FM signal propagation through the troposphere interacts with the terrain as obstacles and reflection
planes. To understand the degree of interaction, signal strength measurements of the 93.1MHz frequency
modulated Radio located at Federal University of Technology; Akure, Nigeria was carried out in the area
surrounding the station. The paper reviews the various models for predicting transmission loss and employed
the long rice irregular terrain model for its versatility for the study. The losses along the paths were determined
and this was compared with the path loss predicted by the irregular terrain model and this was highly
correlated. The result offers useful data for developing the contour map of the propagation loss which was
developed for the station. It was concluded that with the irregular terrain model predictions can be used for
accurate spectrum management in Nigeria
A Small Cost-Effective Super Ultra-Wideband Microstrip Antenna with Variable Band-Notch Filtering and Improved Radiation Pattern with 5G/IoT Applications
A cellular base station antenna configuration for variable coverageIJECEIAES
The field coverage offered by the base station antenna in GSM systems influences the reception and interference performances. The coverage can be varied by scanning the mainbeam direction or varying the shape of the radiation pattern. In cellular system applications, a simple technique is desirable to achieve this goal. A simple technique to vary the coverage of cellular base station is investigated. The technique uses two conventional antennas tilted by a certain angle and fed by the same signal but at variable amplitudes. It is demonstrated that the field across one half of the covered sector can be gradually increased while that at the other half is reduced by varying the excitations of the two antenna elements. This can be deployed in a simple electronic means in response to the changing scenario rather readjusting the direction of the base station antenna.
This work measured experimentally, and calculated theoretically using the existing Friis Fomula, the Attenuation of 92.1 MHz (Ajilete FM) Signals along Gambari(Lat 8o291N; Long 4o291) – Oyo-Road(Lat 7o501N; Long 3o561E), Oyo State Nigeria. The two results were compared. The experimental Measurement campaign was achieved by using an appropriate design dipole antenna, well matched to (810 GSP Analyser), to determine the attenuation. The calculated results correlated very well with the measurements (Correlation Coefficient Value R2=1). But, they are not accurate when compared with the measurements (Chi- square values equal zero for received power, measured attenuation). The inaccuracies of the results for the existing formula with the measurements may be due to hills, valleys, trees and bends along the links. Hence the accuracy of the model used can only be effectively confirmed in areas free of the obstacles mentioned above. By applying LEAST SQUARE fit method to the experimental measured data, the analytical models, P(x)= 0.0154x2-1.3575x-38.7620 and A(x)= 0132x2 -1.2464x-104.8487, in the form of polynomial of degree two, were obtained respectively for received power and measured attenuation. The analytical model obtained is therefore recommended for use in an area characterised with bends, valleys, hills and trees, since the model has taken into consideration all these factors. In addition, repeater stations should be installed for effective transmission and for wider coverage in forested and valley areas. Moreover, transmitter of higher value like ten kilowatts should be employed for long distance transmission
Path Loss Prediction Model For UHF Radiowaves Propagation In Akure MetropolisCSCJournals
Propagation path loss models play an important role in the design of cellular systems to specify key system parameters such as transmission power, frequency, antenna heights, and so on. Several models have been proposed for cellular systems operating in different environments (indoor, outdoor, urban, suburban, and rural). This work sets out to predict the path loss of a UHF channel along three routes in Akure metropolis using existing models (Friis, Okumura-Hata). Broadcast signal field strength measurements were taken across the three routes. Measured values were compared with the different models prediction to determine model suitable for the city. Consequently, a modified Hata’ model was developed which can be deployed by engineers in radio communications system planning and design.
please if any problem in this slide than give me feedback i will remove those problem .
Two people can damage a society one who knows and does not talk, another one who does not know and talk.
Optimization of Complete Monopole Antennato Exhibit Wideband Capabilities.IOSR Journals
Antennas used for early portable wireless handheld devices were the so-called whip antennas. The
quarter-wavelength whip antenna was very popular, mostly because it is simple and convenient. It has an Omnidirectional
pattern in the plane of the earth when held upright and a gain satisfying the device’s specifications.
New antenna designs have appeared on radios with lower profile than the whip antenna and without
significantly reducing performance. These include the quarter-wavelength helical antenna and the “stubby”
helical antenna, which is the shortest antenna available. In recent years, the demand for compact handheld
communication devices has grown significantly. Devices smaller than palm size have appeared in the market.
Antenna size is a major factor that limits device miniaturization. In the past few years, new designs based on the
Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) and Microstrip Antennas (MSA) have been popular for handheld wireless
devices because these antennas have a low profile geometry instead of protruding as most antennas do on
handheld radios. Conventional PIFAs and MSAs are compact, with a length that is approximately a quarter to a
half of the wavelength. These antennas can be further optimized by adding new parameters in the design, such
as strategically shaping the conductive plate, or judiciously locating loads.
A Small Cost-Effective Super Ultra-Wideband Microstrip Antenna with Variable Band-Notch Filtering and Improved Radiation Pattern with 5G/IoT Applications
A cellular base station antenna configuration for variable coverageIJECEIAES
The field coverage offered by the base station antenna in GSM systems influences the reception and interference performances. The coverage can be varied by scanning the mainbeam direction or varying the shape of the radiation pattern. In cellular system applications, a simple technique is desirable to achieve this goal. A simple technique to vary the coverage of cellular base station is investigated. The technique uses two conventional antennas tilted by a certain angle and fed by the same signal but at variable amplitudes. It is demonstrated that the field across one half of the covered sector can be gradually increased while that at the other half is reduced by varying the excitations of the two antenna elements. This can be deployed in a simple electronic means in response to the changing scenario rather readjusting the direction of the base station antenna.
