."] [2:q "Comprehending the IoT cyber threat landscape: A data dimensionality reduction technique to infer and characterize Internet-scale IoT probing campaigns."] [3: "The Equifax data breach: What cpas and firms need to know now." ]
Some individuals take advantage of clients by stealing highly important information to profit financially from their actions. For example, if the wrong individuals get their hands on your credit card information, you're in serious trouble since you might lose money. Some families lose all their resources, while others are forced to declare bankruptcy after being financially stable for a long period. Many of the findings of this study will be focused on cybersecurity and the sources of cybersecurity risks. The paper outlines a few of the issues and solutions that organizations may use to keep their operations and consumers safe from exploiting dishonest individuals.
Research question
According to the most recent study, more than 1500 companies have been exposed to some cybersecurity assault[footnoteRef:4]. This research details the specific types of attacks that have occurred. Organizational operations are affected, as is corporate governance, and the internal management of financial status is rendered ineffective due to these assaults. The question that will be investigated during the study is: [4: "Towards blockchain-based identity and access management for internet of things in enterprises."]
How doe ...
E-COMMERCE SYSTEMS SECURITY FOR SMALL BUSINESSESIJNSA Journal
Small business e-commerce websites make an excellent target for malicious attacks. Small businesses do not have the resources needed to effectively deal with attacks. Large and some mid-size organization have teams that are dedicated to dealing with security incidents and preventing future attacks. Most small businesses do not have the capabilities of dealing with incidents the way large organizations do. Security of e-commerce websites is essential for compliance with laws and regulations as well as gaining and maintaining the trust of consumers, partners and stakeholders. Many security standards have been established by various organizations to help guide security of small business servers, however, many of those standards or guidelines are too costly or time consuming. This paper1 will discuss how attacks are carried out and how a small business can effectively secure their networks with minimum cost.
Risk and Threat Assessment Report Anthony WolfBSA 5.docxjoellemurphey
Risk and Threat Assessment Report
Anthony Wolf
BSA/ 520
May 11th, 2020
Jeffery McDonough
Running head: RISK AND THREAT ASSESSMENT REPORT
1
RISK AND THREAT ASSESMENT REPORT
2
Risk and Threat Assessment Report
The rise of innovation and technological advancement has affected the aspects of technology in different ways. Improvement of software and operating systems gives hackers a reason to strive and develop more complex forms of overweighing security measures on those applications. Traditional application security best practices and secure coding are often recommended in protecting different applications against runtime attacks.
Runtime application self-protection is an emerging application in the protection of software applications, data, and databases. The increase in attacks has triggered the development of security technology that is linked or build into an application runtime environment. Besides, database deployment is safeguarded by run time application self-protection that can control the execution of applications, detecting, and preventing real-time attacks. The threats and risks associated with operating systems, networks, and software systems are significant concerns to users.
The internet has changed how people do their businesses. With the growth of e-commerce and other online transactions, there has been a subsequent increase in internet risk threats that are commonly occasioned by hacking and malware attacks. There are different types of e-commerce threats and might be accidental, deliberately done by perpetrators, or occur due to human error. The most prevalent threats are money theft, unprotected services, credit card fraud, hacking, data misuse, and phishing attacks. Heats associated with online transactions can be prevented or reduced by keeping the credit cards safe. Consumers/customers should be advised to avoid carrying their credit cards in their wallets since they increase the chances of misplacement. Each buyer should be cautious when using their you’re their online credit information.
The advancement in technology has seen an increase in online transactions. The practice of doing business transactions via the internet is called e-commerce. Their growth has subsequently lead to the rise in internet risk threats that are commonly occasioned by hacking and malware attacks. E-commerce is the activity of conducting transactions via the internet. Internet transactions can be drawn on various technologies, including internet marketing, electronic data exchanges, automated data collection systems, electronic fund transfer, and mobile commerce.
Online transaction threats occur by using the internet for unfair means with the aim of fraud, security breach, and stealing. The use of electronic payment systems has a substantial risk of fraud. It uses the identity of a customer to authorize a payment like security questions and passwords. If someone accesses a customer's password, he will gain access to his accounts and ...
