This document discusses cyber security threats and their impact. It provides an overview of some growing cyber risks and how they can threaten the development of the information society. It argues that increased cooperation and information sharing between cyber security groups is needed to effectively address these challenges. Senior executives and governments must play a leading role in overseeing cyber security and minimizing risks through effective IT governance and strategic alignment of security systems. Overall cyber threats are increasing and declining trust in internet users, so concerted efforts are needed from all stakeholders to promote a more secure information environment.
Contemporary Cyber Security Social Engineering Solutions, Measures, Policies,...CSCJournals
Social engineering is a major threat to organizations as more and more companies digitize operations and increase connectivity through the internet. After defining social engineering and the problems it presents, this study offers a critical review of existing protection measures, tools, and policies for organizations to combat cyber security social engineering. Through a systematic review of recent studies published on the subject, our analysis identifies the need to provide training for employees to ensure they understand the risks of social engineering and how best to avoid becoming a victim. Protection measures include awareness programs, training of non-technical staff members, new security networks, software usage, and security protocols to address social engineering threats.
Network security is a dynamic art, with dangers appearing as fast as black hats can exploit vulnerabilities. While there are basic “golden rules” which can make life difficult for the bad guys, it remains a challenge to keep networks secure. John Chambers, Executive Chairman of Cisco, famously said “there are two types of companies: those that have been hacked, and those who don’t know they have been hacked”. The question for most organizations isn’t if they’re going to be breached, but how quickly they can isolate and mitigate the threat. In this paper, we’ll examine best practices for effective cybersecurity – from both a proactive (access hardening) and reactive (threat isolation and mitigation) perspective. We’ll address how network automation can help minimize cyberattacks by closing vulnerability gaps and how it can improve incident response times in the event of a cyberthreat. Finally, we’ll lay a vision for continuous network security, to explore how machine-to-machine automation may deliver an auto-securing and self-healing network.
Go to www.esgjrconsultinginc.com
Cyber Warfare is the current single greatest emerging threat to National Security. Network security has become an essential component of any computer network. As computer networks and systems become ever more fundamental to modern society, concerns about security has become increasingly important. There are a multitude of different applications open source and proprietary available for the protection +-system administrator, to decide on the most suitable format for their purpose requires knowledge of the available safety measures, their features and how they affect the quality of service, as well as the kind of data they will be allowing through un flagged. A majority of methods currently used to ensure the quality of a networks service are signature based. From this information, and details on the specifics of popular applications and their implementation methods, we have carried through the ideas, incorporating our own opinions, to formulate suggestions on how this could be done on a general level. The main objective was to design and develop an Intrusion Detection System. While the minor objectives were to; Design a port scanner to determine potential threats and mitigation techniques to withstand these attacks. Implement the system on a host and Run and test the designed IDS. In this project we set out to develop a Honey Pot IDS System. It would make it easy to listen on a range of ports and emulate a network protocol to track and identify any individuals trying to connect to your system. This IDS will use the following design approaches: Event correlation, Log analysis, Alerting, and policy enforcement. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) attempt to identify unauthorized use, misuse, and abuse of computer systems. In response to the growth in the use and development of IDSs, we have developed a methodology for testing IDSs. The methodology consists of techniques from the field of software testing which we have adapted for the specific purpose of testing IDSs. In this paper, we identify a set of general IDS performance objectives which is the basis for the methodology. We present the details of the methodology, including strategies for test-case selection and specific testing procedures. We include quantitative results from testing experiments on the Network Security Monitor (NSM), an IDS developed at UC Davis. We present an overview of the software platform that we have used to create user-simulation scripts for testing experiments. The platform consists of the UNIX tool expect and enhancements that we have developed, including mechanisms for concurrent scripts and a record-and-replay feature. We also provide background information on intrusions and IDSs to motivate our work.
Contemporary Cyber Security Social Engineering Solutions, Measures, Policies,...CSCJournals
Social engineering is a major threat to organizations as more and more companies digitize operations and increase connectivity through the internet. After defining social engineering and the problems it presents, this study offers a critical review of existing protection measures, tools, and policies for organizations to combat cyber security social engineering. Through a systematic review of recent studies published on the subject, our analysis identifies the need to provide training for employees to ensure they understand the risks of social engineering and how best to avoid becoming a victim. Protection measures include awareness programs, training of non-technical staff members, new security networks, software usage, and security protocols to address social engineering threats.
Network security is a dynamic art, with dangers appearing as fast as black hats can exploit vulnerabilities. While there are basic “golden rules” which can make life difficult for the bad guys, it remains a challenge to keep networks secure. John Chambers, Executive Chairman of Cisco, famously said “there are two types of companies: those that have been hacked, and those who don’t know they have been hacked”. The question for most organizations isn’t if they’re going to be breached, but how quickly they can isolate and mitigate the threat. In this paper, we’ll examine best practices for effective cybersecurity – from both a proactive (access hardening) and reactive (threat isolation and mitigation) perspective. We’ll address how network automation can help minimize cyberattacks by closing vulnerability gaps and how it can improve incident response times in the event of a cyberthreat. Finally, we’ll lay a vision for continuous network security, to explore how machine-to-machine automation may deliver an auto-securing and self-healing network.
Go to www.esgjrconsultinginc.com
Cyber Warfare is the current single greatest emerging threat to National Security. Network security has become an essential component of any computer network. As computer networks and systems become ever more fundamental to modern society, concerns about security has become increasingly important. There are a multitude of different applications open source and proprietary available for the protection +-system administrator, to decide on the most suitable format for their purpose requires knowledge of the available safety measures, their features and how they affect the quality of service, as well as the kind of data they will be allowing through un flagged. A majority of methods currently used to ensure the quality of a networks service are signature based. From this information, and details on the specifics of popular applications and their implementation methods, we have carried through the ideas, incorporating our own opinions, to formulate suggestions on how this could be done on a general level. The main objective was to design and develop an Intrusion Detection System. While the minor objectives were to; Design a port scanner to determine potential threats and mitigation techniques to withstand these attacks. Implement the system on a host and Run and test the designed IDS. In this project we set out to develop a Honey Pot IDS System. It would make it easy to listen on a range of ports and emulate a network protocol to track and identify any individuals trying to connect to your system. This IDS will use the following design approaches: Event correlation, Log analysis, Alerting, and policy enforcement. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) attempt to identify unauthorized use, misuse, and abuse of computer systems. In response to the growth in the use and development of IDSs, we have developed a methodology for testing IDSs. The methodology consists of techniques from the field of software testing which we have adapted for the specific purpose of testing IDSs. In this paper, we identify a set of general IDS performance objectives which is the basis for the methodology. We present the details of the methodology, including strategies for test-case selection and specific testing procedures. We include quantitative results from testing experiments on the Network Security Monitor (NSM), an IDS developed at UC Davis. We present an overview of the software platform that we have used to create user-simulation scripts for testing experiments. The platform consists of the UNIX tool expect and enhancements that we have developed, including mechanisms for concurrent scripts and a record-and-replay feature. We also provide background information on intrusions and IDSs to motivate our work.
If you're serious about becoming a successful, well-rounded IT professional, you need to
constantly broaden your skills and knowledge--and in some areas that might surprise you. This list details
key competencies that will help advance your career.