This work measured experimentally, and calculated theoretically using the existing Friis Fomula, the Attenuation of 92.1 MHz (Ajilete FM) Signals along Gambari(Lat 8o291N; Long 4o291) – Oyo-Road(Lat 7o501N; Long 3o561E), Oyo State Nigeria. The two results were compared. The experimental Measurement campaign was achieved by using an appropriate design dipole antenna, well matched to (810 GSP Analyser), to determine the attenuation. The calculated results correlated very well with the measurements (Correlation Coefficient Value R2=1). But, they are not accurate when compared with the measurements (Chi- square values equal zero for received power, measured attenuation). The inaccuracies of the results for the existing formula with the measurements may be due to hills, valleys, trees and bends along the links. Hence the accuracy of the model used can only be effectively confirmed in areas free of the obstacles mentioned above. By applying LEAST SQUARE fit method to the experimental measured data, the analytical models, P(x)= 0.0154x2-1.3575x-38.7620 and A(x)= 0132x2 -1.2464x-104.8487, in the form of polynomial of degree two, were obtained respectively for received power and measured attenuation. The analytical model obtained is therefore recommended for use in an area characterised with bends, valleys, hills and trees, since the model has taken into consideration all these factors. In addition, repeater stations should be installed for effective transmission and for wider coverage in forested and valley areas. Moreover, transmitter of higher value like ten kilowatts should be employed for long distance transmission
Path Loss Prediction Model For UHF Radiowaves Propagation In Akure MetropolisCSCJournals
Propagation path loss models play an important role in the design of cellular systems to specify key system parameters such as transmission power, frequency, antenna heights, and so on. Several models have been proposed for cellular systems operating in different environments (indoor, outdoor, urban, suburban, and rural). This work sets out to predict the path loss of a UHF channel along three routes in Akure metropolis using existing models (Friis, Okumura-Hata). Broadcast signal field strength measurements were taken across the three routes. Measured values were compared with the different models prediction to determine model suitable for the city. Consequently, a modified Hata’ model was developed which can be deployed by engineers in radio communications system planning and design.
please if any problem in this slide than give me feedback i will remove those problem .
Two people can damage a society one who knows and does not talk, another one who does not know and talk.
Optimization of Complete Monopole Antennato Exhibit Wideband Capabilities.IOSR Journals
Antennas used for early portable wireless handheld devices were the so-called whip antennas. The
quarter-wavelength whip antenna was very popular, mostly because it is simple and convenient. It has an Omnidirectional
pattern in the plane of the earth when held upright and a gain satisfying the device’s specifications.
New antenna designs have appeared on radios with lower profile than the whip antenna and without
significantly reducing performance. These include the quarter-wavelength helical antenna and the “stubby”
helical antenna, which is the shortest antenna available. In recent years, the demand for compact handheld
communication devices has grown significantly. Devices smaller than palm size have appeared in the market.
Antenna size is a major factor that limits device miniaturization. In the past few years, new designs based on the
Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) and Microstrip Antennas (MSA) have been popular for handheld wireless
devices because these antennas have a low profile geometry instead of protruding as most antennas do on
handheld radios. Conventional PIFAs and MSAs are compact, with a length that is approximately a quarter to a
half of the wavelength. These antennas can be further optimized by adding new parameters in the design, such
as strategically shaping the conductive plate, or judiciously locating loads.
Planar Inverted-F Antenna for GPS Application - A studyIJERA Editor
survey of recent studies and findings on wireless technology and its applications are explored aggressively in few areas that have the greatest potential for achieving entirely new capabilities using antennas. we have presented in depth conceptual understanding of antennas and potential application in wireless communication an exhaustive list of reference has been proceed.
This paper presents the radiation characteristics of a 4-bay collinear FM antenna system, both in free-space and with the presence of a metallic tower where the bays are mounted, with the use of powerful computers and accurate antenna simulation software. The radiation characteristics of the array are presented and discussed, such as the total gain, polarization components, circularity, beamwidth and minor lobe of the array. This is to determine the conformity of the array performance with existing standards. The possible effects of the metallic tower and the downward radiation from the minor lobe are emphasized. Being aware with these radiation characteristics, broadcast practitioners can optimize the use of this popular array. Results of numerical analyses show that the array is basically a vertically polarized radiator, the beamwidth is quite small which makes it disadvantageous for high-elevated antenna systems, the metallic tower affects the circularity of the azimuth pattern, and the downward radiation from the minor lobes can cause adverse effects. Adjustments on the basic elements and bay placements are recommended.
In this paper, variations in the capacitive fed suspended RMSA configurations have been proposed. Initially, the reference antenna consists of rectangular patch of size of (35.5 X 45.6) mm2 and a small rectangular feed patch of size of (1.4 X 4) mm2 residing on the same substrate suspended above the ground plane. Coaxial probe is used to feed the small patch which in turn excites the radiator patch electromagnetically, yielding a large impedance bandwidth (BW) of 39%, with good gain and broadside radiation pattern. By, meandering the ground plane of reference antenna with three rectangular slots, the prototype antenna is fabricated and measurement has been carried out to validate the result for compact broadband response. Later, by loading a pair of rectangular slots in the radiating patch of the reference antenna in addition to the rectangular slots in the ground plane, the prototype antenna is fabricated and measurement has been carried out to validate the result for compact dual band response.
Bi-directional Beams Waveguide Slotted Antenna at Millimeter WaveTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper focused on designing a bi-directional beams waveguide slotted antenna at millimetre
wave spectrum. Waveguide slotted antenna is known for its highly directional pattern. By having bidirectional
pattern, the capacity of system coverage can be expanded. The design is implemented by using
antenna slot theory on a waveguide structure. The slotted are made on two wall surfaces and the
performance is compared to the slotted on single wall. The two models designs are simulated using
Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave software. The simulation results show that both
models operate at 30 GHz with minimum reflection coefficient of -24.63 and -25.01 dB respectively. The
two models achieved a fair high gain at 15.5 dB and 13.3 dB with directional beamwidth of 8.9 degree.
The proposed bi-directional beams structure achieved a comparable gain in both directions when
compared to the single direction.
Performance of Groundplane Shaping in Four-Element Dualband MIMO AntennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work presents performance of groundplane shaping and its effect in four element dualband
multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna. This proposed four element dualband MIMO antenna
consists of four bowtie dipole antenna which operates at 1800 MHz (low frequency) and 2300 MHz (high
frequency). This proposed four element dualband MIMO antenna occupies a 270 x 210 x 100 mm3 of FR
4 substrate. We use four types of groundplane pattern i.e. full groundplane, cornered spatial groundplane,
crossed middle groundplane, and spiral groundplane. These various grounplane patterns influence the
performance of main parameters of dualband MIMO antenna. Cornered spatial groundplane pattern yields
a largest bandwidth (VSWR ≤ 2) 282 MHz or 15.24% of center frequency at low frequency. Full
groundplane pattern creates 135.2 MHz at high frequency. In addition, cornered spatial groundplane
pattern also generates a lowest VSWR that is valued 1.21 at both low frequency and high frequency. The
S parameters, basically both cornered spatial and full groundplane pattern produce a better return loss
than two others. All four groundplane patterns deliver equally a mutual coupling parameter.The last, this
proposed four element dualband MIMO with various groundplane patterns gives a good farfield properties
i.e. gain, radiation pattern, H-E field.
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole AntennaIOSR Journals
A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna formed by replacing one half of a dipole antenna with
a ground plane at right-angles to the remaining half. Monopoles may be used from a few hundred KHz through
several GHz in frequency and are commonly one-quarter of a wave length long, but may be shorter or longer.