Information security or Infosec worries with protecting information from unauthorized access. Its a part of information risk management and it therefore involves preventing or reducing the probability of unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, deletion, corruption, modification, inspect or recording. In this article we will talk about the IT security, various threads to information security, different obstacles of information security and the various ways in which internet can be lucrative. Bhavya Verma | Purva Choudhary | Dr. Deepak Chahal "An Empirical Study on Information Security" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30888.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/30888/an-empirical-study-on-information-security/bhavya-verma
How to secure information systemsSolutionAnswerInformation.pdfrohit219406
How to secure information systems?
Solution
Answer:
Information security:
Information security, sometimes shortened to InfoSec, is the practice of halting unauthorized
access, use, revelation, disordering, modification, investigation, recording or destruction of
information. It is a general term that can be used regardless of the form the data may take (e.g.
electronic, physical).
Since the advent of the internet and increased expansion of computer based technology in
today\'s corporations, information security breaches have increased at an alarming rate. While
businesses take a more cautious approach to how they handle IT security threats, these are
becoming increasingly complex and sophisticated. Denial-of-service attacks, software tampering
(e.g. Trojan horses and computer viruses) and social engineering techniques (e.g. phishing) are
some examples becoming prevalent. While we often times hear of the more widely publicized
embezzlement, money laundering, burglary and bribery statistics, data has shown that companies
have seen greater losses from losses attributed to information security breaches.
One of the most effective ways to prevent criminals from accessing and compromising
confidential company information is to implement an effective information security plan and
properly train firm employees accessing the system. Additionally, companies should implement
a dynamic and independent third party auditor to frequently test the adequacy of their security
system. Lastly, key responsibilities within the information security chain should be segregated
and rotated frequently. If companies follow these three basic tenets, they will be one step closer
to the effective security of their information.
Threats to Information Systems:
Information security threats come in many different forms. Some of the most common threats
today are software attacks, theft of intellectual property, identity theft, theft of equipment or
information, sabotage, and information infiltration Some of the most prevalent types of data
infiltration include input manipulation, program manipulation, data input manipulation, data
stealing, and outright sabotage. The most frequent type associated with this form of fraud is
manipulation of the data. The reason for this most common is because the criminal requires the
less amount of skill.
Most people have experienced software attacks of some sort. Viruses, worms, phishing
attacks, and Trojan horses are a few common examples of software attacks. Governments,
military, corporations, financial institutions, hospitals and private businesses amass a great deal
of confidential information about their employees, customers, products, research and financial
status. Most of this information is now collected, processed and stored on electronic computers
and transmitted across networks to other computers.
Implementing a Information Security System:
With so many different ways and so much potential for breaches to information security
systems.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
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limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
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AI for Every Business: Unlocking Your Product's Universal Potential by VP of ...
Data Leak Protection Using Text Mining and Social Network Analysis
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 10, Issue 12 (December 2014), PP.14-22
14
Data Leak Protection Using Text Mining and Social Network
Analysis
Ojoawo A. O., Fagbolu O.O., Olaniyan A.S., Sonubi T.A.
(Computer Science Department, the Polytechnic Ibadan, AOCE)
Abstract:- Data Leak prevention is a research field which deals with study of potential security threats to
organizational data and strategies to prevent such threats. Data leaks involve the release of sensitive information
to an untrusted third party, intentionally or otherwise while data loss on the other hand is disappearance or
damage of data, inwhich a correct data copy isno longer available to the organization.Thesecorrespond toa
compromise of data integrity oravailability. Data leak/loss has led to huge loss of revenue in the affected
organisation and a threat to their continued existence. All organisations using electronic data storage are
vulnerable to this attack. This research work is targeted at organisations with sensitive datasuch as Bank,
Manufacturing industries, GSM operators, research centres, Military, Higher Educational Institutions and so
on.The authorsanalyse the possible threats to organisational data and the parties that are involved in such threat,
the impact of successful attack on an organisation,and current approaches to DLP.The authorsalso design a DLP
modelusing “text mining” and “social network analysis”, and suggested further research into “text mining” and
“social network analysis”for effective future solution to DLP problems.In conclusion, implementation of this
design with adherence to good data security practices and proactive strategies suggested in thispaper will
significantly reduce the risk of such security threats.