Research Article On Web Application SecuritySaadSaif6
This Is The Totally Hand Written Research Article On
Web Application Security
(Improving Critical Web-based Applications Quality Through In depth Security Analysis)
This Research Article Was Made By Me After The Hard Working Of One Month. Its Best And Suitable For Your Research Paper And Also Used In Class For Present It And For Submission.
AN EFFECTIVE METHOD FOR INFORMATION SECURITY AWARENESS RAISING INITIATIVESijcsit
Increasingly, all kinds of organizations and institutions are adopting the E-business model to conduct their
activities and provide E-Services for their customers. In the process, whether they know it or not, those
organizations are also opening themselves up to the risk of information security breaches. Therefore
protecting an organization’s ICT infrastructure, IT systems, and Data is a vital issue that is often
underestimated. Research has shown that one of the most significant threats to information security comes
not from external attack but rather from the system's users, because they are familiar with the
infrastructure and have access to its resources, but may be unaware of the risks. Moreover, using only
technological solutions to protect an organization’s assets is not enough; there is a need to consider the
human factor by raising users’ security awareness. Our contribution to this problem is to propose an
Information Security Awareness Program that aims at raising and maintaining the level of users’ security
awareness. This paper puts forward a general model for an information security awareness program and
describes how it could be incorporated into an organization’s website through the process of development
life cycle.
SYSTEM END-USER ACTIONS AS A THREAT TO INFORMATION SYSTEM SECURITYIJNSA Journal
As universities migrate online due to the advent of Covid-19, there is a need for enhanced security in information systems in the institution of higher learning. Many opted to invest in technological approaches to mitigate cybersecurity threats; however, the most common types of cybersecurity breaches happen due to the human factor, well known as end-user error or actions. Thus, this study aimed to identify and explore possible end-user errors in academia and the resulting vulnerabilities and threats that could affect the integrity of the university's information system. The study further presented state-of-the-art humanoriented security threats countermeasures to compliment universities' cybersecurity plans. Countermeasures include well-tailored ICT policies, incident response procedures, and education to protect themselves from security events (disruption, distortion, and exploitation). Adopted is a mixedmethod research approach with a qualitative research design to guide the study. An open-ended questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were used as data collection tools. Findings showed that system end-user errors remain the biggest security threat to information systems security in institutions of higher learning. Indeed errors make information systems vulnerable to certain cybersecurity attacks and, when exploited, put legitimate users, institutional network, and its computers at risk of contracting viruses, worms, Trojan, and expose it to spam, phishing, e-mail fraud, and other modern security attacks such as DDoS, session hijacking, replay attack and many more. Understanding that technology has failed to fully protect systems, specific recommendations are provided for the institution of higher education to consider improving employee actions and minimizing security incidents in their eLearning platforms, post Covid-19.
Booz Allen Hamilton focuses on defining the vulnerabilities
further and identifying the potential mobile security exploits that could harm or damage a business. This article covers Booz Allen's approach to helping organizations develop a secure and effective mobile application security program.
Preparing today for tomorrow’s threats.
When companies hear the word “security,” what concepts come to mind
— safety, protection or perhaps comfort? To the average IT administrator,
security conjures up images of locked-down networks and virus-free devices.
An attacker, state-sponsored agent or hactivist, meanwhile, may view security
as a way to demonstrate expertise by infiltrating and bringing down corporate
or government networks for profit, military goals, political gain — or even fun.
We live in a world in which cybercrime is on the rise. A quick scan of the
timeline of major incidents (See Figure 1, Page 9) shows the increasing
frequency and severity of security breaches — a pattern that is likely
to continue for years to come. Few if any organizations are safe from
cybercriminals, to say nothing of national security. In fact, experts even
exposed authentication and encryption vulnerabilities in the U.S. Federal
Aviation Administration’s new state-of-the-art multibillion-dollar air
traffic control system
INFECCION POR EL VIRUS NIPAH - ENFERMEDADES EMERGENTES OMS Pedro Xiqui
INFECCION POR EL VIRUS NIPAH - ENFERMEDADES EMERGENTES OMS
ALERTA Y RESPUESTA ANTE ENFERMEDADES EMERGENTES MUNDIALES
PEDRO JAVIER HENANDEZ XIQUI
RICARDO CALVILLO
CINTHYA SANTIAGO
If you're serious about becoming a successful, well-rounded IT professional, you need to
constantly broaden your skills and knowledge--and in some areas that might surprise you. This list details
key competencies that will help advance your career.
Research Article On Web Application SecuritySaadSaif6
This Is The Totally Hand Written Research Article On
Web Application Security
(Improving Critical Web-based Applications Quality Through In depth Security Analysis)
This Research Article Was Made By Me After The Hard Working Of One Month. Its Best And Suitable For Your Research Paper And Also Used In Class For Present It And For Submission.
AN EFFECTIVE METHOD FOR INFORMATION SECURITY AWARENESS RAISING INITIATIVESijcsit
Increasingly, all kinds of organizations and institutions are adopting the E-business model to conduct their
activities and provide E-Services for their customers. In the process, whether they know it or not, those
organizations are also opening themselves up to the risk of information security breaches. Therefore
protecting an organization’s ICT infrastructure, IT systems, and Data is a vital issue that is often
underestimated. Research has shown that one of the most significant threats to information security comes
not from external attack but rather from the system's users, because they are familiar with the
infrastructure and have access to its resources, but may be unaware of the risks. Moreover, using only
technological solutions to protect an organization’s assets is not enough; there is a need to consider the
human factor by raising users’ security awareness. Our contribution to this problem is to propose an
Information Security Awareness Program that aims at raising and maintaining the level of users’ security
awareness. This paper puts forward a general model for an information security awareness program and
describes how it could be incorporated into an organization’s website through the process of development
life cycle.
SYSTEM END-USER ACTIONS AS A THREAT TO INFORMATION SYSTEM SECURITYIJNSA Journal
As universities migrate online due to the advent of Covid-19, there is a need for enhanced security in information systems in the institution of higher learning. Many opted to invest in technological approaches to mitigate cybersecurity threats; however, the most common types of cybersecurity breaches happen due to the human factor, well known as end-user error or actions. Thus, this study aimed to identify and explore possible end-user errors in academia and the resulting vulnerabilities and threats that could affect the integrity of the university's information system. The study further presented state-of-the-art humanoriented security threats countermeasures to compliment universities' cybersecurity plans. Countermeasures include well-tailored ICT policies, incident response procedures, and education to protect themselves from security events (disruption, distortion, and exploitation). Adopted is a mixedmethod research approach with a qualitative research design to guide the study. An open-ended questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were used as data collection tools. Findings showed that system end-user errors remain the biggest security threat to information systems security in institutions of higher learning. Indeed errors make information systems vulnerable to certain cybersecurity attacks and, when exploited, put legitimate users, institutional network, and its computers at risk of contracting viruses, worms, Trojan, and expose it to spam, phishing, e-mail fraud, and other modern security attacks such as DDoS, session hijacking, replay attack and many more. Understanding that technology has failed to fully protect systems, specific recommendations are provided for the institution of higher education to consider improving employee actions and minimizing security incidents in their eLearning platforms, post Covid-19.