Monopole antennas exhibit high gain and improved efficiency in a surprisingly small package. Monopole
antenna can be designed to exhibit wideband capabilities. The different available monopole antennas are dual
band printed monopole antenna, cross-slot monopole antenna, U-shaped monopole antenna, triangular shaped
monopole antenna and a wideband monopole antenna. This paper deals with the comparison obtained from the
results such as return loss, VSWR, current distribution, and the radiation pattern of simple U-shaped and
complete monopole antenna
Third Generation Wireless Modeling in Urban EnvironmentEECJOURNAL
The global mobile communication is fast growing in industry. This paper recommends appropriate settings to evaluate the performance of wireless mobile system deploying third generation networks in an urban environment. To meet this aim, a case Study of Sulaimanyia city is considered for this study by establishing suitable radio channel models. The work presents a statistical channel model, where fixed and nomadic analysis services are considered in the simulated radio coverage scenario. The cartographic dataset had been collected, and Matlab Software was used for showing the analysis and simulation results. Statistical channel models are derived that combine standard parameters such as separation distance, operating frequency and terminal height with more advanced and innovative parameters such as distance dependent shadowing and LOS probability.
System Consideration, Design and Implementation of Point To Point Microwave L...ijtsrd
Microwave technology is extremely used for point to point communications because it is more easily focused into narrower beams than radio waves, allowing frequency use, it is available higher data transmission rates and antenna sizes are smaller than at lower frequencies. The main aim of this system is to provide internet access for rural area using ePMP Force 180 5GHz subscriber module. The two sites are 1.45 km away from each other. GPS is used to determine the latitude and longitude of two sites location. Google Earth Pro software is used to check for line of sight in choosing potential terminal site locations. In this system, system consideration, design and analysis of line of sight microwave link and hardware implementations are to be carried out. In the analysis, path profile, Fresnel zone, link budget and other parameters are implemented using the link planner software Lay Nandar Soe | Kyaw Thet Zaw | Wai Phyo Aung "System Consideration, Design and Implementation of Point-To-Point Microwave Link for Internet Access" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26769.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26769/system-consideration-design-and-implementation-of-point-to-point-microwave-link-for-internet-access/lay-nandar-soe
Radiation beam scanning for leaky wave antenna by using slotsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper provides an insight of a new, microstrip leaky wave antenna. It holds the ability to continue steer its beam at a swapping frequency. This is done with acceptable impedance matching while scanning and very little gain variation. Investigation is carried out on LWAs’ control radiation pattern in steps at a band frequency via vertical and horizontal slots. The enhancement is realized by etching horizontal and vertical slots on the radiation element. This study also presents a novel half-width microstrip leaky wave antenna (LWA). The antenna is made up of the following basic structures group’s vertical and horizontal slots. The reactance profile at the microstrip’s free edge and thus the main beam direction is changed once the control-cell states are changed. The radiation pattern direction changes by sweeping the operating frequency between 4 GHz to 6 GHz.The main beam may be directed by the antenna between 15o and 55o. C band achieved the measured peak gain of the antenna of 10 dBi at 4.3 GHz beam scanning range.
Design of Compact Monopole Antenna using Double U-DMS Resonators for WLAN, LT...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this research, a novel wide-band microstrip antenna for wideband applications is proposed.
The proposed antenna consists of a square radiating patch and a partial ground plane with a smal
rectangular notch-shape. Two symmetrical U-slots are etched in radiating patch. The defected microstrip
U-shapes and the small notch improve the antenna characterestics such impedance wideband and the
gain along the transmission area. The proposed antenna is simulated on an FR4 substrate of a dielectric
constant of 4.3, thickness 1.6 mm, permittivity 4.4, and loss tangent 0.018. The simulation and optimization
results are carried out using CST software.The antenna topology occupies an area of 30 × 40 × 0.8 mm3
or about 0.629λg × 0.839λg × 0.017λg at 3 GHz (the centerresonance frequency). The antenna covers the
range of 2.1711 to 4.0531 GHz, which meet the requirements of the wireless local area network (WLAN),
worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and LTE (Long Term Evolution) band
applications. Good VSWR, return loss and radiation pattern characteristics are obtained in the frequency
band of interest. The obtained Simulation results for this antenna depict that it exhibits good radiation
behavior within the transmission frequency range.
Specific Absorption Rate Assessment of Multiple Microstrip Patch Antenna ArrayTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Interaction between electromagnetic field (EMF) radiated from multiple antennas and human body
is crucial to be explored as multiple antennas are the essential implemented devices to achieve the
requirements of the future evolved fifth generation (5G) technology. Thus, this article presents a significant
study of the radiated EMF effect from a single, and multiple antennas towards human through the
assessment of specific absorption rate (SAR). The single antenna, 1 x 2, 1 x 3 and 1 x 4 arrays of
microstrip patch antennas are designed to cover mobile operating frequencies of 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 1.8, 2.1
and 2.6 GHz. Two types of human head phantoms are implemented in this study, which are specific
anthropomorphic mannequin (SAM) and Voxel head model that placed close to single antenna or antenna
array to investigate the penetration of EMF towards the human tissue. The single antenna or antenna array
is placed with fixed distance of 10 mm from the phantom, which excited by maximum allowable power of
19 dBm in CST Microwave Studio 2016. The effect of the radiated EMF that quantified by SAR parameter,
which depicts satisfying results against the established standard limits at averaged 1g and 10g mass of
tissues for all designated frequencies that utilized for single and multiple antennas.
Planar Inverted-F Antenna for GPS Application - A studyIJERA Editor
survey of recent studies and findings on wireless technology and its applications are explored aggressively in few areas that have the greatest potential for achieving entirely new capabilities using antennas. we have presented in depth conceptual understanding of antennas and potential application in wireless communication an exhaustive list of reference has been proceed.
This paper presents the radiation characteristics of a 4-bay collinear FM antenna system, both in free-space and with the presence of a metallic tower where the bays are mounted, with the use of powerful computers and accurate antenna simulation software. The radiation characteristics of the array are presented and discussed, such as the total gain, polarization components, circularity, beamwidth and minor lobe of the array. This is to determine the conformity of the array performance with existing standards. The possible effects of the metallic tower and the downward radiation from the minor lobe are emphasized. Being aware with these radiation characteristics, broadcast practitioners can optimize the use of this popular array. Results of numerical analyses show that the array is basically a vertically polarized radiator, the beamwidth is quite small which makes it disadvantageous for high-elevated antenna systems, the metallic tower affects the circularity of the azimuth pattern, and the downward radiation from the minor lobes can cause adverse effects. Adjustments on the basic elements and bay placements are recommended.