Keywords:- Malicious hacking, cyber-attack, malware, thin-client, data repository, collaboration
I. INTRODUCTION
In the recent years there had been rivalrybetween the developed countries of the west and the newly
emerging economies in Asian countries(such as China, India etc.).Consequently, there had been increase in
threats to organizational data, ranging from cyber terrorism, malicious hacking, employee sabotage, fraud or
theft, Denial of Service and the likes. The most severe of these threats is cyber-attack which is a new form of
warfare employed by countries, organizations, companies and so on, battling for the control of markets,
resources, and products. This method is employed to attack each other due to its cost effectiveness and
anonymity of the attackers. For instance the economic powersof the world today frequently engage themselves
in cyber-attacks, countries like the US, China, Russia, India and Iran, are very good examples. Computersand
PDAs are now being used as a weapon in place of war equipment for attack.
Data Leak prevention is a research field which deals with study of potential security threats to
organizational data and strategies to mitigate such attacks. Data leaks involve the release of sensitive
information to an untrusted third partyintentionally or otherwise or an attacker (hacker) gaining unauthorized
access to an organization‟s sensitive data, while data loss on the other hand is disappearance or damage of data,
inwhich a correct data copy isno longer available to the organization, thesecorresponds toa compromise of data
integrity oravailability. A number of Data leak prevention (DLP) products or techniques available attempt to
mitigate some or all of these threats. Examples of the vendors of such products are Symantec, CA Technologies,
Trend Micro,McAfee and so on. Data leak/loss prevention has received little attention in the academic research
community. DLP is yet to be a solved problem because, current products are limited in what threats they
address. Recent development on the increase of attacks on organizations had raised serious concern throughout
the globe about the consequences of such attack. Today, reports of Cyber-attack often make News headline on
international media frequently.
Data leak is a frequent activity that can goes on within an organization undetected until it
becamepronounced. Data loss on the other hand is less frequent;however, it may be severe if no proper backup
and data protection plan is in place. Data leak and data loss sometimes may not be malicious.Incidents such
natural disaster destroying physical structures, careless data entry clerk entering erroneous inputs, careless
placement of sensitive printed documents and the likes are not intentional.
2. Data Leak Protection Using Text Mining And Social Network Analysis
15
Data Security Threats Relationship
Fig.1 Source: Microsoft Corporation, Security Strategies2000
The hierarchical model in Fig.1 shows the relationship among the elements involved in Data threat.
Traditional data leak and data loss such as natural disasters, virus attacks, loss of data by careless
employees etc. requires traditional DLP approach;these includes the use of fireproof cabinet, waterproof
cabinets, to keep storage devices, and the use of password, access right control, watermarking, antivirus/anti-
malware to protect program and data. However, sophisticated electronic data leak requiresa specialized
approach.
II. ECONOMIC IMPLICATION OF DATA LEAK/LOSS
Companies can be held liable for the release of customer and employee information such as credit cards
information,health records, social security numbers and so on and will be charged to pay huge compensation to
the affected party. Furthermore, loss of proprietary information to competitors can result in loss of sales and
may even threaten the existence of an organization. In addition to data leak, data loss can also inflict heavy
losses on organisation. Loss of customer‟s information by a Bank or a cell phone operator for instance can lead
to great financial loss. It can also lead to loss of trust by the customer, or damage the integrity of the affected
organisation.
III. DATA PROTECTION LAW
Intellectual property Protection lawand some other some other relevant regulation tends to protect
organisational data with tough penalties for the offenders. However some unscrupulous elements deliberately
broke such because of the possibility that the authority in charge may not be able to apprehend them due to
anonymity of some attack. In addition, such law is not effective in some countries, especially the Asian
countries like China and India, because they do not really respect intellectual property law of the West.
