This document discusses techniques for determining the pinpoint location of mobile devices in Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) networks. It begins with an introduction to the history and development of GSM standards. It then describes several outdoor propagation models that are commonly used to predict signal strength at different locations, including the Longley-Rice model, Durkin's model, and Okumura's model. These models take into account factors like terrain profile, buildings, foliage and antenna heights to estimate path loss between the base station and mobile.
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract: In this work, the path loss and the received signal strength of a 3G network at 2.1GHz was evaluated to determine its performance within the Owerri metropolis. Various measuring equipment such as Transmission Evaluation and Monitoring System (TEMS 11), Global positioning system (BU353 GPS) and laptop were deployed for the drive test within the selected urban and sub-urban regions. From the data collected, Owerri sub-urban region showed poor received signal power level compared to the Owerri urban region. The path loss exponents computed for the Owerri urban and sub-urban regions are 3.24 and 4.34 respectively, the mean square error was evaluated as 1.96 and 1.68. The result obtained showed deviations between the compared existing models (Hata and Cost 231) and the proposed models. However, the slope of the Hata plot was relatively close in comparison to the proposed model than that of Cost 231; hence, the proposed model was best suited for the environment followed by the Hata model.
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
Adjustment of Cost 231 Hata Path Model For Cellular Transmission in Rivers StateIOSR Journals
The document presents an adjustment of the COST 231 Hata path loss model for predicting radio signal propagation in Rivers State, Nigeria. Field measurements of received signal strength were taken in urban, suburban, and rural areas and compared to the COST 231 Hata model, Stanford University Interim model, and ECC-33 model. The COST 231 Hata model gave better predictions but with high error values outside acceptable ranges. The COST 231 Hata model was then adjusted using a linear least squares algorithm based on the field measurements. The adjusted COST 231 Hata model provided better predictions with minimum error within acceptable values and can accurately predict radio characteristics in Rivers State.
Performance of modeling wireless networks in realistic environmentCSCJournals
A wireless network is realized by mobile devices which communicate over radio channels. Since, experiments of real life problem with real devices are very difficult, simulation is used very often. Among many other important properties that have to be defined for simulative experiments, the mobility model and the radio propagation model have to be selected carefully. Both have strong impact on the performance of mobile wireless networks, e.g., the performance of routing protocols varies with these models. There are many mobility and radio propagation models proposed in literature. Each of them was developed with different objectives and is not suited for every physical scenario. The radio propagation models used in common wireless network simulators, in general researcher consider simple radio propagation models and neglect obstacles in the propagation environment. In this paper, we study the performance of wireless networks simulation by consider different Radio propagation models with considering obstacles in the propagation environment. In this paper we analyzed the performance of wireless networks by OPNET Modeler .In this paper we quantify the parameters such as throughput, packet received attenuation.
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
Device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed to employ the proximity between two devices to enhance the overall spectrum utilization of a crowded cellular network. With the help of geometric probability tools, this framework considers the performance of cellular users under spatial separation with the D2D pair is investigated. The measurement results and analytical expression of outage probability show that the proposed frameworks improve the outage performance at a high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Results also interpret that the distances between nodes in the D2D-assisted network make slight impacts on the performance of the cellular user.
This document compares several radio propagation models that could be used for Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks: Stanford University Interim (SUI) model, Okumura model, COST 231 Hata model, COST Walfisch-Ikegami model, and Ericsson 9999 model. It analyzes the path loss predicted by each model in urban, suburban, and rural environments. The SUI model showed the lowest path loss in all terrains, while the COST 231 Hata model predicted the highest path loss in urban areas. The COST Walfisch-Ikegami model predicted the highest path loss for suburban and rural environments. Selecting the most accurate propagation model is important for planning L
Path Loss Prediction Model For UHF Radiowaves Propagation In Akure MetropolisCSCJournals
Propagation path loss models play an important role in the design of cellular systems to specify key system parameters such as transmission power, frequency, antenna heights, and so on. Several models have been proposed for cellular systems operating in different environments (indoor, outdoor, urban, suburban, and rural). This work sets out to predict the path loss of a UHF channel along three routes in Akure metropolis using existing models (Friis, Okumura-Hata). Broadcast signal field strength measurements were taken across the three routes. Measured values were compared with the different models prediction to determine model suitable for the city. Consequently, a modified Hata’ model was developed which can be deployed by engineers in radio communications system planning and design.
Performance analysis of beam divergence propagation through rainwater and sno...journalBEEI
In the present work the future communication requirements need to fulfill with high data rate, FSO (free space optic) with it is tremendous potential is the solution. This research observed the effectiveness analysis of FSO systems by modifying one of the most important FSO parameters beam divergence, under the most affected weather attenuating condition Rainwater and snow pack. The simulation is obtained and analyzed under single channels CSRZ-FSO (carrier-suppressed return-to-zero/free space optical) systems having capacity of 40 Gbps between two transceivers with variable distance. The connection is presently under 5 meteorological turbulences (light rain, medium rain, wet snow, heavy rain and dry snow). The results show the heavy rain and dry snow have a very high attenuation carried out in terms of Q-factor. this result led us to conclude that small divergence offers significant performance improvement for FSO link and this performance decrease every time the beam divergence increase, Therefore, to build inexpensive and reliable transmission media, we go with new method that still in the experiment area called hybrid RF/FSO (radio frequency/free space optical) that compatible with atmospherically status.
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract: In this work, the path loss and the received signal strength of a 3G network at 2.1GHz was evaluated to determine its performance within the Owerri metropolis. Various measuring equipment such as Transmission Evaluation and Monitoring System (TEMS 11), Global positioning system (BU353 GPS) and laptop were deployed for the drive test within the selected urban and sub-urban regions. From the data collected, Owerri sub-urban region showed poor received signal power level compared to the Owerri urban region. The path loss exponents computed for the Owerri urban and sub-urban regions are 3.24 and 4.34 respectively, the mean square error was evaluated as 1.96 and 1.68. The result obtained showed deviations between the compared existing models (Hata and Cost 231) and the proposed models. However, the slope of the Hata plot was relatively close in comparison to the proposed model than that of Cost 231; hence, the proposed model was best suited for the environment followed by the Hata model.
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
Adjustment of Cost 231 Hata Path Model For Cellular Transmission in Rivers StateIOSR Journals
The document presents an adjustment of the COST 231 Hata path loss model for predicting radio signal propagation in Rivers State, Nigeria. Field measurements of received signal strength were taken in urban, suburban, and rural areas and compared to the COST 231 Hata model, Stanford University Interim model, and ECC-33 model. The COST 231 Hata model gave better predictions but with high error values outside acceptable ranges. The COST 231 Hata model was then adjusted using a linear least squares algorithm based on the field measurements. The adjusted COST 231 Hata model provided better predictions with minimum error within acceptable values and can accurately predict radio characteristics in Rivers State.
Performance of modeling wireless networks in realistic environmentCSCJournals
A wireless network is realized by mobile devices which communicate over radio channels. Since, experiments of real life problem with real devices are very difficult, simulation is used very often. Among many other important properties that have to be defined for simulative experiments, the mobility model and the radio propagation model have to be selected carefully. Both have strong impact on the performance of mobile wireless networks, e.g., the performance of routing protocols varies with these models. There are many mobility and radio propagation models proposed in literature. Each of them was developed with different objectives and is not suited for every physical scenario. The radio propagation models used in common wireless network simulators, in general researcher consider simple radio propagation models and neglect obstacles in the propagation environment. In this paper, we study the performance of wireless networks simulation by consider different Radio propagation models with considering obstacles in the propagation environment. In this paper we analyzed the performance of wireless networks by OPNET Modeler .In this paper we quantify the parameters such as throughput, packet received attenuation.