In this paper, variations in the capacitive fed suspended RMSA configurations have been proposed. Initially, the reference antenna consists of rectangular patch of size of (35.5 X 45.6) mm2 and a small rectangular feed patch of size of (1.4 X 4) mm2 residing on the same substrate suspended above the ground plane. Coaxial probe is used to feed the small patch which in turn excites the radiator patch electromagnetically, yielding a large impedance bandwidth (BW) of 39%, with good gain and broadside radiation pattern. By, meandering the ground plane of reference antenna with three rectangular slots, the prototype antenna is fabricated and measurement has been carried out to validate the result for compact broadband response. Later, by loading a pair of rectangular slots in the radiating patch of the reference antenna in addition to the rectangular slots in the ground plane, the prototype antenna is fabricated and measurement has been carried out to validate the result for compact dual band response.
Bi-directional Beams Waveguide Slotted Antenna at Millimeter WaveTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper focused on designing a bi-directional beams waveguide slotted antenna at millimetre
wave spectrum. Waveguide slotted antenna is known for its highly directional pattern. By having bidirectional
pattern, the capacity of system coverage can be expanded. The design is implemented by using
antenna slot theory on a waveguide structure. The slotted are made on two wall surfaces and the
performance is compared to the slotted on single wall. The two models designs are simulated using
Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave software. The simulation results show that both
models operate at 30 GHz with minimum reflection coefficient of -24.63 and -25.01 dB respectively. The
two models achieved a fair high gain at 15.5 dB and 13.3 dB with directional beamwidth of 8.9 degree.
The proposed bi-directional beams structure achieved a comparable gain in both directions when
compared to the single direction.
Performance of Groundplane Shaping in Four-Element Dualband MIMO AntennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work presents performance of groundplane shaping and its effect in four element dualband
multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna. This proposed four element dualband MIMO antenna
consists of four bowtie dipole antenna which operates at 1800 MHz (low frequency) and 2300 MHz (high
frequency). This proposed four element dualband MIMO antenna occupies a 270 x 210 x 100 mm3 of FR
4 substrate. We use four types of groundplane pattern i.e. full groundplane, cornered spatial groundplane,
crossed middle groundplane, and spiral groundplane. These various grounplane patterns influence the
performance of main parameters of dualband MIMO antenna. Cornered spatial groundplane pattern yields
a largest bandwidth (VSWR ≤ 2) 282 MHz or 15.24% of center frequency at low frequency. Full
groundplane pattern creates 135.2 MHz at high frequency. In addition, cornered spatial groundplane
pattern also generates a lowest VSWR that is valued 1.21 at both low frequency and high frequency. The
S parameters, basically both cornered spatial and full groundplane pattern produce a better return loss
than two others. All four groundplane patterns deliver equally a mutual coupling parameter.The last, this
proposed four element dualband MIMO with various groundplane patterns gives a good farfield properties
i.e. gain, radiation pattern, H-E field.
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole AntennaIOSR Journals
A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna formed by replacing one half of a dipole antenna with
a ground plane at right-angles to the remaining half. Monopoles may be used from a few hundred KHz through
several GHz in frequency and are commonly one-quarter of a wave length long, but may be shorter or longer.
Monopole antennas exhibit high gain and improved efficiency in a surprisingly small package. Monopole
antenna can be designed to exhibit wideband capabilities. The different available monopole antennas are dual
band printed monopole antenna, cross-slot monopole antenna, U-shaped monopole antenna, triangular shaped
monopole antenna and a wideband monopole antenna. This paper deals with the comparison obtained from the
results such as return loss, VSWR, current distribution, and the radiation pattern of simple U-shaped and
complete monopole antenna
Third Generation Wireless Modeling in Urban EnvironmentEECJOURNAL
The global mobile communication is fast growing in industry. This paper recommends appropriate settings to evaluate the performance of wireless mobile system deploying third generation networks in an urban environment. To meet this aim, a case Study of Sulaimanyia city is considered for this study by establishing suitable radio channel models. The work presents a statistical channel model, where fixed and nomadic analysis services are considered in the simulated radio coverage scenario. The cartographic dataset had been collected, and Matlab Software was used for showing the analysis and simulation results. Statistical channel models are derived that combine standard parameters such as separation distance, operating frequency and terminal height with more advanced and innovative parameters such as distance dependent shadowing and LOS probability.
System Consideration, Design and Implementation of Point To Point Microwave L...ijtsrd
Microwave technology is extremely used for point to point communications because it is more easily focused into narrower beams than radio waves, allowing frequency use, it is available higher data transmission rates and antenna sizes are smaller than at lower frequencies. The main aim of this system is to provide internet access for rural area using ePMP Force 180 5GHz subscriber module. The two sites are 1.45 km away from each other. GPS is used to determine the latitude and longitude of two sites location. Google Earth Pro software is used to check for line of sight in choosing potential terminal site locations. In this system, system consideration, design and analysis of line of sight microwave link and hardware implementations are to be carried out. In the analysis, path profile, Fresnel zone, link budget and other parameters are implemented using the link planner software Lay Nandar Soe | Kyaw Thet Zaw | Wai Phyo Aung "System Consideration, Design and Implementation of Point-To-Point Microwave Link for Internet Access" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26769.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26769/system-consideration-design-and-implementation-of-point-to-point-microwave-link-for-internet-access/lay-nandar-soe
Radiation beam scanning for leaky wave antenna by using slotsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper provides an insight of a new, microstrip leaky wave antenna. It holds the ability to continue steer its beam at a swapping frequency. This is done with acceptable impedance matching while scanning and very little gain variation. Investigation is carried out on LWAs’ control radiation pattern in steps at a band frequency via vertical and horizontal slots. The enhancement is realized by etching horizontal and vertical slots on the radiation element. This study also presents a novel half-width microstrip leaky wave antenna (LWA). The antenna is made up of the following basic structures group’s vertical and horizontal slots. The reactance profile at the microstrip’s free edge and thus the main beam direction is changed once the control-cell states are changed. The radiation pattern direction changes by sweeping the operating frequency between 4 GHz to 6 GHz.The main beam may be directed by the antenna between 15o and 55o. C band achieved the measured peak gain of the antenna of 10 dBi at 4.3 GHz beam scanning range.
Design of Compact Monopole Antenna using Double U-DMS Resonators for WLAN, LT...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this research, a novel wide-band microstrip antenna for wideband applications is proposed.