Booz Allen Hamilton focuses on defining the vulnerabilities
further and identifying the potential mobile security exploits that could harm or damage a business. This article covers Booz Allen's approach to helping organizations develop a secure and effective mobile application security program.
Preparing today for tomorrow’s threats.
When companies hear the word “security,” what concepts come to mind
— safety, protection or perhaps comfort? To the average IT administrator,
security conjures up images of locked-down networks and virus-free devices.
An attacker, state-sponsored agent or hactivist, meanwhile, may view security
as a way to demonstrate expertise by infiltrating and bringing down corporate
or government networks for profit, military goals, political gain — or even fun.
We live in a world in which cybercrime is on the rise. A quick scan of the
timeline of major incidents (See Figure 1, Page 9) shows the increasing
frequency and severity of security breaches — a pattern that is likely
to continue for years to come. Few if any organizations are safe from
cybercriminals, to say nothing of national security. In fact, experts even
exposed authentication and encryption vulnerabilities in the U.S. Federal
Aviation Administration’s new state-of-the-art multibillion-dollar air
traffic control system
INFECCION POR EL VIRUS NIPAH - ENFERMEDADES EMERGENTES OMS Pedro Xiqui
INFECCION POR EL VIRUS NIPAH - ENFERMEDADES EMERGENTES OMS
ALERTA Y RESPUESTA ANTE ENFERMEDADES EMERGENTES MUNDIALES
PEDRO JAVIER HENANDEZ XIQUI
RICARDO CALVILLO
CINTHYA SANTIAGO
1
2
Cyber Research Proposal
Cybersecurity in business
Introduction
Because of today's international economy, securing a company's intellectual property, financial information, and good name is critical for the company's long-term survival and growth. However, with the rise in risks and cyber vulnerability, most businesses find it difficult to keep up with the competition. Since their inception, most companies have reported 16% fraud, 37.7% financial losses, and an average of over 11% share value loss, according to data compiled by the US security. Most corporations and governments are working hard to keep their customers and residents safe from harm. There are both physical and cybersecurity risks involved with these threats. According to a recent study, many company owners aren't aware of the full scope of cybersecurity. People who own their businesses must deal with various issues daily.
Nevertheless, steps are being taken to address these issues. Customers and the company are likely to be protected by the measures adopted. Cybersecurity is one of the most pressing issues facing organizations today. Leaks of a company's intellectual property and other secrets may have devastating effects on its operations, as competitors and rivals will do all in their power to stop them. is an excellent illustration of this. This is perhaps the most talked-about security compromise of the year [footnoteRef:3]. The firm was severely damaged because of this. [1: "Database security attacks and control methods."] [2:q "Comprehending the IoT cyber threat landscape: A data dimensionality reduction technique to infer and characterize Internet-scale IoT probing campaigns."] [3: "The Equifax data breach: What cpas and firms need to know now." ]
Some individuals take advantage of clients by stealing highly important information to profit financially from their actions. For example, if the wrong individuals get their hands on your credit card information, you're in serious trouble since you might lose money. Some families lose all their resources, while others are forced to declare bankruptcy after being financially stable for a long period. Many of the findings of this study will be focused on cybersecurity and the sources of cybersecurity risks. The paper outlines a few of the issues and solutions that organizations may use to keep their operations and consumers safe from exploiting dishonest individuals.
Research question
According to the most recent study, more than 1500 companies have been exposed to some cybersecurity assault[footnoteRef:4]. This research details the specific types of attacks that have occurred. Organizational operations are affected, as is corporate governance, and the internal management of financial status is rendered ineffective due to these assaults. The question that will be investigated during the study is: [4: "Towards blockchain-based identity and access management for internet of things in enterprises."]
How doe ...
1
2
Cyber Research Proposal
Cybersecurity in business
Introduction
Because of today's international economy, securing a company's intellectual property, financial information, and good name is critical for the company's long-term survival and growth. However, with the rise in risks and cyber vulnerability, most businesses find it difficult to keep up with the competition. Since their inception, most companies have reported 16% fraud, 37.7% financial losses, and an average of over 11% share value loss, according to data compiled by the US security. Most corporations and governments are working hard to keep their customers and residents safe from harm. There are both physical and cybersecurity risks involved with these threats. According to a recent study, many company owners aren't aware of the full scope of cybersecurity. People who own their businesses must deal with various issues daily.
Nevertheless, steps are being taken to address these issues. Customers and the company are likely to be protected by the measures adopted. Cybersecurity is one of the most pressing issues facing organizations today. Leaks of a company's intellectual property and other secrets may have devastating effects on its operations, as competitors and rivals will do all in their power to stop them. is an excellent illustration of this. This is perhaps the most talked-about security compromise of the year [footnoteRef:3]. The firm was severely damaged because of this. [1: "Database security attacks and control methods."] [2:q "Comprehending the IoT cyber threat landscape: A data dimensionality reduction technique to infer and characterize Internet-scale IoT probing campaigns."] [3: "The Equifax data breach: What cpas and firms need to know now." ]
Some individuals take advantage of clients by stealing highly important information to profit financially from their actions. For example, if the wrong individuals get their hands on your credit card information, you're in serious trouble since you might lose money. Some families lose all their resources, while others are forced to declare bankruptcy after being financially stable for a long period. Many of the findings of this study will be focused on cybersecurity and the sources of cybersecurity risks. The paper outlines a few of the issues and solutions that organizations may use to keep their operations and consumers safe from exploiting dishonest individuals.
Research question
According to the most recent study, more than 1500 companies have been exposed to some cybersecurity assault[footnoteRef:4]. This research details the specific types of attacks that have occurred. Organizational operations are affected, as is corporate governance, and the internal management of financial status is rendered ineffective due to these assaults. The question that will be investigated during the study is: [4: "Towards blockchain-based identity and access management for internet of things in enterprises."]
How doe ...
Running Head: INFORMATION SECURITY VULNERABILITY 2
Information Security Vulnerability
Introduction
The most important part of any business or organization information is the security infrastructure. All information big or small, sensitive or insensitive must be protected by some degree of information security. "Navigating the multitude of existing security standards, including dedicated standards for information security and frameworks for controlling the implementation of IT, presents a challenge to organizations. Adding to the challenge is the increase in activities of terrorist groups and organized criminal syndicates” (Sipior & Ward, 2008).
Threats and Vulnerabilities
Threats and vulnerabilities are a common occurrence in regards to computer security. Computer networks that are flawed and weak are vulnerable to be exploited. The exploitation of computer networks can be done by terrorist, hackers, and an organizations or business on employee. "Inexperience, improper training, and the making of incorrect assumptions are just a few things that can cause these misadventures" (Whitman & Mattord, 2009, p. 42).
Problem Statement:
What is the protocol if an organization or business most critical information is leaked or hacked that can cause grave damage to an organization, business, or customers account information? What would be the financial situation to recover from such attack with the network? The following questions are a few questions that top management must have in information security policies.
It is most likely that any organization or business profits would decrease and the reputation of each would change. With that comes the legality responsibility of the organization or business. Owning up to a security breach within an organization or business can be detrimental to the overall health of finances throughout the organization or business as well as notifying all parties involved in the breach. Having coverage such as insurance to protect the organization or business is a must and also a great deal to protect the reputation, assets, and continue functioning overall. "Although every state breach notification law covers businesses, there are differences regarding coverage of other entities such as government agencies and third-party storage providers, as well as differences regarding the information each law defines as 'personal'" (Shaw, 2010).