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
Device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed to employ the proximity between two devices to enhance the overall spectrum utilization of a crowded cellular network. With the help of geometric probability tools, this framework considers the performance of cellular users under spatial separation with the D2D pair is investigated. The measurement results and analytical expression of outage probability show that the proposed frameworks improve the outage performance at a high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Results also interpret that the distances between nodes in the D2D-assisted network make slight impacts on the performance of the cellular user.
This document compares several radio propagation models that could be used for Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks: Stanford University Interim (SUI) model, Okumura model, COST 231 Hata model, COST Walfisch-Ikegami model, and Ericsson 9999 model. It analyzes the path loss predicted by each model in urban, suburban, and rural environments. The SUI model showed the lowest path loss in all terrains, while the COST 231 Hata model predicted the highest path loss in urban areas. The COST Walfisch-Ikegami model predicted the highest path loss for suburban and rural environments. Selecting the most accurate propagation model is important for planning L
Path Loss Prediction Model For UHF Radiowaves Propagation In Akure MetropolisCSCJournals
Propagation path loss models play an important role in the design of cellular systems to specify key system parameters such as transmission power, frequency, antenna heights, and so on. Several models have been proposed for cellular systems operating in different environments (indoor, outdoor, urban, suburban, and rural). This work sets out to predict the path loss of a UHF channel along three routes in Akure metropolis using existing models (Friis, Okumura-Hata). Broadcast signal field strength measurements were taken across the three routes. Measured values were compared with the different models prediction to determine model suitable for the city. Consequently, a modified Hata’ model was developed which can be deployed by engineers in radio communications system planning and design.
Performance analysis of beam divergence propagation through rainwater and sno...journalBEEI
In the present work the future communication requirements need to fulfill with high data rate, FSO (free space optic) with it is tremendous potential is the solution. This research observed the effectiveness analysis of FSO systems by modifying one of the most important FSO parameters beam divergence, under the most affected weather attenuating condition Rainwater and snow pack. The simulation is obtained and analyzed under single channels CSRZ-FSO (carrier-suppressed return-to-zero/free space optical) systems having capacity of 40 Gbps between two transceivers with variable distance. The connection is presently under 5 meteorological turbulences (light rain, medium rain, wet snow, heavy rain and dry snow). The results show the heavy rain and dry snow have a very high attenuation carried out in terms of Q-factor. this result led us to conclude that small divergence offers significant performance improvement for FSO link and this performance decrease every time the beam divergence increase, Therefore, to build inexpensive and reliable transmission media, we go with new method that still in the experiment area called hybrid RF/FSO (radio frequency/free space optical) that compatible with atmospherically status.
System Consideration, Design and Implementation of Point To Point Microwave L...ijtsrd
Microwave technology is extremely used for point to point communications because it is more easily focused into narrower beams than radio waves, allowing frequency use, it is available higher data transmission rates and antenna sizes are smaller than at lower frequencies. The main aim of this system is to provide internet access for rural area using ePMP Force 180 5GHz subscriber module. The two sites are 1.45 km away from each other. GPS is used to determine the latitude and longitude of two sites location. Google Earth Pro software is used to check for line of sight in choosing potential terminal site locations. In this system, system consideration, design and analysis of line of sight microwave link and hardware implementations are to be carried out. In the analysis, path profile, Fresnel zone, link budget and other parameters are implemented using the link planner software Lay Nandar Soe | Kyaw Thet Zaw | Wai Phyo Aung "System Consideration, Design and Implementation of Point-To-Point Microwave Link for Internet Access" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26769.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26769/system-consideration-design-and-implementation-of-point-to-point-microwave-link-for-internet-access/lay-nandar-soe
Comparative Study of Path Loss Models for Wireless Communication in Urban and...Onyebuchi nosiri
The document compares several path loss models for wireless communication in urban and suburban environments in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Drive tests were conducted in an urban area (GRA Phase II) and suburban area (Aggrey Road) to collect signal strength data. The data was used to compare the Okumura-Hata, COST 231, and ECC-33 path loss models. The Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in the urban environment while the COST 231 model performed better in the suburban environment. The ECC-33 model overestimated path loss in both environments.
A compact triband microstrip antenna utilizing hexagonal CSRR for wireless co...journalBEEI
In this paper, a compact triband printed antenna with hexagonal complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) for 4G applications is proposed. The proposed multiband antenna is comprised of a rectangular patch antenna on the top plane, while on the ground plane, hexagonal CSRRs are etched for size miniaturization (at the lower bands) and multiband generation. Another effect of the CSRR is the shifting of the initial resonance of the patch antenna from 5.17 GHz to the higher band of 6.18 GHz. The triband of 180 MHz 2.4~2.59, 150 MHz 2.79~2.94 and 420 MHz 6.04~6.46 GHz bands acquired can cover WLAN/Wi-Fi and WiMAX operating bands adequately. This can be achieved by choosing the optimal size and position of the CSRR on the ground plane carefully. The design occupies a total size of 45 x 45 mm2 using the low-cost FR-4 substrate. Good agreements are obtained between the measured results and the simulated, which are discussed and presented.
This document discusses cellular positioning methods. It describes four main methods: Time of Arrival (TOA), Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA), Signal Strength (SS), and Angle of Arrival (AOA). Each method is explained along with its advantages and disadvantages. Global navigation satellite systems like GPS, DGPS, and WAAS are also introduced which can provide location information but require specialized receivers. The document analyzes different positioning systems and their typical accuracies, with DGPS and WAAS being the most accurate. It emphasizes the importance of selecting the right cellular positioning technology based on needed accuracy, cost, reliability, and functionality.
Simulation and optimization of a tuneable rectangular microstrip patch antenn...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a tuneable rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is simulated and optimized to operate in four frequency bands of the next generation of wireless communication systems. The proposed design incorporates a copper radiating patch with four implanted graphene strips for tuning purposes. The reconfigurable surface impedance of graphene can easily be altered by applying a DC voltage bias directly to the graphene strips, allowing the operating frequency of the antenna to be tuned as desired. The capability of the applied voltage to tune the operating frequency band of the proposed antenna is studied via computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio (MWS). Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) are introduced in order to improve the radiation parameters of the antenna. The operating frequency band of the tuneable rectangular MPA increases directly as the applied DC voltage bias is increased. Based on the simulation results, a tuneable rectangular MPA placed between two FSSs is proposed for fifth-generation applications.
Effect on Channel Capacity of Multi-User MIMO System in Crowded AreaIJEEE
1) The document analyzes the effect of multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems on channel capacity in crowded urban areas compared to single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO) systems.
2) It finds that MU-MIMO can achieve higher channel capacity than SU-MIMO in urban environments due to lower spatial correlation between users, unlike assumptions of independent channels in MIMO transmission.
3) The improvement of MU-MIMO capacity over SU-MIMO increases with path visibility, with MU-MIMO showing better performance when path visibility is over 13%.