The proposed antenna consists of a square radiating patch and a partial ground plane with a smal
rectangular notch-shape. Two symmetrical U-slots are etched in radiating patch. The defected microstrip
U-shapes and the small notch improve the antenna characterestics such impedance wideband and the
gain along the transmission area. The proposed antenna is simulated on an FR4 substrate of a dielectric
constant of 4.3, thickness 1.6 mm, permittivity 4.4, and loss tangent 0.018. The simulation and optimization
results are carried out using CST software.The antenna topology occupies an area of 30 × 40 × 0.8 mm3
or about 0.629λg × 0.839λg × 0.017λg at 3 GHz (the centerresonance frequency). The antenna covers the
range of 2.1711 to 4.0531 GHz, which meet the requirements of the wireless local area network (WLAN),
worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and LTE (Long Term Evolution) band
applications. Good VSWR, return loss and radiation pattern characteristics are obtained in the frequency
band of interest. The obtained Simulation results for this antenna depict that it exhibits good radiation
behavior within the transmission frequency range.
Specific Absorption Rate Assessment of Multiple Microstrip Patch Antenna ArrayTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Interaction between electromagnetic field (EMF) radiated from multiple antennas and human body
is crucial to be explored as multiple antennas are the essential implemented devices to achieve the
requirements of the future evolved fifth generation (5G) technology. Thus, this article presents a significant
study of the radiated EMF effect from a single, and multiple antennas towards human through the
assessment of specific absorption rate (SAR). The single antenna, 1 x 2, 1 x 3 and 1 x 4 arrays of
microstrip patch antennas are designed to cover mobile operating frequencies of 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 1.8, 2.1
and 2.6 GHz. Two types of human head phantoms are implemented in this study, which are specific
anthropomorphic mannequin (SAM) and Voxel head model that placed close to single antenna or antenna
array to investigate the penetration of EMF towards the human tissue. The single antenna or antenna array
is placed with fixed distance of 10 mm from the phantom, which excited by maximum allowable power of
19 dBm in CST Microwave Studio 2016. The effect of the radiated EMF that quantified by SAR parameter,
which depicts satisfying results against the established standard limits at averaged 1g and 10g mass of
tissues for all designated frequencies that utilized for single and multiple antennas.
“Trade-Off between Detection and Resolution of Two Point Objects Under Variou...IOSR Journals
It is a well-experienced fact that whenever one tries to detect a weak object point in the vicinity of an intense point object, viz., a binary star-SIRUS and its companion weak satellite star, there is always loss of resolution of the optical system. In other words, one wants to improve the defectively of the system, there is always a loss of resolution capabilities of the system. Thus, there is a trade-off between Detection and Resolution of optical systems under various imaging situations. In this first paper of discussion of this trade-off, we have derived the Fourier analytical formulation of this problem. This formulation will be used to find out a compatible trade-off between Detection and Resolution in our further publications
Neural Network For The Estimation Of Ammonia Concentration In Breath Of Kidne...IOSR Journals
Neural networks are an extremely powerful tool for data mining. They are especially useful in cases
involving data classification where it is difficult to establish a pattern in the search space. In an era when
artificial intelligence is increasingly being utilised in industrial and medical applications throughout the world,
it is becoming evident that this is an emerging trend. This paper explores the idea of artificial intelligence by
employing the use of a feed-forward neural network with two process layers to determine the concentration of
ammonia in exhaled human breath. The human mouth contains many kinds of substances both in liquid and
gaseous form. The individual concentrations of each of these substances could provide useful insight to the
health condition of the entire body. Ammonia is one of such substances whose concentration in the mouth has
revealed the presence or absence of diseases in the body. Kidney failure is one diesease which is identified by
an extremely high ammonia content in human breath. This disease is as a result of the kidneys’ inability to
process the body’s liquid waste. The result of this is the release of urea throughout the body which is dissipated
in the form of ammonia through oral breath. The neural simulation is carried out using NeuroSolutions version
5 software. The neural network correctly identified the concentration of oral ammonia as an indication of
kidney failure with an accuracy of 85%.
Impact of Using Modified Open Area Okumura-Hata Propagation Model in Determin...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper examines the applicability of the Okumura - Hata model in Malaysia in GSM frequency band. The study was carried out in the open area only since measurements provided from Malaysia Mobile were about the open areas. The mean square error (MSE) was calculated between measured path loss values and those predicted on basis of Okumura-Hata model for an open area. The MSE is up to 6dB, which is an acceptable value for the signal prediction. Therefore, the model gave a significant difference in an open area that allowed necessary changes to be introduced in the model. That error was minimized by subtracting the calculated MSE (15.31dB) from the original equation of open area for Okumura-Hata model. Modified equation was also verified for another cell in an open area in Malaysia and gave acceptable results.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
COMPARISON OF RADIO PROPAGATION MODELS FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE) NETWORKijngnjournal
This paper concerns about the radio propagation models used for the upcoming 4th Generation (4G) of cellular networks known as Long Term Evolution (LTE). The radio wave propagation model or path loss model plays a very significant role in planning of any wireless communication systems. In this paper, a comparison is made between different proposed radio propagation models that would be used for LTE, like Stanford University Interim (SUI) model, Okumura model, Hata COST 231 model, COST Walfisch-Ikegami & Ericsson 9999 model. The comparison is made using different terrains e.g. urban, suburban and rural area.SUI model shows the lowest path lost in all the terrains while COST 231 Hata model illustrates highest path loss in urban area and COST Walfisch-Ikegami model has highest path loss for suburban and rural environments.
Comparative Study of Path Loss Models for Wireless Communication in Urban and...Onyebuchi nosiri
ABSTRACT: The study was based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for Global System for Mobile Communications at 900MHz. Drive test analyses were carried out from two selected terrains in Rivers State namely GRA Phase II and Aggrey Road classified as urban and suburban areas respectively, to evaluate the best propagation model for the study area. The data obtained were used to compare the various prediction models namely; Cost 231, Okumura-Hata and ECC-33. Mean path loss values of 115.16dB for Okumura-Hata and 117.79dB for COST 231 and 280.88dB for ECC-33 respectively were predicted in the urban environment. Mean path loss values of 115.16dB, 114.76dB and 314.84dB were predicted by Okumura-Hata, Cost 231and ECC-33 models respectively in the suburban environment. ECC-33 over estimated path loss and gave the highest prediction in both environments. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban while COST 231 performed better in the suburban environment. Okumura-hata and COST 231 models are recommended for deployment in urban and suburban environments respectively.