IV. DATA LEAK CHANNELS
In DLP it is important to investigate data repositories and identify data leak channels. It is also very
important to identify sensitive data repositories within an organization, since selecting suitable prevention
techniques naturally depends on the repository in question. Employee‟s records, Customer records, proprietary
source code and sensitive documents on network shares are a few examples of repositories. Different prevention
techniques may be appropriate for different data states which are: 1. at rest (i.e. at the repository); 2. in motion
(i.e. over the network), and 3. in use (i.e. at the endpoint).
Preeti Ramanet al argue that when the data is at rest, the repository can be protected with access
control and audit, but when the data is in motion or in use, prevention using access control becomes increasingly
difficult. For in motion and in use scenarios, the data leak prevention mechanism should be sufficiently context
aware to infer the semantics of communication.
Fig. 2 Data leak channel as presented by Raman et al,
3. Data Leak Protection Using Text Mining And Social Network Analysis
16
As shown in Figure 2, data leaks can occur in different ways such as Hardware theft, surveillance, and
the mismanagement of printed documents. These are the traditional ways of data theft. Additionally, electronic
communications such as instant messaging, web applications, social networking and email provides additional
challenges. These electronic channels highly utilized in organizationsprovide means to quickly and easily send
data to a third party. Traditional data leaks can be suitably prevented with traditional approaches, context aware
techniques, which can infer who is communicating and what is being communicated and so on, are needed to
prevent data leaks in electronic communications.
Data breaches in some organization were attributed to a number of factors as stated follows:
Code Injection: Poor programming of information systems and applications can leave organization
vulnerable to various code injection attacks, or allow inappropriate information to beretrieved in legitimate
database queries.Structured Query Language (SQL) injection is one of the most common attacktechniques for
applications or websites that use SQL servers as back-end database.
Malware: Malware is designed to secretly access a computer system without owner‟s
informedconsent. Sophisticated data-stealing malware may take various forms includingTrojan, spyware, screen
scrappers, adware, etc. Users areusually infected during installation of other application software bundled
withmalware or from malicious web sites. Download of freebies from the internet and installing it is the major
source of such malware.
Phishing: Another data leakage channel is through the use of phishing sites as a lure to stealsensitive
data from users. Phishing spam can be sent to staff‟s e-mailaddress. Once they are deceived to click the links in
the malicious e-mails, theirbrowsers can be re-directed to fraudulent websites that mimic reputableorganisations,
where users may unnoticeably leak their account name and passwordsto hackers. If the login credential to a
organisation‟s web mail system is leaked, thehacker can authenticate himself or herself as the organisation‟s
employee.
Malicious Insider: organisations sensitive data are also vulnerable to intentional data leakage
performedby their internal users (e.g. employees, students). Motivations are varied, but usuallyfall into
corporate espionage, financial interest, or a grievance with their employers.Sensitive data can be unauthorisedly
transferred out through remote access, e-mail,instant messaging or FTP. Even if DLP solutions have been
deployed within an organisation, these malicious insiders, especially IT personnel, can bypass therestrictions
through sabotage of DLP systems. E.g. altering the DLP configuration tocreate backdoor, shutdown DLP
services, physically cut off the power supply or declassifysensitive data.
Current approaches to Data Leak Prevention
Various companies have recently started providing data leak prevention solutions. While some
solutions secure “data at rest‟ by restricting access to it and encrypting it, the best available solution relies on
robust policies and pattern-matching algorithms for data leak detection. However, related academic work in data
leak prevention focused on building policies, developing watermarking schemes, and identifying the forensic
evidence for post-mortem analysis.
Yasuhiro Kirihataet aldesign a webcontent protection system to realize the protection of confidential
webcontents. This system provides a special viewer application to view theencrypted content data and realize
the prohibition of copying andtaking snapshots for the displayed confidential data. Ituses thedynamical
encryption methodology by the intermediate encryptionproxy making it possible to protect the web contents
generated dynamically.