This document presents a term project on 3D beamforming for 5G networks. It outlines the motivation for 3D beamforming to meet 5G goals and reduce interference. The objectives are to analyze narrow beam formation with different array geometries and track user movement. Results show narrow beams formed with linear, planar and cylindrical arrays using windowing. Future work includes incorporating 3D channel models and Coordinated Multi-Point features with 3D beamforming.
Channel Overlapping Between IMT-Advanced Users and Fixed Satellite ServiceEECJOURNAL
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new algorithm to mitigate interference between IMT-Advanced base stations and fixed satellite services. The algorithm aims to form nulls in the radiation pattern of base stations towards satellites by extracting null directions using MUSIC algorithm and controlling handover. It studies two mobile users moving around a satellite and simulates calculating the shortest separation distance after identifying critical points. Results show the algorithm can enable good coexistence and spectrum sharing between the different wireless services in the C-band frequency range.
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...journalBEEI
This document describes the design and analysis of a microstrip antenna with a zig-zag feeder for wireless communication applications. The proposed antenna is designed to have a wide bandwidth of 2-14 GHz. It consists of a zig-zag microstrip feedline connected to a tuning stub printed on one side of a substrate. On the other side of the substrate is a ground plane with zig-zag slots. Parametric analysis was performed to optimize the dimensions for wide bandwidth and acceptable gain between 7.448-5.928 dB. The zig-zag feedline and tuning stub with elliptical slots help improve the impedance matching for wide bandwidth operation suitable for UWB applications. Simulation results for radiation patterns, current distribution, and
This document compares several propagation path loss models - Okumura, Hata, ECC 33, Cost-231, and SUI - by estimating path losses and signal strengths at 950 MHz in urban, suburban, and rural areas. Path losses are estimated using each model and compared to measured practical data from those environments. The results show that the Hata model most closely matches the practical data across all three environments. Therefore, the Hata model is concluded to be the most suitable for predicting signal strength in urban, suburban, and rural areas.
5.computer analysis of the cost 231 hata model for path loss estimation at 90...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the suitability of the COST 231 Hata model for predicting radio signal propagation across mountainous terrain in Nigeria. Measurements of signal strength were taken from 5 base stations and compared to predictions from the COST 231 Hata model and a least squares approximation model. The COST 231 Hata model was found to have a root mean square error of 10.25dB, exceeding the acceptable threshold of 6dB, indicating it is not suitable for this terrain. A modified COST 231 Hata model was proposed by subtracting the root mean square error, and was found to have improved accuracy with a root mean square error of 5.1dB, indicating it is suitable for predicting signal propagation across this mountainous
Validation study of path loss models onijngnjournal
The radio wave propagation in form of path loss model plays very significant role in planning of any
wireless communication network. Measurement of signal strength of OFDM driven WiMAX technology at
2.6 GHz band is taken in Suburban Town of India. The results are analyzed and compared with Empirical
path loss models such as Hata-Okumura, Modified Hata and COST-231Hata. COST-231 model shows
highest path loss for suburban environment. These analyzed results establish that COST-231 model is
suitable for suburban environment also. Threshold RSSI estimates cell coverage probability in the area.
A new look on CSI imperfection in downlink NOMA systemsjournalBEEI
- The document analyzes the performance of downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems under imperfect channel state information (CSI) and Nakagami-m fading.
- It derives closed-form expressions for the outage probability of two users in such NOMA systems considering the joint impact of imperfect CSI and Nakagami-m fading.
- Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to verify the accuracy of the analytical outage probability expressions derived for the two users under the system and channel models considered.
Bi-directional Beams Waveguide Slotted Antenna at Millimeter WaveTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper focused on designing a bi-directional beams waveguide slotted antenna at millimetre
wave spectrum. Waveguide slotted antenna is known for its highly directional pattern. By having bidirectional
pattern, the capacity of system coverage can be expanded. The design is implemented by using
antenna slot theory on a waveguide structure. The slotted are made on two wall surfaces and the
performance is compared to the slotted on single wall. The two models designs are simulated using
Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave software. The simulation results show that both
models operate at 30 GHz with minimum reflection coefficient of -24.63 and -25.01 dB respectively. The
two models achieved a fair high gain at 15.5 dB and 13.3 dB with directional beamwidth of 8.9 degree.
The proposed bi-directional beams structure achieved a comparable gain in both directions when
compared to the single direction.
Survey of analysis and performance of ofdm signals in time and frequency disp...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
In this presentation the effect of channel estimation errors on the energy efficiency of a down-link massive multiple-input multiple-output system is investigated and analyzed. The required down-link transmit power of the zero forcing (ZF) and maximum ratio transmission (MRT) precoding schemes are derived and analyzed under imperfect channel state information condition.
1. The document describes a new design for a small microstrip antenna with variable band-notch filtering capabilities for super ultra-wideband applications including 5G networks and IoT.
2. The antenna achieves improved radiation patterns between 3-14 GHz through modifications to the patch, ground plane, and feed line. It also integrates a band-notch filter using a slot on the patch to reject interference from other wireless systems like WLAN.
3. The center frequency of the band-notch filter can be tuned from 3.5-6 GHz by adjusting the slot dimensions or using a variable capacitor. This allows the antenna to reject interference across different WLAN bands.
This document proposes and compares two hybrid approaches for mining association rules from time series data: Fuzzy Apriori (FA) and Fuzzy Frequent Pattern Growth (Fuzzy FP-Growth). FA transforms time series data into fuzzy sets, generates frequent itemsets using an Apriori-based approach, and extracts association rules. Fuzzy FP-Growth avoids candidate generation by constructing an FP-tree from the fuzzy itemsets and mining patterns directly from the tree. The approaches are evaluated on a home price time series dataset. Experimental results show that while FA can generate useful rules, it requires more effort due to costly candidate generation. Fuzzy FP-Growth aims to address this limitation through an efficient FP-tree based approach.
Este documento es una breve descripción de un lugar llamado El Soberbio Lodge ubicado en Misiones, Argentina. Ofrece alojamiento en la naturaleza cerca de los Saltos del Moconá, con atención al cliente y actividades como arte, relax y aventura.
This document summarizes a study on the genealogy, occurrence, social and psychological consequences of violence in Nigeria. Some key findings include:
- Violence in Nigeria has historical roots dating back to the civil war in the late 1960s. Factors like youth unemployment, substance abuse, and mental health issues contribute to modern violence.
- Nigerians experience significant psychological impacts like acute stress, shock, and post-traumatic stress disorder from frequent bombings and kidnappings. This has caused increased fear and disease among the population.
- To address violence, the study recommends improving education on stress management, providing crisis counseling, addressing socioeconomic inequalities, and reforming the political system to be more inclusive.
This document describes the fabrication and implementation of a turbocharger in a two-wheeler vehicle. It discusses how the turbocharger works by using exhaust gases to spin a turbine and compressor, increasing air intake and engine power without increasing displacement. It provides details on the experimental setup, including installing the turbocharger and associated components on a 100cc four-stroke petrol engine. Testing showed the turbocharger improved engine efficiency and reduced emissions compared to a non-turbocharged engine.