Microstrip Antenna Design For Ultra-Wide Band Applicationsinventionjournals
: In this paper design of ultra-wide band (UWB) antenna. The UWB antenna is capable of operating over an UWB as allocated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with good radiation properties over the entire frequency range. The techniques of enhancing the bandwidth of microstrip UWB antenna were utilized to enhance them performance of the designed antenna. The (UWB) antenna with substrate FR4epoxy having dielectric constant 4.4 and substrate height of 1.6mm is designed and analyzed with different parameters like VSWR, Gain, Peak directivity, Return losses, Bandwidth etc,.The rectangular patch has two slots one slot at the topmost left corner another one at bottom right corner. The simulated bandwidth with return loss (RL) ≥ 10 dB is 2.2–5.6GHz. The simulated results of the proposed antenna indicate higher gain at the passbands while a sharp drop at the rejected bands is seen. The radiation pattern is of dipole shape in the Eplane and almost omnidirectional in the H-plane. The high frequency structure simulator HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) version 13.0 software is used to design and simulate the antennas behavior over the different frequency ranges. Measurements confirm the antenna characteristic as predicted in the simulation with a slight shift in frequencies.
Improvement of Fading Channel Modeling Performance for Wireless Channel IJECEIAES
Fading channel modeling is generally defined as the variation of the attenuation of a signal with various variables. Time, geographical position, and radio frequency which is included. Fading is often modeled as a random process. Thus, a fading channel is a communication channel that experiences fading. In this paper, the proposed system presents a new design and simulate a wireless channel using Rayleigh channels. Rayleigh channels using two approaches (flat and frequency-selective fading channels) in order to calculate some path space loss efforts and analysis the performance of different wireless fading channel modeling. The results show that the bite error rate (BER) performance is dramatically improved in the value of signal to noise ratio (SNR) is equal to 45dB. Finally, the experimental results show that the proposed method enhances the performance of fading channel modeling by reducing the error of BER when the SNR is reduced also. Moreover, the more accurate model is Rayleigh model which can be considered for developing fading channel model.
Performance of modeling wireless networks in realistic environmentCSCJournals
A wireless network is realized by mobile devices which communicate over radio channels. Since, experiments of real life problem with real devices are very difficult, simulation is used very often. Among many other important properties that have to be defined for simulative experiments, the mobility model and the radio propagation model have to be selected carefully. Both have strong impact on the performance of mobile wireless networks, e.g., the performance of routing protocols varies with these models. There are many mobility and radio propagation models proposed in literature. Each of them was developed with different objectives and is not suited for every physical scenario. The radio propagation models used in common wireless network simulators, in general researcher consider simple radio propagation models and neglect obstacles in the propagation environment. In this paper, we study the performance of wireless networks simulation by consider different Radio propagation models with considering obstacles in the propagation environment. In this paper we analyzed the performance of wireless networks by OPNET Modeler .In this paper we quantify the parameters such as throughput, packet received attenuation.
Effect on Channel Capacity of Multi-User MIMO System in Crowded AreaIJEEE
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) and Multi-User
MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems have been expected to
improve the channel capacity over a limited bandwidth of
existing networks.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Determination of Propagation Path Loss and Contour Map for FUTA FM Radio Federal University of Technology, Akure Nigeria
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 6, Issue 3 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 04-09
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 4 | Page
Determination of Propagation Path Loss and Contour Map for
FUTA FM Radio Federal University of Technology, Akure
Nigeria
Oyetunji S.A.
Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria
Abstract: FM signal propagation through the troposphere interacts with the terrain as obstacles and reflection
planes. To understand the degree of interaction, signal strength measurements of the 93.1MHz frequency
modulated Radio located at Federal University of Technology; Akure, Nigeria was carried out in the area
surrounding the station. The paper reviews the various models for predicting transmission loss and employed
the long rice irregular terrain model for its versatility for the study. The losses along the paths were determined
and this was compared with the path loss predicted by the irregular terrain model and this was highly
correlated. The result offers useful data for developing the contour map of the propagation loss which was
developed for the station. It was concluded that with the irregular terrain model predictions can be used for
accurate spectrum management in Nigeria.
Keywords: Signal Strength, Transmission Loss, Terrain, Spectrum Management.
I. Introduction
Frequency Modulation (FM) conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its frequency. The
broadcast band falls within the VHF part of the radio spectrum usually 87.5 MHz to 108.0 MHz. The FM signal
propagation through the troposphere interacts with the terrain as obstacles and reflection planes [1]. Thus, the
location of a Transmitter for radio communication in any locality depends on a number of considerations such as
altitude, latitude, longitude and centrality to coverage area [2]. This study investigates the correlation of signal
strength predicted by the Longley-Rice model with field measurements at different locations. The study was
carried out in a frequency modulated (FM) radio station located at Federal University Technology, Akure,
Nigeria. Signal strength refers to the magnitude of the electric field at a reference point that is a significant
distance from the transmitting antenna. Typically, it is expressed in decibels (dB). Mathematically, signal
strength is calculated as [3];
Signal strength = EIRP – FSL + RX Antenna gain – Coaxial cable loss (1)
Where EIRP is the Effective Isotropically Radiated Power, in watts (W), FSL is the Free Space Loss,
in decibels (dB), RX Antenna gain is the Gain of receiving antenna, in decibels (dB)
Factors affecting signal strength include:
1. The transmitting power of the transmitter.
2. The Directivity or Gain of the antenna.
3. The Effective or Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) of the signal.
4. The Effective Radiated Power (ERP) of the signal.
5. The presence of thick forest, large vegetation or plantation.
6. Accidental radiators.
7. Reflections from other nearby antennas, mast or transmitters.
8. Lightning and fading.
9. Presence of tall building or skyscrapers.
10. Changes in atmospheric conditions.
1.1 MECHANISM OF RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
Ground waves exist only for vertical polarization, produced by vertical antennas when the transmitting
and receiving antennas are close to the surface of the earth. The transmitted radiation induces currents in the
earth‟s surface being attenuated according to the energy absorbed by the conducting earth [5]. Ground wave
propagation is common for frequencies of a few MHz. Sky wave propagation is mainly dependent on reflection
from the ionosphere, a region above earth‟s surface of ratified air that is the ionosphere. The ionosphere is
responsible for long distance communication in the high frequency band between 3 and 30MHz, but it is very
dependent on time of day, season, longitude on the earth [5]. It makes possible, long-range communication
using very low power transmitters. The most important propagation mechanism for short-range communication
on the VHF and UHF bands is that which occurs in an open field, where the received signal is a vector sum of a
2. Determination Of Propagation Path Loss And Contour Map For Futa Fm Radio Federal University
www.iosrjournals.org 5 | Page
direct line-of-sight signal and as signal from the same source that is reflected off the earth [6]. This shows that
there exist a relationship between signal strength and range in line-of-sight and open field topographies. For this
free-space case, the signal strength, E decreases in inverse proportion to the distance away from the transmitter
antenna which is derived by [6]:
d
GP
E
tt30
(2)
Where: Pt is the Transmitter power (Watts), Gt is the Transmitter Antenna gain, d is the distance. The received
power (Pr) is given by:
2
2
)4(
Pr
d
PtGtGr
(3)
Where: λ is the Wavelength and Gr is the Receiver Antenna gains.