Vachharajani et al provides a user-level policy language for hardware-enforced policies, which ensures
that the sensitive data does not reach untrusted output channels through network communications, files, and
shared memory. The proposed runtime information flow security system assigns predefined labels to the data
and policies are enforced at the hardware level to ensure the data flow complies with the policies.
Lars Bruckner et al, use data journals as a new kind of privacy enhancement technology to increase the
user‟sability to take advantage of his rights. Data journal is a tool that records the disclosureof personal data to
services and collects related information about the serviceprovider‟s identity and its privacy policy. The authors
describe how data journals work, howthe user can benefit from their usage, and their relation to other privacy
enhancementtechnologies. They also describe two prototype implementations to show that data journals can be
implementedon without changes to existing services or big changes of the user‟s browsing
Lee et al.,approaches data leak prevention from a forensics point of view and identifies the set of files
needed to detect data leaks on a Windows operating system. The authors argue that delaying the collection of
forensic data will have detrimental effects in the effectiveness of a data leak prevention system; hence, they
4. Data Leak Protection Using Text Mining And Social Network Analysis
17
propose an efficient method to collect the basic information needed to detect data leaks by investigating five
crucial system files: 1.the installation record file, 2. the system event log, 3. the windows registry, 4. the browser
history, and 5. the core file in NTFS. Their approach is limited to file system-level data leaks on Windows
platforms.
The current state-of-the-art in commercial data leak prevention focuses on pattern-matching, which
suffers from the general shortcoming of misuse detection techniques; an expert needs to define the signatures.
Given the elusive definition of data leaks, signatures should be defined per corporation basis, making the
widespread deployment of current data leak prevention tools a challenge. On the other hand, the relevant
academic work on data leak prevention and text mining takes a forensics approach and mainly focuses on post-
mortem identification. Thus, there is a need to research further to detecting complex data leaks in real-time.
Historical records of Data leak/Loss
The table in Table 1 shows the reported cases of cyber-attack in Japan with date, target, and economic impact of
the attack.
5. Data Leak Protection Using Text Mining And Social Network Analysis
18
Table. 1
Table. 2
Table 2 above shows data on the threat from china and the targeted industry from 2006 to 2012,
according to the table it is obvious data leak attack is on the increase at the same time from 2006 there is
increase in the type of organization targeted. In addition, from table 2abovefor instance, there is increase in
number of attack targeting educational institutions. However due to increase in awareness through staff training
and implementation of security measures there had been a decrease on the impact of such attack. Also,
according to the two figures in chart 1 below, the percentage of insider attack has also dropped compare to
malicious hacking, this may be due to toughened penalties of security breach on the affected employees.
6. Data Leak Protection Using Text Mining And Social Network Analysis
19
Chart 1
Challenges to Data Leak Prevention
Encryption
Different prevention mechanismsare needed to deal with different states of data. In particular,detecting
and preventing data leaks in transit have majorchallenges due to encryption and the high volume of
electroniccommunications. While encryption provides means to ensurethe confidentiality, authenticity and
integrity of the data, it alsomakes it difficult to identify the data leaks occurring over encryptedchannels.
Encrypted emails and file transfer protocolssuch as SFTP imply that complementing DLP mechanismsshould be
employed for greater coverage of leak channels.Employing data leak prevention at the endpoint, outside
theencrypted channel has the potential to detect the leaks beforethe communication is encrypted.
Collaboration
There is also a need to identify the collaboration parties.However, identifying the communities of
collaboration is nota straightforward task. While a simple approach can considerusing the access control
mechanisms e.g. to determine theprogrammers, managers, administrators etc. such approach isnot sufficient to
capture heterogeneous groups where peoplecan belong to more than one group. Identifying a collaboration
community should be a continuous task to care of changing and creation of new groups.
Access Control
Access control provides the first line of defence in DLP. Access control is only suitable for data atrest;
it is difficult to implement it for data in transit and in use. This implies that the moment data is retrieved from
the repository; it isdifficult to enforce access control. Furthermore, access controlsystems are not always
configured with the least privilegeprinciple in mind.