Relevance and Significance:
There will always be some type of glitch with in a computer network that may deter the system from being fully secured unless the computer is not being used. Information security program goals is to deliver a level of security platforms that supports the organization or business security infrastructure at its best by meeting all requirements set forth through the policy and controls and keeping the bad guys out.
Key Concepts
Confidentiality, integrity, and availability are the largest threats of sensitive information. The need to know must be .
An Improved Method for Preventing Data Leakage in an OrganizationIJERA Editor
Data is one of the most important assets an organisation has since it denes each organisations unique- ness.It
includes data on members and prospects, their inter- ests and purchases, your events, speakers, your content,
social media, press, your staff, budget, strategic plan, and much more. As organizations open their doors to
employees, part- ners, customers and suppliers to provide deeper access to sensitive information, the risk
sassociated with business increase. Now, more than ever, within creasing threats of cyber terrorism, cor- porate
governance issues, fraud, and identity theft, the need for securing corporate information has become paramount.
Informa- tion theft is not just about external hackers and unauthorized external users stealing your data, it is also
about managing internal employees and even contractors who may be working within your organization for
short periods of time. Adding to the challenge of securing information is the increasing push for corporate
governance and adherence to legislative or regulatory requirements. Failure to comply and provide privacy,
audit and internal controls could result in penalties ranging from large nes to jail terms. Non-compliance can
result in not only potential implications for executives, but also possible threats to the viability of a corporation.
Insiders too represent a sign cant risk to data security. The task of detecting malicious insiders is very
challenging as the methods of deception become more and more sophisticated. There are various solutions
present to avoid data leakage. Data leakage detection, prevention (DLPM) and monitoring solutions became an
inherent component of the organizations security suite.DLP solutions monitors sensitive data when at rest, in
motion, or in use and enforce the organizational data protection policy.These solutions focus mainly on the data
and its sensitivity level, and on preventing it from reaching an unauthorized person. They ignore the fact that an
insider is gradually exposed to more and more sensitive data,to which she is authorized to access. Such data
may cause great damage to the organization when leaked or misused. Data can be leaked via emails, instant
messaging, le transfer etc. This research is focusing on email data leakage monitoring, detection and
prevention. It is proposed to be carried out in two phases: leakage detection through mining and prevention
through encryption of email content.
Security - intelligence - maturity-model-ciso-whitepaperCMR WORLD TECH
A Time of Great Risk: The Time Between Compromise and Mitigation
In most organizations today, threat detection is based on various security sensors that attempt to look for anomalous behavior or for known signatures of malicious activity. These sensors include firewalls, intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS), application gateways, anti- virus/anti-malware, endpoint protection, and more. They operate at and provide visibility into all layers of the IT stack.
E-COMMERCE SYSTEMS SECURITY FOR SMALL BUSINESSESIJNSA Journal
Small business e-commerce websites make an excellent target for malicious attacks. Small businesses do not have the resources needed to effectively deal with attacks. Large and some mid-size organization have teams that are dedicated to dealing with security incidents and preventing future attacks. Most small businesses do not have the capabilities of dealing with incidents the way large organizations do. Security of e-commerce websites is essential for compliance with laws and regulations as well as gaining and maintaining the trust of consumers, partners and stakeholders. Many security standards have been established by various organizations to help guide security of small business servers, however, many of those standards or guidelines are too costly or time consuming. This paper1 will discuss how attacks are carried out and how a small business can effectively secure their networks with minimum cost.
Cyber Security Trends - Where the Industry Is Heading in an UncertaintyOrganization
Many major companies realize the continued importance of data and systems protection. Organizations will need to remain vigilant with regard to remote work policies, data access, and upskilling. Learn more about the different types of cyber security trends by PM Integrated.
Research Paper TopicITS835 – Enterprise Risk Managemen.docxaudeleypearl
Research Paper Topic
ITS835 – Enterprise Risk Management
Dr. Jerry Alsay
University of the Cumberlands
Introduction
All research reports begin with an introduction. (1 – 2 Pages)
Background
Provide your reader with a broad base of understanding of the research topic. The goal is to give the reader an overview of the topic, and its context within the real world, research literature, and theory. (3 – 5 Pages)
Problem Statement
This section should clearly articulate how the study will relate to the current literature. This is done by describing findings from the research literature that define the gap. Should be very clear what the research problem is and why it should be solved. Provide a general/board problem and a specific problem (150 – 200 Words)
Literature Review
Using your annotated bibliography, construct a literature review. (3-5 pages)
Discussion
Provide a discussion about your specific topic findings. Using the literature, you found, how do you solve your problem? How does it affect your general/board problem?
References
Running Head: CLOUD COMPUTING AND DATA SECURITY1
Cloud Computing and Data Security
Naresh Rama
Professor Dr.Jerry Alsay
07/14/2019
Cloud Computing and Data Security
Introduction
In today's world, the movement of data is from a store that is severe and it is located centrally to the storage of cloud, services in the cloud offer the flexibility, scalability, and concerns that are proportionate that concerns the issue of security. Safety is an aspect that is important and it associated with the computing of cloud because information can be stored on the cloud by the users with the help of providers that works in the service of the cloud. In the security f data and computing of the cloud, there are some problems that are available. They include backups of data that is improper and inadequate that have caused organizations been among those that are vulnerable to threats that re-associated with security measures.
Data that is found in an organization and is stored in files that are encrypted are interfered by these threats. Problem found under these investigations is significant to this study and these show that the threats that emerge because of backups concerning data that is improper lead to an issue that is significant in the security of data in the computing cloud and also security concerning data.
The study tends to shows that security of data and computing of data leads to the provision of ways that helps in the protection of data that is private and also information that is classified away from such threats. That may include attacks in the cyber sector and losses that occur in case of disasters (Strategic Cyber Security, 2011). This study has limitations that state that assurance of security to the computing of cloud is not available and that there is no protection of data that is vital in an organization to a hundred percent.
Background
Hacke ...
Running head CYBERSECURITY IN FINANCIAL DOMAIN .docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: CYBERSECURITY IN FINANCIAL DOMAIN 1
CYBERSECURITY IN FINANCIAL DOMAIN 6
Cyber Security in Financial Domain
Introduction
The latest IT sector is faced with several risks. The revolution has a chance with the manufactures of digital supply networks and smart technologies. The revolution is growing at a fast rate which leads to the increase of cyber-attacks. The interconnection of the digital systems leads to the significant rise of cyber-attacks. Some of the firms faced with cyber-attacks are not ready to face the issue of cyber-crime. IT firms need to be organized, vigilant, and resilient to deal with any risk that may arise (Evans, 2019). They need to put strict measures that will help them tackle any issue on its initial before it destroys different organizations.
Background of the problem
Cybersecurity is also referred to as information technology. Cybersecurity is the process which involves protecting networks, systems, and programs from digital attacks. Cybersecurity has been designed in a way that people try to gain access to applications without easily. Cybersecurity attacks intend to manipulate data, interrupt the functionality of the cyber, destroy digitally stored data as well as demand for money from data owners.