Universidad tecnica de machala DEBER EXCELJohn Ortega
El documento presenta una lista de compras realizadas por la Universidad Técnica de Machala con detalles como cantidad, precio unitario y total a pagar de cada artículo. En total la compra asciende a $66,432.60 luego de aplicar IVA e impuestos. Adicionalmente muestra tablas con detalles de ventas, reservas y existencias de diferentes productos.
System Consideration, Design and Implementation of Point To Point Microwave L...ijtsrd
Microwave technology is extremely used for point to point communications because it is more easily focused into narrower beams than radio waves, allowing frequency use, it is available higher data transmission rates and antenna sizes are smaller than at lower frequencies. The main aim of this system is to provide internet access for rural area using ePMP Force 180 5GHz subscriber module. The two sites are 1.45 km away from each other. GPS is used to determine the latitude and longitude of two sites location. Google Earth Pro software is used to check for line of sight in choosing potential terminal site locations. In this system, system consideration, design and analysis of line of sight microwave link and hardware implementations are to be carried out. In the analysis, path profile, Fresnel zone, link budget and other parameters are implemented using the link planner software Lay Nandar Soe | Kyaw Thet Zaw | Wai Phyo Aung "System Consideration, Design and Implementation of Point-To-Point Microwave Link for Internet Access" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26769.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26769/system-consideration-design-and-implementation-of-point-to-point-microwave-link-for-internet-access/lay-nandar-soe
Comparative Study of Path Loss Models for Wireless Communication in Urban and...Onyebuchi nosiri
The document compares several path loss models for wireless communication in urban and suburban environments in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Drive tests were conducted in an urban area (GRA Phase II) and suburban area (Aggrey Road) to collect signal strength data. The data was used to compare the Okumura-Hata, COST 231, and ECC-33 path loss models. The Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in the urban environment while the COST 231 model performed better in the suburban environment. The ECC-33 model overestimated path loss in both environments.
A compact triband microstrip antenna utilizing hexagonal CSRR for wireless co...journalBEEI
In this paper, a compact triband printed antenna with hexagonal complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) for 4G applications is proposed. The proposed multiband antenna is comprised of a rectangular patch antenna on the top plane, while on the ground plane, hexagonal CSRRs are etched for size miniaturization (at the lower bands) and multiband generation. Another effect of the CSRR is the shifting of the initial resonance of the patch antenna from 5.17 GHz to the higher band of 6.18 GHz. The triband of 180 MHz 2.4~2.59, 150 MHz 2.79~2.94 and 420 MHz 6.04~6.46 GHz bands acquired can cover WLAN/Wi-Fi and WiMAX operating bands adequately. This can be achieved by choosing the optimal size and position of the CSRR on the ground plane carefully. The design occupies a total size of 45 x 45 mm2 using the low-cost FR-4 substrate. Good agreements are obtained between the measured results and the simulated, which are discussed and presented.
This document discusses cellular positioning methods. It describes four main methods: Time of Arrival (TOA), Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA), Signal Strength (SS), and Angle of Arrival (AOA). Each method is explained along with its advantages and disadvantages. Global navigation satellite systems like GPS, DGPS, and WAAS are also introduced which can provide location information but require specialized receivers. The document analyzes different positioning systems and their typical accuracies, with DGPS and WAAS being the most accurate. It emphasizes the importance of selecting the right cellular positioning technology based on needed accuracy, cost, reliability, and functionality.
Simulation and optimization of a tuneable rectangular microstrip patch antenn...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a tuneable rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is simulated and optimized to operate in four frequency bands of the next generation of wireless communication systems. The proposed design incorporates a copper radiating patch with four implanted graphene strips for tuning purposes. The reconfigurable surface impedance of graphene can easily be altered by applying a DC voltage bias directly to the graphene strips, allowing the operating frequency of the antenna to be tuned as desired. The capability of the applied voltage to tune the operating frequency band of the proposed antenna is studied via computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio (MWS). Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) are introduced in order to improve the radiation parameters of the antenna. The operating frequency band of the tuneable rectangular MPA increases directly as the applied DC voltage bias is increased. Based on the simulation results, a tuneable rectangular MPA placed between two FSSs is proposed for fifth-generation applications.
Effect on Channel Capacity of Multi-User MIMO System in Crowded AreaIJEEE
1) The document analyzes the effect of multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems on channel capacity in crowded urban areas compared to single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO) systems.
2) It finds that MU-MIMO can achieve higher channel capacity than SU-MIMO in urban environments due to lower spatial correlation between users, unlike assumptions of independent channels in MIMO transmission.
3) The improvement of MU-MIMO capacity over SU-MIMO increases with path visibility, with MU-MIMO showing better performance when path visibility is over 13%.
This document presents a term project on 3D beamforming for 5G networks. It outlines the motivation for 3D beamforming to meet 5G goals and reduce interference. The objectives are to analyze narrow beam formation with different array geometries and track user movement. Results show narrow beams formed with linear, planar and cylindrical arrays using windowing. Future work includes incorporating 3D channel models and Coordinated Multi-Point features with 3D beamforming.
Channel Overlapping Between IMT-Advanced Users and Fixed Satellite ServiceEECJOURNAL
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new algorithm to mitigate interference between IMT-Advanced base stations and fixed satellite services. The algorithm aims to form nulls in the radiation pattern of base stations towards satellites by extracting null directions using MUSIC algorithm and controlling handover. It studies two mobile users moving around a satellite and simulates calculating the shortest separation distance after identifying critical points. Results show the algorithm can enable good coexistence and spectrum sharing between the different wireless services in the C-band frequency range.
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...journalBEEI
This document describes the design and analysis of a microstrip antenna with a zig-zag feeder for wireless communication applications. The proposed antenna is designed to have a wide bandwidth of 2-14 GHz. It consists of a zig-zag microstrip feedline connected to a tuning stub printed on one side of a substrate. On the other side of the substrate is a ground plane with zig-zag slots. Parametric analysis was performed to optimize the dimensions for wide bandwidth and acceptable gain between 7.448-5.928 dB. The zig-zag feedline and tuning stub with elliptical slots help improve the impedance matching for wide bandwidth operation suitable for UWB applications. Simulation results for radiation patterns, current distribution, and
This document compares several propagation path loss models - Okumura, Hata, ECC 33, Cost-231, and SUI - by estimating path losses and signal strengths at 950 MHz in urban, suburban, and rural areas. Path losses are estimated using each model and compared to measured practical data from those environments. The results show that the Hata model most closely matches the practical data across all three environments. Therefore, the Hata model is concluded to be the most suitable for predicting signal strength in urban, suburban, and rural areas.
5.computer analysis of the cost 231 hata model for path loss estimation at 90...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the suitability of the COST 231 Hata model for predicting radio signal propagation across mountainous terrain in Nigeria. Measurements of signal strength were taken from 5 base stations and compared to predictions from the COST 231 Hata model and a least squares approximation model. The COST 231 Hata model was found to have a root mean square error of 10.25dB, exceeding the acceptable threshold of 6dB, indicating it is not suitable for this terrain. A modified COST 231 Hata model was proposed by subtracting the root mean square error, and was found to have improved accuracy with a root mean square error of 5.1dB, indicating it is suitable for predicting signal propagation across this mountainous
Validation study of path loss models onijngnjournal
The radio wave propagation in form of path loss model plays very significant role in planning of any
wireless communication network. Measurement of signal strength of OFDM driven WiMAX technology at
2.6 GHz band is taken in Suburban Town of India. The results are analyzed and compared with Empirical
path loss models such as Hata-Okumura, Modified Hata and COST-231Hata. COST-231 model shows
highest path loss for suburban environment. These analyzed results establish that COST-231 model is
suitable for suburban environment also. Threshold RSSI estimates cell coverage probability in the area.