It is very important to take into consideration the field strength versus distance for open field propagation. As
the range increases, the signal strength followed an Inverse Square Law [7]. The propagation of radio waves is
influenced by a lot of factors which are frequency dependent. These include:
(a) Curvature of the earth terrain
(b) The dielectric and resistivity constant of the earth and sea.
(c) Troposphere absorption
1.2 MODELS FOR PREDICTING RADIO PROPAGATION LOSS
Various models have been developed for predicting the propagation of radio signal in the atmosphere
[8]. These models considered factors limiting the propagation of radio waves and are useful in the
determination of the primary and secondary coverage areas for Broadcasting Stations [9]. A station‟s coverage
map is an essential ingredient in comparing the station‟s predicted signal strength with the actual measured
values. Some of the prediction models are discussed below.
1.2.1 LONGLEY-RICE MODEL
In January 1, 1967, the American National Bureau of Standards published Technical Note 101, [10] on
propagation treatise that is being referred to as the “Longley-Rice Model”. The Longley-Rice Model considers
atmospheric absorption including atmospheric absorption by water vapour and oxygen, loss due to sky-noise
temperature and attenuation caused by rain and clouds. It considers terrain roughness, ground reflections, knife-
edge, loss due to isolated obstacles, diffraction, forward scatter and long-term power fading in its pre-defined
signal level representations. It is usually used for calculating coverage areas and interference for broadcasting
stations. The model predicts long-term median transmission loss. The model was designed for frequencies
between 20 MHz to 40 GHz and for path lengths between 1Km to 2,000 Km. The Longley-Rice Model requires
the input of certain general parameters so as to set-up the programme for propagation calculations. These
parameters include: Frequency; Effective Radiated Power; Antenna Direction; Heights; Polarization;
Refractivity; Permittivity; Conductivity; Variability and Climate
1,2,2 OKUMURA PROPAGATION MODEL
The basic Okumura Model uses the height above average terrain to calculate path loss and it does not
consider specific terrain obstacles, a set of equations have been provided for the computer use of Okumura
Model Predictions [11]. The Okumura model for Urban Areas is a Radio Propagation Model that was built
using the data collected in the city of Tokyo, Japan. Okumura model was built into three modes which are
urban, suburban and open areas. The frequency range of Okumura Model is between 200MHz and 1,900MHz
[12] and it is mathematically expressed as:
correctionBGMGMUFSL KHHALL (4)
where,
L = The median path loss unit: Decibel (dB)
LFSL = The free space loss unit: Decibel (dB)
AMU = Median attenuation unit: Decibel (dB)
HMG = Mobile station antenna height gain factor.
HBG = Base station antenna height gain factor.
Kcorrection = Correction factor gain (such as type of environment, water surfaces, isolated obstacle etc.)
3. Determination Of Propagation Path Loss And Contour Map For Futa Fm Radio Federal University
www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page
1.2.3 INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS UNION (ITU-RP 1546-1)
The ITU Model is widely used in Europe and Central America [13]. The model developed field
strength predictions for terrestrial sources in the 30MHz to 3,000MHz frequency range [13]. It used a set of
propagation curves that are based on measurement data mainly relating mean climatic conditions in temperature
climates. The model considers the transmitter height above average terrain, the receiver antenna height and
incorporates a correction for terrain clearance angle when making field strength predictions.
1.2.4 COST-231 PROPAGATION MODEL
This model uses the (Height Above Average Terrain) HAAT along each radial to determine the
attenuation based on the following [14](ITU, 1998):
Path Loss (dB):- CdHHf )log()]log(55.69.44[)log(82.13)log(9.333.46 (5)
Where: f is the Frequency (MHz); d is the distance between base station and receiver; H is the HAAT in the
direction of the receiver (m); C is the environmental Correction factor (dB). This model impalements the cost-
231/HATA version of COST – 231 Propagation Model. The HATA correction for receiver height and frequency
is then applied for the attenuation.
1.2.5 TIREM MODEL
TIREM stands for Terrain Integrated Rough Earth Model [13]. This model with Tech Note 101 base
but has been modified over the years to make up for believed inaccuracies in the Longley-Rice Model. These
techniques considered factors/components such as free-space spreading, reflection, diffraction, surface-wave,
tropospheric-scattering and atmospheric absorption to arrive at the path loss. As opposed to Longley-Rice,
TIREM has built-in routines for evaluating radio paths over sea water. TIREM is used by the US Department of
Defense. However, as a proprietary model, it is less attractive.
II. Justification
This research work was embarked upon to establish the following:
a) to know their actual coverage area as compared to the specified value.
b) to establish the level of compliance with the National broadcasting Commission (NBC)
regulation;
c) to reveal places with poor signal quality and suggest possible solutions on improvement
d)
2.1 FUTA RADIO 93.1 FM IN BRIEF
Futa FM 93.1 commenced broadcast operation on the 19th
of November, 2010. The station was issued a
Community Radio licensed by the National Broadcasting Commission for teaching, research and community
development. Table 1 shows the technical parameter of the station [4].
Table 1.0: List of technical parameters of the radio station
PARAMETER VALUE
Frequency of operation 93.1 fm
Frequency Bandwidth 200 kHz
Transmitting Power (TX Power) 250W
Effective Isotropically Radiated Power
(EIRP)
500W
Maximum Deviation 295 kHz
Antenna Gain 1.93 dB
Antenna Directivity 1.56 dB
Antenna Polarization
Horizontal or 900
to the
vertical
Antenna type/ model Yagi-Uda antenna
Maximum Height of antenna / mast 48.768m
Number of antennas installed Seven (7)
Coverage Area 25km (25000m)
4. Determination Of Propagation Path Loss And Contour Map For Futa Fm Radio Federal University
www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page
III. Methodology
The methodology adopted includes the following:
a. segmentation of the coverage area into eight (8) different sectors for measurement of signal strength,
longitude and latitude,
b. point-to-point measurements for determining the signal strength at different locations using a GPS
Receiver and Digital Signal Strength Meter;
c. collection of relevant information about the station under consideration as presented in table 3;
d. development of coverage contour map for the station under consideration
3.1 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
Four locations marked out to be visited were Ondo town, Owo town, Ilesha and Ikere-Ekiti. These
locations were chosen because of their geographical positions which represent the South-Western part; the
North-Western part, the South-Eastern and Northern part of Akure. These locations provide an adequate
estimation of Futa radio signal strength on all sides. The equipments used in the acquisition of data are:
1. A Digital Signal Level Meter (GILBERIT, GE - 5499)
2. A GPS (Global Positioning System) Receiver (UBLOX ANTARIS 4)
3. Laptop Computer
4. Laptop Computer
5.