The attacks tend to gain access within the information technology so as they can easily manipulate the data. Most industries today have been affected by cybersecurity attacks. Their information has been managed, leading to loss of money. According to Singer and Friedman (2014), coming up with useful cybersecurity measure is a challenge since it requires a lot of time and attention to implement them. Cybersecurity criminals have also evolved and devised modern means and innovations on how they attack industries.
Cybersecurity can be termed as coming up with different practices into the existing systems to ensure credibility, availability, and integrity of information. The challenges faced with IT organizations can be solved with better practices and measures put in place. Organizations use advanced technology to detect any form of attack. The systems are well protected in a way that they cannot be manipulated. The firms will be on the safe side as they will not lose any data to hackers. They will also transform their technology to a new level.
The threats have been said to come in different forms such as ransom ware, malware attacks, and phishing and exploit kits. They have become more complicated due to the growing technologies in organizations. The IT firms have revolutionized over the years up to date. They use the latest technology, such as the use of robots, to make the work easier. Once these threats attack the machines, the machine fails hence will not be valid.
The organizations, therefore, need to come up with the latest techniques that will help them protect their technology. The m ...
HYBRIDIZED MODEL FOR DATA SECURITY BASED ON SECURITY HASH ANALYSIS (SHA 512) ...IJNSA Journal
High-profile security breaches and attacks on many organization’s database have been on the increase and the consequences of this, are the adverse effect on the organizations in terms of financial loss and reputation. Many of the security breaches has been ascribed to the vulnerability of the organization’s networks, security policy and operations. Additionally, the emerging technology solutions like Internet-ofThings (IoT), Artificial Intelligence, and Cloud Computing, has extremely exposed many of the organizations to different forms of cyber-threats and attacks. Researchers and system designers have made attempts to proffer solution to some of these challenges. However, the efficacy of the techniques remains a great concern due to insufficient control mechanisms. For instance, many of the techniques are majorly based on a single mode encryption techniques which are not too robust to withstand the threats and attacks on organization’s database. To proffer solution to these challenges, the current research designed and integrated a hybridized data security model based on Secured Hash Analysis (SHA 512) and Salting Techniques to enhance the adeptness of the existing techniques. The Hash Analysis algorithm was used to map the data considered to a bit string of a fixed length and salt was added to the password strings essentially to hide its real hash value. The idea of adding salt to the end of the password is basically to complicate the password cracking process. The hybridized model was implemented in Windows environment using python 3.7 IDE platform and tested on a dedicated Local Area Network (LAN) that was exposed to threats from both internal and external sources. The results from the test show that the model performed well in terms of efficiency and robustness to attacks. The performance of the new model recorded a high level of improvement over the existing techniques with a recital of 97.6%.
Classmate 1Cybersecurity risk can be characterized as the ris.docxbartholomeocoombs
Classmate 1:
Cybersecurity risk can be characterized as the risk emerging from pernicious electronic or Non-electronic occasions influencing information innovation assets of firms, regularly bringing about the disturbance of business and budgetary misfortune. The significance of cybersecurity has become in the course of the most recent couple of decades with the fast development of electronic gadgets and the web (Biener, Eling, and Wirfs, 2015). Physical items where information and information were utilized to be put away, for example, records, floppy plates, and tapes are not, at this point utilized and practically all individuals store their own and work information electronically now.
Information is put away in a confined private system at work while at home individuals store their private information, for example, photographs, messages, and so on in their messages or even or cloud administrations, for instance, the Apple cloud where Apple iPhone clients will have their information continually upheld. This individual information may contain by and by recognizable information too, for example, the information that can be contained in an individual driver's permit, for example, date of birth, address (Fazlida, and Said, 2015). For the assailants, PII information is truly significant and thus they target global organizations where they could get this PII information effectively which can be connected with the client's record and their installment information.
We see a great deal of cyber-assault happening to global organizations, for example, Target and Home-stop along these lines. From a mechanical standpoint, firms regularly share associated risks and vulnerabilities of being penetrated together because of the use of normal security advances and the availability of PC systems. In the above articulation, we can see that all organizations have risks and vulnerabilities in their system which should be appropriately redesigned and checked to be made sure about. We additionally observe government databases being hacked from remote nationals to pick up the necessary information or PII of assets they are quick to acquire (Biener, Eling, and Wirfs, 2015). In this manner, we can say that cybersecurity isn't only a business danger yet, in addition, a matter of national security.
As an IT administrator, there are a few different ways I would attempt to deal with the IT risks inside my organization (Pei-Yu, Kataria, and Krishnan, 2011):
1. I would initially do a constant risk evaluation and distinguish the risks which are generally essential and touchy to the organization and make a rundown of basic resources, recognized risks, and future potential risks that would be tended to. The prioritizations of these risks are significant and likewise to include the administration about this.
2. The risk proprietors can possess the organized risks and work with the group to relieve these risks and record it. The most noteworthy risks are to be killed first.
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON MACHINE LEARNING INSIDER THREAT DETECTION MODELS, DATA...IJNSA Journal
Computers are crucial instruments providing a competitive edge to organizations that have adopted them. Their pervasive presence has presented a novel challenge to information security, specifically threats emanating from privileged employees. Various solutions have been tried to address the vice, but no exhaustive solution has been found. Due to their elusive nature, proactive strategies have been proposed of which detection using Machine Learning models has been favoured. The choice of algorithm, datasets and metrics are cornerstones of model performance and hence, need to be addressed. Although multiple studies on ML for insider threat detection have been done, none has provided a comprehensive analysis of algorithms, datasets and metrics for development of Insider Threat Detection models. This study conducts a comprehensive systematic literature review using reputable databases to answer the research questions posed. Search strings, inclusion and exclusion criteria were set for eligibility of articles published in the last decade.
®Three Undocumented Layers of the OSI Model and The.docxLynellBull52
®
Three Undocumented Layers of the OSI Model
and Their Impact on Security
Michael Scheidell
President and Chief Technology Officer, SECNAP® Network Security Corporation
Synopsis
The single most serious threat to the security of sensitive information in today’s world is not individual
hackers, cyber gangs, inadequate firewalls or missing patches. The most serious threat lies in the often
overlooked and undocumented OSI Layers 8, 9 and 10: Politics, Religion and Economics. These
undocumented layers often drive sub‐optimal decisions regarding information systems and data security,
and can leave a program vulnerable to malicious intrusion or attack.
This paper seeks to help the reader understand how the traditional OSI model applies to security, realize
that three additional layers exert a powerful influence over security programs and decisions, and leverage
tips for navigating OSI Layers 8, 9 and 10 to become more effective security professionals.
Since founding SECNAP® Network Security Corporation in 2001, Chief Technology Officer Michael Scheidell
has aggressively pursued the development of network security and email security products and services
with impressive results, including patent‐pending intrusion detection and prevention technology and a
revolutionary email security product line. During the course of his career he has discovered and resolved
vulnerabilities represented on the Common Vulnerability and Exposures (CVE) list, and has been a member
of the FBI InfraGard program since 1996, working with other IT experts to assist the FBI’s investigative
efforts in the cyber arena.