A new look on CSI imperfection in downlink NOMA systemsjournalBEEI
- The document analyzes the performance of downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems under imperfect channel state information (CSI) and Nakagami-m fading.
- It derives closed-form expressions for the outage probability of two users in such NOMA systems considering the joint impact of imperfect CSI and Nakagami-m fading.
- Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to verify the accuracy of the analytical outage probability expressions derived for the two users under the system and channel models considered.
Bi-directional Beams Waveguide Slotted Antenna at Millimeter WaveTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper focused on designing a bi-directional beams waveguide slotted antenna at millimetre
wave spectrum. Waveguide slotted antenna is known for its highly directional pattern. By having bidirectional
pattern, the capacity of system coverage can be expanded. The design is implemented by using
antenna slot theory on a waveguide structure. The slotted are made on two wall surfaces and the
performance is compared to the slotted on single wall. The two models designs are simulated using
Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave software. The simulation results show that both
models operate at 30 GHz with minimum reflection coefficient of -24.63 and -25.01 dB respectively. The
two models achieved a fair high gain at 15.5 dB and 13.3 dB with directional beamwidth of 8.9 degree.
The proposed bi-directional beams structure achieved a comparable gain in both directions when
compared to the single direction.
Survey of analysis and performance of ofdm signals in time and frequency disp...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
In this presentation the effect of channel estimation errors on the energy efficiency of a down-link massive multiple-input multiple-output system is investigated and analyzed. The required down-link transmit power of the zero forcing (ZF) and maximum ratio transmission (MRT) precoding schemes are derived and analyzed under imperfect channel state information condition.
1. The document describes a new design for a small microstrip antenna with variable band-notch filtering capabilities for super ultra-wideband applications including 5G networks and IoT.
2. The antenna achieves improved radiation patterns between 3-14 GHz through modifications to the patch, ground plane, and feed line. It also integrates a band-notch filter using a slot on the patch to reject interference from other wireless systems like WLAN.
3. The center frequency of the band-notch filter can be tuned from 3.5-6 GHz by adjusting the slot dimensions or using a variable capacitor. This allows the antenna to reject interference across different WLAN bands.
This document proposes and compares two hybrid approaches for mining association rules from time series data: Fuzzy Apriori (FA) and Fuzzy Frequent Pattern Growth (Fuzzy FP-Growth). FA transforms time series data into fuzzy sets, generates frequent itemsets using an Apriori-based approach, and extracts association rules. Fuzzy FP-Growth avoids candidate generation by constructing an FP-tree from the fuzzy itemsets and mining patterns directly from the tree. The approaches are evaluated on a home price time series dataset. Experimental results show that while FA can generate useful rules, it requires more effort due to costly candidate generation. Fuzzy FP-Growth aims to address this limitation through an efficient FP-tree based approach.
Este documento es una breve descripción de un lugar llamado El Soberbio Lodge ubicado en Misiones, Argentina. Ofrece alojamiento en la naturaleza cerca de los Saltos del Moconá, con atención al cliente y actividades como arte, relax y aventura.
This document summarizes a study on the genealogy, occurrence, social and psychological consequences of violence in Nigeria. Some key findings include:
- Violence in Nigeria has historical roots dating back to the civil war in the late 1960s. Factors like youth unemployment, substance abuse, and mental health issues contribute to modern violence.
- Nigerians experience significant psychological impacts like acute stress, shock, and post-traumatic stress disorder from frequent bombings and kidnappings. This has caused increased fear and disease among the population.
- To address violence, the study recommends improving education on stress management, providing crisis counseling, addressing socioeconomic inequalities, and reforming the political system to be more inclusive.
This document describes the fabrication and implementation of a turbocharger in a two-wheeler vehicle. It discusses how the turbocharger works by using exhaust gases to spin a turbine and compressor, increasing air intake and engine power without increasing displacement. It provides details on the experimental setup, including installing the turbocharger and associated components on a 100cc four-stroke petrol engine. Testing showed the turbocharger improved engine efficiency and reduced emissions compared to a non-turbocharged engine.
Universidad tecnica de machala DEBER EXCELJohn Ortega
El documento presenta una lista de compras realizadas por la Universidad Técnica de Machala con detalles como cantidad, precio unitario y total a pagar de cada artículo. En total la compra asciende a $66,432.60 luego de aplicar IVA e impuestos. Adicionalmente muestra tablas con detalles de ventas, reservas y existencias de diferentes productos.
This document summarizes a study on the influence of electrochemical machining (ECM) process parameters on material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness when machining stainless steel SS 304. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi design of experiments approach to determine the effects of time, voltage, current, electrolyte concentration, feed rate, and pressure. Results showed that MRR increased with increasing voltage, electrolyte concentration, time, and feed rate, but irregularly increased with high currents. Surface roughness decreased with increasing current, and time was the most influential parameter on surface finish. The experimental setup and ECM process characteristics are also described.
This short document promotes the creation of Haiku Deck presentations on SlideShare and encourages the reader to get started making their own presentation. It features stock photos from three photographers to illustrate the variety of visual content available for presentations. The document aims to inspire the reader to try Haiku Deck's presentation tools.
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract: In this work, the path loss and the received signal strength of a 3G network at 2.1GHz was evaluated to determine its performance within the Owerri metropolis. Various measuring equipment such as Transmission Evaluation and Monitoring System (TEMS 11), Global positioning system (BU353 GPS) and laptop were deployed for the drive test within the selected urban and sub-urban regions. From the data collected, Owerri sub-urban region showed poor received signal power level compared to the Owerri urban region. The path loss exponents computed for the Owerri urban and sub-urban regions are 3.24 and 4.34 respectively, the mean square error was evaluated as 1.96 and 1.68. The result obtained showed deviations between the compared existing models (Hata and Cost 231) and the proposed models. However, the slope of the Hata plot was relatively close in comparison to the proposed model than that of Cost 231; hence, the proposed model was best suited for the environment followed by the Hata model.
Compared to wireless deployment in areas with different environmentseIJECEIAES
In the mobile phone system, it is highly desirable to estimate the loss of the track not only to improve performance but also to achieve an accurate estimate of financial feasibility; the inaccurate estimate of track loss either leads to performance degradation or increased cost. Various models have been introduced to accurately estimate the path loss. One of these models is the Okomura / Hata model, which is recommended for estimating path loss in cellular systems that use micro cells. This system is suitable for use in a variety of environments. This study examines the comparison of path loss models for statistical analysis derived from experimental data collected in urban and suburban areas at frequencies of 150-1500 MHz’s The results of the measurements were used to develop path loss models in urban and suburban areas. The results showed that Pathloss increases in urban areas respectively.