7. Data Leak Protection Using Text Mining And Social Network Analysis
20
Proposed solution to DLP problems
The biggest shortcoming of the state-of-art and the relevantprevious work is that they attempt to detect
data leaks withoutan understanding of the communication context. However, thecomplex data leaks are in
semantics (i.e. the content of theconversation) not in syntax. Thus, in order to address thesemantic gap problem
in data leak prevention, new researchdirections should be explored to provide the semantic summarizationof
communications. The main focus is identifyingin transit and in use data leaks, which are arguably morecomplex
in nature. In this section, the authors review the text miningand social network analysis approaches, which will
aid in building context aware DLP solutions to “in use” attacks.
Text Mining
Text mining is an exploratory data analysis techniquewhich aims to identify the natural groupings (i.e.
“clusters”)within a text body. Each cluster contains similar documents,according to a similarity metric.From a
data leak prevention perspective, text can be collectedfrom numerous sources, such as email. Theclusters of text
can serve as equivalence classes (contentsummaries), which can then be labelled to provide semanticmeaning.
Thus, by applying clustering to email communications,it is possible to infer the subject of the communication
ina privacy preserving manner. Based on the subjects that a usercommunicates about, a deviation from the
„usual‟ is flaggedand further analyzed for data leaks.Text mining, which places documents with similar
propertieswithin the same group, have been utilized for summarizinglarge corpus of documents.
Chow etal. aimed to detect the inferences in sensitive documentsby applying various data mining
algorithms to Enron emailcorpus. The inferences are determined based on co-occurrenceof terms in the text
corpus. Similarly, Keila et. al. proposed a method for detecting deceptive emails, based onthe deception theory
which suggests that people use fewerfirst person pronouns and more negative emotion and actionverbs. Singular
value decomposition is utilized to visualizeemail messages and identify the outliers which correspond
todeceptive emails. Applying text mining to data leak prevention involves monitoringcorporate email
communications for a period of time toidentify the clusters of topics, in other words, communicationsubjects.
The output of clustering may be difficult for a humanto comprehend without further processing such as in the
caseof the commonly utilized k-means clustering. Thus the resulting visualization can be utilized toassign
semantic meaning to the clusters manually or automatically.During deployment, when an email communications
isprocessed, the most similar cluster is employed to assign thetopic of the email. If there exists a substantial
deviation ofcommunication pattern (in terms of the context, frequency andthe involved parties), the resulting
communication is flaggedfor further analysis.
Social Network Analysis
Social network analysis involves the mapping and measuringof relationships between people, groups
and organizationsby representing the relationships in terms of nodes and connections.Social networks can be
derived from communicationchannels such as email, forum discussions, and social networkingsites. Analysis of
social networks can improve ourunderstanding of the relationships and groupings between theparties involved in
electronic communications, email in particular.Thus the goal of social network analysis for data leakprevention
is to identify the communication patterns withinthe organization and employ feedback from the administratorto
identify unusual communications to uncover data leaks.Diesner et al. performed a social network analysis ofthe
Enron email, which contains the email communicationsof top-level Enron employees before and during
theEnron scandal. Applying social network analysis in data leak preventioninvolves monitoring the online
collaborations (email, documentand code repositories) to discover the communities ofcollaboration. The
discovered communities (i.e. social networks)are vital in identifying the collaborating parties suchas a team of
developers working on the same code repositoryor a group of employees exchanging emails to perform atask
(e.g. preparing for a meeting). Social network analysishas the potential to discover the collaborations which are
notdocumented as a part of company policy or access control.Proper visualization of the communities can be
presented tothe administrator for manual or automatic validation. Duringdeployment, if a substantial change in
the social network isobserved, it is flagged for further analysis since it can reveal:(1) a dissolving social network
(2) a merging social networkor (3) inclusion of an untrusted party, which is potentially adata leak.