Michael Scheidell and his talented technical team know how difficult it can be to affect positive change
within an organization. When it comes to navigating the executive suite and the undocumented layers of
the OSI model, the staff at SECNAP® Network Security have the experience and expertise to assist CIOs,
CISOs and IT management in developing effective strategies to successfully drive security improvements.
The Most Serious Threat to Data Security is Not What You Think
The single most serious threat to the security of sensitive information in today’s world is not
individual hackers or gangs of cybercriminals. It is not an inadequate firewall, lack of logging or
missing patches. Nor is the most serious threat to data security found in OSI Layer 7—no
amount of application filtering or testing can address this threat.
The single most serious threat to the security of sensitive information lies in the often
overlooked and undocumented layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model: Layer
8 (Politics), Layer 9 (Religion) and Layer 10 (Economics).
You can conduct GLBA, SOX, FACTA, HIPAA, FERPA and ISO audits until you are buried in reams
of audit reports. You can recommend implementation of DOD or NIST standards until you feel
like Dilbert trying to convince his boss to do something log.
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Oversee Cyber Security as Hackers Seek to Infiltrate Even the
Most Sophisticated Information Security Systems
Maryam Zafar
MPhil Scholar at IoBM, Karachi, Pakistan
Kashif Hashmi
Visiting Professor at IoBM, Karachi, Pakistan
Abstract
This report studies the impact of cyber security attacks its initial use and develop mechanisms for security of
internet. There are numerous systems that are interconnected with internet and it is at risk and brief background of
the cyber-attacks is outlined and our concentration in this report is on the impact of communication, positioning
and implementing value delivery in order to increase productivity. It is concluded that the senior executives and
government play major role in minimizing these risks and potential errors. In order to reduce them it is obligatory
that IT professionals should take major responsibility of these issues and take productive measures. The research
determines that cybersecurity threats also impacts Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), detecting just at the
particulars for SMEs failing and the helping of IT inside the modern SME. The use of internet is becoming more
often now a days and it is a major threat for SMEs due to oubsolete Microsoft versions technological systems
therefore steps should be taken to mitigate these risks in order to minimize costs and boost performance by
upgrading its software systems. The importance of cyber-intellienge should also be considerd due to vital practice
to determine how firewalls coaching and detection structures work and compliance with risk management
standards. There are different forms of attack such as viruses malware and these types of attacks create problem
for initial users to have confidence and believe in technology. Such issue can be addressed by having antiviruses
and it can eliminate financial as well as reputational losses for business in longrun.
Keywords: Cyber Security, SME, Information Security System.
JEL Classification: D80, L86
1. Introduction
Cyber security crime is increasing day by day due to the increasing number of users and activities on internet. It
determines that there are different types of cyber security crimes such as breaches in information security, spam;
information in to bids, Dos cyber-attacks and other types of attacks affects the performance of firm. It gives an
overview of some of the growing cyber-risks and their latent influence in order to understand however the progress
of the information society is actually at jeopardy. In additional reflects what the unalike investors can trigger to
shape a safer and more secure information society and gives readers more refined considerate of the problems and
challenges elaborated in developing confidence and safety in the use of IT systems. It provides an outline with
amplified co-operation, teamwork, and information sharing, to join the distinct cyber security communities and
one step wits, in order to permit investors to figure organized roadmap for cyber security.
Cloud computing, is one of the important element in defining an arrangement of remote servers on wi-fi
system to allocate facilities in a nearby resources has developed most well-known method for governments in need
of inexpensive,figuring on massive. Presently, the U.S officals has been on track to use its cloud computing
structures, programme, and of cloud computing are uncountable risks that can take main effects on the data in raw
form and services strengthened by this technology. The methodological innovation is often hindered by online
risks. For instance, the relocation of information in raw form to third-party cloud providers has shaped a
centralization of data and consequently more chances for offenders to steal critical info from a sole target attack
(Paquette, S., & ., & Wilson, S. C., 2010). The supremacy of IT technology is the responsibility of board of
directors, and comprises administrative infrastructures and measures that prove organizations IT endures company
standards and includes organization aims. The investigation shows managements part is very significant in
supervision threats of organizations, their portion in regulation of IT, their efficiency in transferring these threats
and approaches through which that jeopardies can be shifted (Nolan, R., & F. W, 2005).
1.1 Purpose of the research
For the development and practice of the internet, developing trust and assurance is one of the key predictors. The
goal is to evaluate some of the details for deteriorating trust, the varying landscape of cyber-risks, and intents to
have closer glance at cyber security in the background of evolving nations and the exact difficulties these nations
are going through when against increasing number of cyber-threats (Besnard D. A., Computer security impaired
by legitimate users, 2004).
The purpose of this research is to show that director’s role is very important in overseeing risk of
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organizations, their part in control of IT, their efficiency in shifting IT risks and methods through which that risk
can be migrated to or shared with others (Trautman & Altenbaumer-Price, 2011).
Many types of cybercrimes are not taken in to consideration but very little companies take responsibility
on behalf of information available for losses. This is not new but it’s a serious threat to company’s reputation and
those who are involved in cybercrime, there must be the presence of lawful act against those.
An important percentage of cyber-crime also undergoes unidentified, predominantly business intelligence
where access to private papers and information in raw form is hard to discover. There is a risk that a corporation
might craft at a weakness for months or even centuries as a consequence of an ongoing, but unobserved, safety
breach. Cybercrime is first expected to rise, notwithstanding the greatest hard work of administration activities
and cyber security authorities. Its development is reason for its existence due to the increasing amount of facilities
existing online and the growing complexity of cyber offenders who are involved in a cruel inclination with security
professionals (Abouzakhar, 2002).
2. Methodology
This article is actually a theoretical study of awareness of information security which is based on the psychological
theories of behavior and awareness for instance theory of reasoned action which it illuminates that the goal of
various campaigns of information security is to raise the knowledge of information security.
The research methodology gives an idea about the emerging cyber threats and their initial impact in order
to understand whether or not growth of information society is actually is at threat. It also takes concern for different
stakeholders; developing safe systems for them and gives person who reads outline about the good learning of
future challenges.
It allows building a structure based on collaboration and sharing of information in order to link with
individual cyber security groups and steps by permitting stakeholders to construct a strategy towards pertain to a
goal for managing better cyber security issues.
3. Literature Review
Cyber security is considered as very important factor and its use is becoming more often. There are many systems
that are allied with internet and it is at risk from hackers and other threats. These attacks are vulnerable to the
system and are the root of instabilities which causes damage such as loss of financial information and security
issues. With one powerful threat the entire systems remain at risk for number of hours and creates discrepancies,
security or safety of computer has become very integral component of system alignment, sequence and growth.
On past decades, safety from legitimate users is common issue that is brought in to light from hackers view point.
The importance has been given to ends and means used to access systems and break analogous to bits. Looking at
this side it means this research area has been and still is, it needs to identify the exact implication of authentic users
(e.g. end-users, security officers, managers, designers) who are important part of cyber security systems (Besnard,
2004).