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...Onyebuchi nosiri
This paper describes the development of optimized model for urban outdoor coverage in Long Term Evolution (LTE) network at 2300 MHz frequency band in Port Harcourt urban region, Nigeria. Signal attenuation and fluctuation remain amongst the major channel impairments for mobile radio communication systems. This arises as a result of model incompatibility with terrain and Line of Sight (LOS) obstruction of the channel signals. Some path loss models such as OkumuraHata, COST 231, Ericsson 999, Egli and ECC-33 models were evaluated for suitability and compared with the modified model for the environments. The models were based on data collected from LTE base stations at three geographical locations in Port Harcourt namely- Rumuokoro, Eneka and Ikwerre roads respectively. The simulation was implemented using MATLAB R2014a software. The modified model was further optimized with some selected parameters such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The results obtained gave rise to 3.030dB for RMSE and 0.00162dB for MAE respectively. The results obtained from the PSO optimized model demonstrated a better performance which is suitable for cell coverage planning and smooth handoff processes.
COMPARISON OF RADIO PROPAGATION MODELS FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE) NETWORKijngnjournal
This paper concerns about the radio propagation models used for the upcoming 4th Generation (4G) of cellular networks known as Long Term Evolution (LTE). The radio wave propagation model or path loss model plays a very significant role in planning of any wireless communication systems. In this paper, a comparison is made between different proposed radio propagation models that would be used for LTE, like Stanford University Interim (SUI) model, Okumura model, Hata COST 231 model, COST Walfisch-Ikegami & Ericsson 9999 model. The comparison is made using different terrains e.g. urban, suburban and rural area.SUI model shows the lowest path lost in all the terrains while COST 231 Hata model illustrates highest path loss in urban area and COST Walfisch-Ikegami model has highest path loss for suburban and rural environments.
An Analytical Analysis of Path Loss Models for Mobile Cellular Wireless Commu...IJCI JOURNAL
The paper deals with the study based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for mobile cellular wireless communication of global system for mobile at frequencies 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz,respectively. The path loss propagation models are vital tool for planning the wireless network as well as
designed to predict path loss in a meticulous environment. Various propagation models: Free-space model, CCIR (ITU-R) model, Hata model, Ericson model, and Stanford University Interim (SUI) model have been studied and examined through analytically from the base station (BS) to mobile station (MS)
and vice versa followed by respective simulation performance evaluation by using Matlab simulator. The observed data is collected at the operating frequency of 0.9 GHz from various environments (high density region and low density region) using the spectrum analyzer and path loss comparison is shown for
different model.
AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...IJCI JOURNAL
The paper deals with the study based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for mobile cellular wireless communication of global system for mobile at frequencies 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz, respectively. The path loss propagation models are vital tool for planning the wireless network as well as
designed to predict path loss in a meticulous environment. Various propagation models: Free-space model, CCIR (ITU-R) model, Hata model, Ericson model, and Stanford University Interim (SUI) model have been studied and examined through analytically from the base station (BS) to mobile station (MS)
and vice versa followed by respective simulation performance evaluation by using Matlab simulator. The observed data is collected at the operating frequency of 0.9 GHz from various environments (high density region and low density region) using the spectrum analyzer and path loss comparison is shown for
different model.
Comparative Study of Path Loss Models for Wireless Communication in Urban and...Onyebuchi nosiri
ABSTRACT: The study was based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for Global System for Mobile Communications at 900MHz. Drive test analyses were carried out from two selected terrains in Rivers State namely GRA Phase II and Aggrey Road classified as urban and suburban areas respectively, to evaluate the best propagation model for the study area. The data obtained were used to compare the various prediction models namely; Cost 231, Okumura-Hata and ECC-33. Mean path loss values of 115.16dB for Okumura-Hata and 117.79dB for COST 231 and 280.88dB for ECC-33 respectively were predicted in the urban environment. Mean path loss values of 115.16dB, 114.76dB and 314.84dB were predicted by Okumura-Hata, Cost 231and ECC-33 models respectively in the suburban environment. ECC-33 over estimated path loss and gave the highest prediction in both environments. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban while COST 231 performed better in the suburban environment. Okumura-hata and COST 231 models are recommended for deployment in urban and suburban environments respectively.
Third Generation Wireless Modeling in Urban EnvironmentEECJOURNAL
The global mobile communication is fast growing in industry. This paper recommends appropriate settings to evaluate the performance of wireless mobile system deploying third generation networks in an urban environment. To meet this aim, a case Study of Sulaimanyia city is considered for this study by establishing suitable radio channel models. The work presents a statistical channel model, where fixed and nomadic analysis services are considered in the simulated radio coverage scenario. The cartographic dataset had been collected, and Matlab Software was used for showing the analysis and simulation results. Statistical channel models are derived that combine standard parameters such as separation distance, operating frequency and terminal height with more advanced and innovative parameters such as distance dependent shadowing and LOS probability.
AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...IJCI JOURNAL
The paper deals with the study based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for mobile
cellular wireless communication of global system for mobile at frequencies 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz,
respectively. The path loss propagation models are vital tool for planning the wireless network as well as
designed to predict path loss in a meticulous environment. Various propagation models: Free-space
model, CCIR (ITU-R) model, Hata model, Ericson model, and Stanford University Interim (SUI) model
have been studied and examined through analytically from the base station (BS) to mobile station (MS)
and vice versa followed by respective simulation performance evaluation by using Matlab simulator. The
observed data is collected at the operating frequency of 0.9 GHz from various environments (high density
region and low density region) using the spectrum analyzer and path loss comparison is shown for
different model.
Validation Study of Path Loss Models on Wimax At 2.6 Ghz Frequency Band in Su...josephjonse
The radio wave propagation in form of path loss model plays very significant role in planning of any wireless communication network. Measurement of signal strength of OFDM driven WiMAX technology at 2.6 GHz band is taken in Suburban Town of India. The results are analyzed and compared with Empirical path loss models such as Hata-Okumura, Modified Hata and COST-231Hata. COST-231 model shows highest path loss for suburban environment. These analyzed results establish that COST-231 model is suitable for suburban environment also. Threshold RSSI estimates cell coverage probability in the area
Radio field strength propagation data and pathloss calculation methods in umt...Alexander Decker
This document discusses radio signal path loss prediction methods for UMTS networks. It conducted field measurements of signal strength in a UMTS network in Benin City, Nigeria to collect propagation data. It then used this data to calculate path loss and compared the results to several existing path loss prediction models, finding that the Okumura-Hata model provided the closest predictions for the environment studied, showing its suitability for path loss analysis in UMTS networks in urban areas.
This document compares several propagation path loss models - Okumura, Hata, ECC 33, Cost-231, and SUI - by estimating path losses and signal strengths at 950 MHz in urban, suburban, and rural areas. Path losses are estimated using each model and compared to measured practical data from those environments. The results show that the Hata model most closely matches the practical data across all three environments. Therefore, the Hata model is concluded to be the most suitable for predicting signal strength in urban, suburban, and rural areas.
K Coverage Probability of 5G Wireless Cognitive Radio Network under Shadow Fa...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings,foliage and terrain.Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters.Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations,so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean.The present section deals with the performance analysis of fifth generation wireless cognitive radio network on the basis of signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract - The characteristic effects of propagation environment on wireless communication signals are significant on the transmitted and received signal quality. The study focused on investigative analysis of the effects of propagation environment on the wireless communication signals within some geographical domains in Port Harcourt, River State. Field measurements were carried out in some selected areas namely GRA phase II and Aggrey Road categorized as urban and Sub urban areas respectively using Sony Ericsson (W995) Test Phone and GPS receiver (BU353). The analyses were based on linear regression (mean square error) approach. The computed path loss exponents and standard deviation based on the empirical analyses conducted for urban and suburban environments are 3.57dB, 2.98dB and 19.6, 13.2, respectively. The results obtained were used to compare the performance of the various existing path loss prediction models such as Okumura-Hata, Cost 231 and ECC-33. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban environment while Cost 231 performed better in rural environment. They study therefore recommends the deployment of Okumura-Hata model in urban, while Cost 231for suburban study areas.