The collected data includes the following:
Geographical Cordinates: comprises the Latitude, Longitude and Elevation of the points. This data was
provided by the ANTARIS GPS Device.
SIGNAL STRENGTH: the strength of the Futa 93.1 fm radio station signal as indicated by the digital signal
level meter device at the various points.
DISATANCE ITM: this is the distance,
Along the line-of-sight, between the transmitter and a point as provided by the ITM software.
Figure 1.0 geographical map of Ondo showing the locations visited.
IV. Data Presenttation And Analysis Of Results
Three softwares were used in the analysis of the results and values obtained. They are the Surfer 8
software, Irregular terrain Model and Microsoft excel. ITM estimates radio propagation losses over irregular
terrain. It is an improved version of the Longley-Rice Model which gives an algorithm developed for computer
applications [15]. The output is a list of estimated transmission losses for specifies values of reliability and
confidence levels. For this project work, the Point-to-Point prediction mode was used because the specific value
of each location was known. The comparison of the measured and predicted is shown in Figure 2.
5. Determination Of Propagation Path Loss And Contour Map For Futa Fm Radio Federal University
www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page
Figure 2 Comparison of the basic transmission losses
The contour map generated from the Latitude, Longitude and Signal strength values at the various locations is
as shown Figure 3.
LONGITUDE (°N)
FIGURE 3.0 – the contour map of Ondo, Ilesha, Owo and Ado-Ekiti.
The map in Figure 2 shows the distribution of the signal across Akure and its environs. The red colored
regions shows the areas with very strong signal strength, the green areas are for locations with less strong signal
strengths while the yellow region is for locations with the least signal strengths. The middle region is Akure
where the radio station transmitter is located and from the contour map it is obvious that the signal strength is
high at the middle region. The overlay of the geographical map and the contour map for the same coverage area
having maximum value of (7.09456, 4.81809) to (7.606518, 5.498938) is shown in Figure. This value was used
in order to get the exact locations of the coverage area and for proper overlay of both maps.
LONGITUDE (°N)
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Measurement Point
TransmissionLoss(dB)
Measured
Predicted
7.22 7.24 7.26 7.28 7.3 7.32 7.34 7.36 7.38
5.04
5.06
5.08
5.1
5.12
5.14
5.16
5.18
5.2
5.22
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
7.22 7.24 7.26 7.28 7.3 7.32 7.34 7.36 7.38
5.04
5.06
5.08
5.1
5.12
5.14
5.16
5.18
5.2
5.22
KEY
LATITUDE(°E)
LATITUDE(°E)
6. Determination Of Propagation Path Loss And Contour Map For Futa Fm Radio Federal University
www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
Figure 4.1 – an overlay of the contour map on the terrain map
Figure 4.0 – an overlay of the contour map on the geographical map
The overlay of the geographical map and the contour map for the same range of values or coverage
area is shown in Figure .The geographical map was derived using the Longitude, Latitude and elevation of the
land at the various locations while the contour map was gotten from the Latitude, Longitude and Signal strength
of the Signals at the various locations. The contour map indicates the magnitude of the signal strength by the
distance between consecutive lines or curves.
V. Conclusion
It was observed that the signal was strongest along the Ondo town axis. The route to Ado-Ekiti had the
lowest signal strength observed while Owo and Ilesha had an average signal strength value. With the analysis of
the readings obtained, the antennas should be repositioned to enhance the reception along Ado-Ekiti and keep
the signal within the coverage area.
Acknowledgement
The contribution of Late Engr. (Dr) Alowolodu Kehinde Ezekiel, my research partner and brother,
is appreciated.. He will forever be remembered. His work lingers on…
References
[1] A. F. Bruce, “RF Basis: Radio Propagation” 2008,www.connectos.com/spix/rd/gi/nme.
[2] George, A. G., Rice, P. L., Norton, K. A and Barsts, A. P., “Transmission loss Prediction for tropic communication circuits T ech.
Note 101” U.S. Government Printing Office 1967 http://www.softwright.com/faq/engineering/prop_longley_rice.html
[3] Longley Rice
[4] Harry W, “Field Prediction in Irregular Terrain”, 2002, http://www.fcc.gov/oet/fm/ptp/report.pdf
[5] D. John, and D. G Smith., „‟Telecommunication Engineering” London 1997.
[6] T. S. Rappaport, “Wireless Communications Principles and Practice” Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 1996
[7] J. S Seybold,., (2005) “Introduction to RF propagation”, Wiley
[8] J. Klima and Mozucha Marian‟‟ Influence of Terrain on Multipath Propagation of FM‟‟, Signal journal of Electrical Engineering,
VOL56 NO 5-6 pp. 113-120,2005
[9] R. Grosskopf, „‟Field Strength Prediction in the VHF and UHF Range Including Multipath‟‟, Propagation, Proc. 7th
International
Conference on Antennas and Propagation (ICAP 1991), York Conference Publication, 333, vol 2,pp. 965-967, London 1991.
[10] N. Blaunstern, et al. ,‟‟Characteristics Prediction in Urban and suburban Environment‟‟, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol, Vol(47) pp 225-
234,1998
[11] ITU-R Propagation over Irregular Terrain with and without Vegetation, Report 1145, Geneva (CD), 2000
[12] ITU-R Propagation Statistics Required for Broadcasting Services Using the Frequency Range 30 to1000 MHz, Rec. 616, Rep 239-6,
Geneva (CD), 2000
[13] ITU-R VHF and UHF Propagation Curves for Land Mobile Services, Rec. 529, Report 567-3, Geneva (CD), 2000
[14] Gibson, J.D. (1996) “The mobile Communications handbook” CRC Press Inc
7.22 7.24 7.26 7.28 7.3 7.32 7.34 7.36 7.38
5.04
5.06
5.08
5.1
5.12
5.14
5.16
5.18
5.2
5.22