3.1 Human violations in contributing cyber security attacks
The previous studies are based on human blunders and defilements of end users and system management in
computer and info safety. This information is brief in a theoretical outline for exploration of the human and
structural issues regarding computer and information safety. This outline comprises human mistake classifications
to define the labor circumstances that donate unfavorably to computer and info security, i.e. to security weaknesses
and breaches. The subject of human error and defilement in computer and info security was discovered through a
sequence of 16 meetings with system managers and security authorities. The interviews were acoustic recorded,
and examined by coding exact refrains in a bulge structure. The consequence is a prolonged outline that classifies
kinds of human error and classifies exact human and structural issues that donate to computer and information
safety. System managers tended to view mistakes shaped by end users as more deliberate than accidental, while
mistakes shaped by system managers as more accidental than deliberate. Structural issues, such as message,
security code of conduct, strategy, and structural, were the greatest often cited factors related with internet and
info safety (Kraemer, S., & Carayon, P. , 2007).
3.2 Act of Cybercrime
The propaganda about the knowledge of cyber terrorism and cybercrime is debauched triumph a point somewhere
a little cynicism jeopardies being yelled miserable as deliberate illiteracy of the possibility of the problem. So, let’s
admit by confessing that cyber security is an honest existing challenge.
From current decades, progressively, cyber-attacks have become the topic of discussion. Closing down
atomic equipment’s, air protection structures, and electrical chart sheets, cyber-attacks stance is considered as a
thoughtful risk to national security. As a consequence, cyber-crime must be preserved as items of war. Yet the
occurrences appearance slight similar the equipped attacks that the law of war has usually controlled. The terms,
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“virtual-fighting,” and “cyber-war” are often secondhand with slight respect for pardon they are destined to
comprise. This lack of clearness can provide variety of problems overall more problematic to project an expressive
lawful reply (Hathaway & Levitz, 2012) .
3.3 Role of SMEs in Cyber Security
The study governs the portion of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the UK economy,detecting exactly at
the particulars for SMEs fading and the share of IT inside the modern SME. A complete valuation of cybercrimes
is formerly assumed, intent on those dishonesties that are most appropriate to SMEs.Case study regarding
businesses present primary indicator info on the mark of cybercrimes on SMEs. Now, greatest number of the small
and medium enterprises is reliant on outdated technologies. There is inability in technical skills essential to yield
good products. Most of the SMEs do not have information of advanced technological systems and prospects about
their corporations. This difficulty is a key problem on the means to current technology founded SME system. It is
related to the incapability of small and medium-sized enterprises to transport obligatory equipment and amenities
for the drive of growth. This incapability may right or circuitously affect the competence and output of labor and
henceforth may consequence in inferior efficiency as well as lesser financial competence at large.
The small Pakistani firms still used obsolete machines for organization and manufacturing in their
corporations. This consequence in creating low-quality goods at maximum price vending it at minimum rates.
There is a previous requirement to grow a structure to bond this gap and to discourse current technical breaches
that can be recognized by emerging a system of manufacturing information net for SMEs mechanisms (Smith T.
C., 2003/2004).
3.4 Increasing cyber security attacks by legitimate users
Cyber security is considered as a very important factor and its use is becoming more often, which sometimes
contains problems in the system. There are many systems that are allied with internet and it is at risk from hackers
and other threats. These attacks are vulnerable to the system and are the root of instabilities which causes damage
such as loss of financial information and security issues. With one powerful threat the entire systems remain at
risk for number of hours and creates discrepancies, security or safety of computer has become very integral
component of system alignment, sequence and growth. There are so many problems and to counter this issue then
necessary steps taken by management are not very effective as expected. There should be prevalent research and
best tools adopted for proper understanding of different forms of attack, prevent and be ready against these security
threats. On past decades, safety from legitimate users is common issue that is brought in to light from hackers view
point who are central portion of computer safety structures (Besnard D. A., Computer security impaired by
legitimate users., 2004).
3.5 Board of director’s responsibility for execution of efficient IT systems
It is important that top management should take responsibility at higher level and this specific topic is also
significant in analyzing organizational procedures that consists of IT security systems in compliance with
organizations strategies and objectives. Cyber security involves how board of directors oversees risks and develops
systems to control them and implementing procedures through which these risks can be shared with others.
The information security has become significant and influences many administrations. Over the years,
there has been a fast dissemination of e-commerce and a growing number of integrated systems, resulting in growth
of safety risks (Abouzakhar, 2002).Today, various corporations see information as a vital strength and therefore
it is important that the privacy, honesty and obtainability of this resource are kept undamaged. Thus, due to the
increasing risks and worth of material, there has been a demand for better accountability to be accepted by the
board of directors concerning information security problems (Von Solms, 2001).
3.6 Strategic alignment of IT systems raises technical competence
It has been noted that the business capabilities; combine organizations, reorganize businesses and facilitate
worldwide competition. Concluding, it can be understood that with growing demand of technology and
information within internal systems of an organization, managers are significantly being forced to adopt efficient
security steps in order to safeguard their possessions. (Chan & Barclay, 1997). It can be divided in to three
additional explanations for better board participation in information security development and regulation. The
initial and maybe most noticeable motive is that executives are accountable, often officially, for their
administration’s risk management system and inner control systems. For instance, the OECD (2004) Principles of
Corporate Governance recommend that a firm’s board should have accountability for evolving a risk strategy and
guaranteeing the honesty of organizations for monitoring risk.
3.7 Ethical compliance of IT governance with executive’s supervision
Furthermore, fraudulent behavior and lapses in organizational governance have forced the USA security and
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exchange commission to yield the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Act, like various in other countries, has a simple
principle: “...good business governance and right professional practices are no longer elective particulars” (IT
Governance Institute, 2004, p. 12). Its aim, consequently, is to improve corporate governance and reinforce internal
payments. Hence, official stockholders are progressively having a detailed look to the governance practices of the
businesses in which they invest or evade, looking for organizations with decent governance does as an optimistic
sign of a shareholder-value focus (Witt, 2001).
The information technology governance practices belong to all of the processes of controlling whether
launched by government network or informal organization and designs of authority for the core IT events in
corporation’s businesses, with use of IT structure either implementation of project management. During past
decades, these key methods of IT governance have become dominant: central and distributed. For instance, detailed
analysis on contingency theory in association with specific approach of IT governance, most of the hypothesis has
been laid on particular effects of contingency issues. The underlying hypothesis is on these research states in reality;
business firms are subject to the tugs and gravities of more than one contingency force. Therefore, study consists
of discussion on the theory of multiple contingencies in order to inspect how contingency forces affect the
particular approach of IT governance.
Most of the hypothesis determines that contingency forces interrelate with each other by also cumulative,
diminishing, or superseding their common effects on the IT governance approach. There are three situations of
multiple, interrelating contingencies have been acknowledged: strengthening, contradictory, and dominating. Each
of these situations of multiple contingencies is assumed to affect a specific method of IT governance.
(Sambamurthy, V., & & R. W. , 1999). There is last factor that states maximum board involvement in information
security issues is that it could be number one factor that influences the victory of an organization’s information
security resourcefulness. There are other factors which contribute to a firm’s success are applying standards which
determine an information safety strategy that imitates business aims, an employment approach that is in
compliance with an organization’s philosophy, norms and the provision and promise from management. The
increase of e-commerce has also drawn attention towards responsiveness amongst governments of the safety risks
to which they are probable to be visible. Definitely, it has been described that safety risks, and fear of security
pressures, establish the highest prevention to an extension in the acceptance of e-commerce (Ernst and Young
Survey 2001:1).