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract - The characteristic effects of propagation environment on wireless communication signals are significant on the transmitted and received signal quality. The study focused on investigative analysis of the effects of propagation environment on the wireless communication signals within some geographical domains in Port Harcourt, River State. Field measurements were carried out in some selected areas namely GRA phase II and Aggrey Road categorized as urban and Sub urban areas respectively using Sony Ericsson (W995) Test Phone and GPS receiver (BU353). The analyses were based on linear regression (mean square error) approach. The computed path loss exponents and standard deviation based on the empirical analyses conducted for urban and suburban environments are 3.57dB, 2.98dB and 19.6, 13.2, respectively. The results obtained were used to compare the performance of the various existing path loss prediction models such as Okumura-Hata, Cost 231 and ECC-33. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban environment while Cost 231 performed better in rural environment. They study therefore recommends the deployment of Okumura-Hata model in urban, while Cost 231for suburban study areas.
Determination of Propagation Path Loss and Contour Map for FUTA FM Radio Fede...IOSR Journals
Abstract: FM signal propagation through the troposphere interacts with the terrain as obstacles and reflection planes. To understand the degree of interaction, signal strength measurements of the 93.1MHz frequency modulated Radio located at Federal University of Technology; Akure, Nigeria was carried out in the area surrounding the station. The paper reviews the various models for predicting transmission loss and employed the long rice irregular terrain model for its versatility for the study. The losses along the paths were determined and this was compared with the path loss predicted by the irregular terrain model and this was highly correlated. The result offers useful data for developing the contour map of the propagation loss which was developed for the station. It was concluded that with the irregular terrain model predictions can be used for accurate spectrum management in Nigeria. Keywords: Signal Strength, Transmission Loss, Terrain, Spectrum Management.
Determination of Propagation Path Loss and Contour Map for FUTA FM Radio Fede...IOSR Journals
FM signal propagation through the troposphere interacts with the terrain as obstacles and reflection
planes. To understand the degree of interaction, signal strength measurements of the 93.1MHz frequency
modulated Radio located at Federal University of Technology; Akure, Nigeria was carried out in the area
surrounding the station. The paper reviews the various models for predicting transmission loss and employed
the long rice irregular terrain model for its versatility for the study. The losses along the paths were determined
and this was compared with the path loss predicted by the irregular terrain model and this was highly
correlated. The result offers useful data for developing the contour map of the propagation loss which was
developed for the station. It was concluded that with the irregular terrain model predictions can be used for
accurate spectrum management in Nigeria
This document describes the parameters and models used to evaluate the link budget for 900MHz GSM communication services. It considers factors such as transmitter power, antenna gains, losses, propagation path loss, and rain attenuation. Path loss models discussed include free space, Okumura, and Hata models. Rain attenuation is calculated using the ITU model. An example link budget is provided for an urban area in Lagos, Nigeria that incorporates the calculated rain attenuation to improve communication during rainfall.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
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How are Lilac French Bulldogs Beauty Charming the World and Capturing Hearts....Lacey Max
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The APCO Geopolitical Radar - Q3 2024 The Global Operating Environment for Bu...APCO
The Radar reflects input from APCO’s teams located around the world. It distils a host of interconnected events and trends into insights to inform operational and strategic decisions. Issues covered in this edition include:
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1. International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 3 Issue. 3
168
|Issn||2250-3005|| (Online) ||March||2013|| ||www.ijceronline.com||
Determining Pinpoint of Mobile Location in Global System for
Mobile Communication Network (Gsm)
1,
Adnan Affandi, 2,
Mubashshir Husain
1,2,
Department of Elect. & Comp. Eng.,King Abdul Aziz University,Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Abstract:
The objective of this proposed paper is to present an extensive simple study about the mobile Location
and the technologies that can enable them in conventional GSM networks, which do not require any significant
changes to the network or the mobile device itself. A set of cell-based positioning techniques are proposed based
on information available from the network and on accurate path loss models. We have also developed a program
in matlab language for GSM vendors to use this feature without physical change in the network hardware.
Keywords: Global System For Mobile Communication, etc.
1. Introduction
In 1982, the Nordic PTT sent a proposal to Conférence Européenne des Postes et Télécommunications
(CEPT) to specify a common European telecommunication service at 900 MHz. A Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) standardization group was established to formulate the specifications for this pan-
European mobile cellular radio system. During 1982 through 1985, discussions centered around whether to build
an analog or a digital system. Then in 1985, GSM decided to develop a digital system. In 1986, companies
participated in a field test in Paris to determine whether a narrowband or broadband solution should be employed.
By May 1987, the narrowband Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) solution was chosen. Concurrently, The
terrain profile of a particular area needs to be taken into account for estimating the path loss. The terrain profile
may vary from a simple curved earth profile to a highly mountainous profile. The presence of trees, buildings, and
other obstacles also must be taken into account. A number of propagation models are available to predict path loss
over irregular terrain.
While all these models aim to predict operators in 13 countries (two operators in the United Kingdom)
signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) which committed them to fulfilling GSM specifications and
delivering a GSM system by July 1, 1991. This opened a large new market. In 1989 the ownership of the GSM
standard was shifted to ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute). ETSI has members from 54
countries inside and outside Europe, and represents administrations, network operators, manufacturers, service
providers, research bodies and users. The next step in the GSM evolution was the specification of the Personal
Communication Network (PCN) for the 1800 MHz frequency range. This was named the Digital Cellular System
(DCS) 1800 (or GSM 1800). The Personal Communication Services (PCS) 1900 (or GSM 1900) for the 1900
MHz frequency range were also established for use in the Americas. Later GSM 800 and GSM 400 has been
added. GSM 800 is using a frequency area currently being used by analog system in the Americas. GSM 400 is
intended as a replacement of analog system around 450 MHz (NMT 450). This standard is not implemented by
GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) is an extension of the GSM architecture. Packet data traffic runs on a new
backbone IP network and is separate from the existing GSM core network that is used mainly for speech. GPRS
was introduced in 2001. EDGE is a new modulation method enabling higher data bit rates introduced in R9.
2. Outdoor Propagation Models
Radio transmission in a mobile communications system often takes place over irregular terrain. signal
strength at a particular receiving point or in a specific local area (called a sector), the methods vary widely in their
approach, complexity, and accuracy. Most of these models are based on a systematic interpretation of
measurement data obtained in the service area. Some of the commonly used outdoor propagation models are now
discussed.
2.1 Longley-Rice Model
The Longley-Rice model [Ric67], [Lon68] is applicable to point-to-point communication systems in the
frequency range from 40 MHz to 100 GHz, over different kinds of terrain. The median transmission loss is
predicted using the path geometry of the terrain profile and the refractivity of the troposphere. Geometric optics
techniques (primarily the 2-ray ground reflection model) are used to predict signal strengths within the radio
horizon. Diffraction losses over isolated obstacles are estimated using the Fresnel-Kirchoff knife-edge models.