Proposed solution to DLP problems
The biggest shortcoming of the state-of-art and the relevantprevious work is that they attempt to detect
data leaks withoutan understanding of the communication context. However, thecomplex data leaks are in
semantics (i.e. the content of theconversation) not syntax. Thus, in order to address thesemantic gap problem in
data leak prevention, new researchdirections should be explored to provide the semantic summarizationof
communications. The main focus is identifyingin transit and in use data leaks, which are arguably morecomplex
in nature. In this section, the author review the text miningand social network analysis approaches, which
willaid in building context aware DLP solutions to “in use” attacks.
8. Data Leak Protection Using Text Mining And Social Network Analysis
21
Figure. 4 Proposed DLP Model
The proposed DLP works by subjecting email message, social Networkingand Instant Messaging
application to scrutiny before messages can be allowed to go out or come in. The email messages will be
separated into two parts; the message body/title and the attachment.The attachment goes through secure content
management module which checks for signature on the file to determine its classification, if it is classified as
“restricted”then the message is denied access.On the other hand if it is image or document then it goes to
text/image mining module, text or image or both will be extracted from the file using Content Based Image
Retrieval (CBIR) and then proceed to text/image semantic analysis module. This is where the text and the image
are processed semantically to know whether it‟s malicious or Non-malicious. The text/image analysis module is
language sensitive and is capable of detecting the language of the text, thus the language used in writing the text
is used in determining the meaning. The decision module decides whether to deny the message access or allow
it. The email body is processed in the similar way except that it does not pass through secure content
Management module.
The social networking analysis will be in form of investigative report for a particular period. The email
messages sent and received and other messages exchanged within groups of collaborators are analysed to detect
collaborations that are suspicious, and againstthe organisation‟s policies.
However, for data leaks the cannot be detected in real time, there must be a database in the text/image
mining module which will record and store all incoming and outgoing e-mail messages, and sent/received text
messages from the social networking web applications. These data will be used during periodic analysisof
degree of collaborations among parties involved. After this analysis, any collaboration detected which are not
documented as part of the organisation‟s policy is reported to the DLP administrator. This analysis can be done
daily, weekly, monthly etc., depending on the requirement of the organisation.
LIMITATION
This design is targeted at the “in use” state of Data leak. If implemented, it is expected to detect some
data leak in real time and other that cannot be detected immediately can be detected over a period of time. As it
has been said earlier, there is no particular solution that can solve all DLP problems. In addition, detecting
complex data leak in real-time still remain a challenge.
V. CONCLUSION
DLP is a multifaceted problem. Determining the sensitivedata to be protected, identifying the
legitimate use of thedata and anticipating data leak channels require the internalbusiness logic of the
corporation, thus, there is no particular solution that can solve all this problems. In addition to traditional data
leak channelssuch as hardware theft, the widespread use of electroniccommunications such as email makes it
easy to leak sensitivedata in a matter of seconds.Both data leak prevention and intrusion detection share thesame
common goal, which is to detect potentially harmfulactivity. Thus, the commercial approach typically
employssimilar techniques to solve data leak prevention. DLP is a substantially complex problem, when
thethreat usually originates from the inside and to determine a data leak in real time is difficult. Sometimes data
leaks can occur by accident betweenindividuals who are completely legitimate. The detection ofsuch data leak
requires the understanding of semantics.Current state-of-art in data leak prevention mainly utilizesmisuse
detection to detect data leaks, where a signature actsas a data leak description. However, misuse detection
cannotscale well in data leak prevention since the data leak signatureshighly dependent on the internal business
logic and should bedeveloped per organization to minimize false alerts andmaximize detection rate.
Furthermore, misuse detection doesnot possess the sufficient context awareness to detect complexdata leak
scenarios, where the data leak is in the semantics,not in syntax.In this paper, the author reviewed the current
state-of-art,designa context awaredata leak prevention solutionusing text/image mining and social network
9. Data Leak Protection Using Text Mining And Social Network Analysis
22
analysis.It is recommended thatprivacy of individuals is respected; only sematic meaning of the analysis result
will be inferred. This allows data leak prevention to go beyondpattern matching and detect complex data leaks
based who isinvolved in the communication and what information isbeing exchanged.
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