4. Cyber security threats declines trust of internet users
Enlarged interconnectivity, is not though, the only issue manufacture computers, and the material stored therein,
less protected (Baskerville, 1991).The final construction was also recognized as an achievement aspect of
information security strategies in current investigation (Fulford, 2003).It is problematic to consider how these three
dangerous success factors can be attained without vigorous board meeting. Therefore, it is authoritative that
executives increase them participation in their firm’s safety issues.
In comparison with the last two periods, the internet has changed many characteristics of recent lifestyle.
There are 4 million international users at the end of year 2006, which constitutes that its use is increasing day by
day. For couple of ages people across the world and from all spheres of life have been listening about the assured
developments and variations, the internet will convey to their existence. This paper shows full adequacy of internet
has not been understood. The major reasons beyond this approach are of keeping trust on the availability of internet
and decreasing believes on its use. Its use is becoming prominent on daily basis which shows growth and open up
new horizons for hackers and criminals to continue cyber-crime acts in order to damage online susceptibilities or
even sensitively hack infrastructure for different states. Viruses, malware, fraudulent practice of sending emails,
determine stealing of sensitive data, zero-theft exploits, denial of service and other attacks are weakness which
risk cyberspace and imperiling the very imminent of the internet. With junk mail and other misuse secretarial for
90 per cent of the e-tailing over the internet, this is critical situation in this medium for future growth and progress
of universal information society. Without significant development in structuring trust and safety in the use of ICTs,
users’ fading confidence on the internet might put boundary on its development and converting potential (ITU,
2006a). Reestablishing faith in the e-atmosphere and dealings, and straightforward online security, is important
for the development and practice of the e-commerce.
4.1 Classifications of cybercrimes
The Cyber security problems are complicated and these are continually growing, So at the global level,
synchronized policy act is required to discourse the trials and pressures to it that are developing. There are new
forms of cybercrime have been introduced such as pop-ups as genuine notices from mail software in practice
increasing use of computer as these are not recently selected by most of spam filters. The message in these files
states: ‘’ Caution concealed files might have been installed on computer from cookies or websites viewed’’. The
person is indicated as fraud or scam needs to put your finger receive and download a ‘’secure’’ database to reject
the hypothetical files from your pc. Image spam is another type of spam which shows sent messages implanted
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pictures which are disseminated quickly through email inboxes (security computing, 2006). Instead of using fixed
pictures, or text messages are avoidable and detectable by anti-spam software which play crucial role on
dependence of typing spam content, giving spammers a bigger choice of having their messages remain uncovered
(Sund, Towards an international road-map for cybersecurity. , 2007).
4.2 Financial influence of IT security breaches
The internet safety is an influential concern for all the businesses that put heavy amounts of investments in IT
security has been a particular trial because of shortly understanding and measuring the economic influence of
breach. The IT security breach can be defined as any event that results in unauthorized access of data through this
security laps.
The daily use and urgency of e-commerce requires the internet to be safe and protected but on ground
reality differs as the internet is always the target of periodic attacks. Many internet reviews disclose that in between
36 and 90 percent of businesses; described computer safety breaches from past decades. A final conclusion on the
results indicates degree of damages and losses as an incident on IT security MI commitment, dependence on self-
reported company data undermined trustworthiness of results. Though the operating income and sales of breached
companies didn’t decline in the succeeding quarters after the breach, and in the third quarter, ROA (return on
assets) declines. The market which has reaction on logical basis showed a loss of profits/cash flows etc. was a
result of denial of service cyber-attack as opposite to web address disfigurements where no economic loss is
determined (Garg, A., & Halper, H. , 2003).
4.3 Rules for cyber-warfare
The second part of research determines; go to investigative that in what manner, the rule of conflict force oversees
cyber- attacks. For this purpose, it is analyzed that the way the law of war, utmost of which was established at a
period when cyber-crime was unexpected, smears to this novel region of battle. In comparison year of 2010, Iran’s
nuclear database crushed to a stop, the topic of an urbane attack that directed nuclear machines that rotate around
enthusiastically out of switch. The missile? Stuxnet, a processer “worm” that seems to have various writers about
the environment and was probable verified by Americans and Israelis at the Israeli Dimona complex in the Negev
desert. (1) A few periodicals advanced, a so-called “dispersed renunciation of facility” attack removed the entire
people of Burma rotten the Internet directly previous the republic’s first nationwide vote in twenty ages. (2)
Spectators doubtful that the armed regime in Burma synchronized the bout to shut close the net and thus, limit the
permitted movement of info, (3) but American community bureaucrats have fought censuring the attack on the
management, even as they have disapproved the election. The United States could reinforce its national law by
charitable national illegal laws addressing cyber-attacks additional regional result and by accepting incomplete,
globally allowable countermeasures to battle cyber-crime that do not take room throughout a continuing equipped
fight. Yet the test cannot be encountered by national improvements unaccompanied (Hathaway & Levitz, 2012) .
5. Conclusion and recommendations
Companies now days reflect security as one of the most significant subjects on their program, because the
cumulative number of security openings pose a main risk to the faithful implementation of business policies and
may have undesirable effects on corporate worth. In order to enjoy fruitful IT governance, there must be provision
and promise from upper hierarchy. The context should discourse tactical arrangement, presentation organization,
danger dimension, value distribution and resource supervision. There must be actual proposal of IT governance,
spending of board of directors such as regulatory mechanisms for info and associated technology (COBIT) can be
significant component in distrusting regulation and governance of complete information and systems that make,
operate and accountable for recovery. The inspection team should have IT skill to discourse audit matters for
prompt standby of board chair connected to cyber problems and treatment of damage of delicate info.
Risk management confirms the thought of all probable risks and weaknesses, as well as the appreciated
possessions. Current methods such as best-practice strategies, information security standards, or field specialists
and risk organization methods that are extremely acknowledged within the public come up with inadequacies. By
working on a enduring defense pawn to malware is for small and medium size enterprises aganist a mainstream of
occurrences. Therefore, small and medium size businesses should verify that they have normal contingency plan
in situation of an attack and should be vital businesse’s IT plan and moved to all employees inside the company.
Large companies could act as an indicator that is an outcome to the IT department and the outcome would founded
on their internal evidences and minor thought would be compensated to external issues. It should encompass
theoretical study of responsiveness of information security which is completely based on the mental theories of
conduct and disseminating awareness for instance theory of reasoned action.
The research signifies that theories of psychology constructed on knowledge, teaching and ecological
transformation can be hired to make means well-organized for consciousness of information safety. Furthermore,
it brightens that the goalmouth of various movements of information security is to increase the awareness of
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information security. All these security measures can reduce financial loss and increase financial performance in
order to generate more revenue than losses.
Therefore it is concluded that there should be proper risk assesment of cyber internet analysis should be
aware of triggring events,likelihood of occurance,ease of implementation,immediate impact and others.There
should be penetration testing a major test used to determine system faults and weaknesses.The top management
should support risk analysis in order to project and retriofy latest features software systems and anti-viruses
placement of anti-malware,firewall and intrusion detection products and denial of service attacks (Sommer &
Brown, 2011).
References
Abouzakhar, N. S. (2002). An intelligent approach to prevent distributed systems attacks. Information management
& computer security,, 10(5), 203-209.
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