Forward scatter theory is used to make troposcatter predictions over long distances, and far field diffraction losses
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in double horizon paths are predicted using a modified Van der Pol-Bremmer method. The Longley-Rice
propagation prediction model is also referred to as the ITS irregular terrain model. The Longley-Rice model is also
available as a computer program [Lon78] to calculate large-scale median transmission loss relative to free space
loss over irregular terrain for frequencies between 20 MHz and 10 GHz. For a given transmission path, the
program takes as its input the transmission frequency, path length, polarization, antenna heights, surface
refractivity, effective radius of earth, ground conductivity, ground dielectric constant, and climate. The program
also operates on path-specific parameters such as horizon distance of the antennas, horizon elevation angle,
angular trans-horizon distance, terrain irregularity and other specific inputs.
The Longley-Rice method operates in two modes. When a detailed terrain path profile is available, the
path-specific parameters can be easily determined and the prediction is called a point-to-point mode prediction. On
the other hand, if the terrain path profile is not available, the Longley-Rice method provides techniques to estimate
the path-specific parameters, and such a prediction is called an area mode prediction. There have been many
modifications and corrections to the Longley-Rice model since its original publication. One important
modification [Lon78] deals with radio propagation in urban areas, and this is particularly relevant to mobile radio.
This modification introduces an excess term as an allowance for the additional attenuation due to urban clutter
near the receiving antenna. This extra term, called the urban factor (UF), has been derived by comparing the
predictions by the original Longley-Ricé model with those obtained by Okumura [0ku68].One shortcoming of the
Longley-Rice model is that it does not provide a way of determining corrections due to environmental factors in
the immediate vicinity of the mobile receiver, or consider correction factors to account for the effects of buildings
and foliage. Further, multipath is not considered.
2.2 Durkin’s Model
The execution of the Durkin path loss simulator consists of two parts. The --first part accesses a
topographic data base of a proposed service area and reconstructs the ground profile information along the radial
joining the transmitter to the receiver. The assumption is that the receiving antenna receives all of its energy along
that radial and, therefore, experiences no multipath propagation. In other words, the propagation phenomena that is
modeled is simply LOS and diffraction from obstacles along the radial, and excludes reflections from other
surrounding objects and local scatterers. The effect of this assumption is that the model is somewhat pessimistic in
narrow valleys, although it identifies isolated weak reception areas rather well. The second part of the simulation
algorithm calculates the expected path loss along that radial. After this is done, the simulated receiver location can
be iteratively moved to different locations in the service area to deduce the signal strength contour.
2.3 Okumura Model
Okumura’s model is one of the most widely used models for signal prediction in urban areas. This model
is applicable for frequencies in the range 150 MHz to 1920 MHz (although it is typically extrapolated up to 3000
MHz) and distances of 1 km to 100 km. It can be used for base station antenna heights ranging from 30 m to 1000
m.
Okumura developed a set of curves giving the median attenuation relative to free space
)( muA
, in an urban area
over a quasi-smooth terrain with a base station effective antenna height
)( teh
of 200m and a mobile antenna
height
)( reh
of 3 m. These curves were developed from extensive measurements using vertical Omni-directional
antennas at both the base and mobile, and are plotted as a function of frequency in the range 100 MHz to 1920
MHz and as a function of distance from the base station in the range 1 km to 100 km. To determine path loss using
Okumura’s model, the free space path loss between the points of interest is first determined, and then the value of
),( dfAmu (as read from the curves) is added to it along with correction factors to account for the type of terrain.
The model can be expressed as
AREAretemuF GhGhGdfALL )()(),(50 (4.1)
where 50L
is the 50th percentile (i.e., median) value of propagation path loss, FL is the free space propagation
loss, muA
is the median attenuation relative to free space,
)( tehG
is the base station antenna height gain factor,
)( rehG
is the mobile antenna height gain factor, and AREAG is the gain due to the type of environment. Note that
the antenna height gains are strictly a function of height and have nothing to do with antenna patterns.
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Plots of
),( dfAmu and AREAG for a wide range of frequencies are shown in Figure 4.1 and Figure 4.2 .
Furthermore, Okumura found that
)( tehG varies at a rate of 20 dB/decade and
)( rehG varies at a rate of 10
dB/decade for heights less than 3 m.
)
200
log(20)( te
te
h
hG
1000 m reh 10 m (4.2 a)
)
3
log(10)( re
re
h
hG
reh 3 m (4.2 b)
)
3
log(20)( re
re
h
hG
10 m reh 3 m (4.2 c)
Other corrections may also be applied to Okumura’s model. Some of the important terrain related parameters are
the terrain undulation height ( h), isolated ridge height, average slope of the terrain and the mixed land-sea
parameter. Once the terrain related parameters are calculated, the necessary correction factors can be added or
subtracted as required. All these correction factors are also available as Okumura curves [0ku68].Okumura’s
model is wholly based on measured data and does riot provide any analytical explanation. For many situations,
extrapolations of the derived curves can be made to obtain values outside the measurement range, although the
validity of such extrapolations depends on the circumstances and the smoothness of the curve in question.
Okumura’s model is considered to be among the simplest and best in terms of accuracy in path loss prediction for
mature cellular and land mobile radio systems in cluttered environments. It is very practical and has become a
standard for system planning in modern land mobile radio systems in Japan. The major disadvantage with the
model is its slow response to rapid changes in terrain; therefore the model is fairly good in urban and suburban
areas, but not as good in rural areas. Common standard deviations between predicted and measured path loss
values are around 10 dB to 14 dB.
Figaure 4.1 Median attenuation related to free space
),( dfAmu , over a quasi-smooth terrain
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Figaure 4.2 correction factor AREAG , for different types of terrain
2.4 Hata Model
The Hata model [Hat9O] is an empirical formulation of the graphical path loss data provided by
Okumura, and is valid from 150 MHz to 1500 MHz. Hata presented the urban area propagation loss as a standard
formula and supplied correction equations for application to other situations. The standard formula for median
path loss in urban areas is given by
dhhahfdBurbanL teretec log)log55.69.44()(log82.13log16.2655.69))((50
(4.3)
where cf is the frequency (in MHz) from 150 MHz to 1500 MHz, teh is the effective transmitter (base station)
antenna height (in meters) ranging from 30 m to 200 m, reh is the effective receiver (mobile) antenna height (in
meters) ranging from 1 m to l0 m, d is the T-R separation distance (in kin), and
)( reha is the correction factor for
effective mobile antenna height which is a function of the size of the coverage area. For a small to medium sized
city, the mobile antenna correction factor is given by
)8.0log56.1()7.0log1.1()( ccre ffha
(4.4)
and for a large city, it is given by
MHzfc 300 for dB 1.1)54.1(log*29.8)( 2
rere hha
(4.5 a)
97.4)75.11(log*2.3)( 2
rere hha dB for MHzfc 300 (4.5 b)
To obtain the path loss in a suburban area the standard Hata formula in equation (4.3) is modified as
4.5)]28[log(2)()( 2
5050 cfurbanLdBL (4.6)
And for path loss in open rural areas, the formula is modified as
98.40log33.18)(log78.4)()( 2
5050 cc ffurbanLdBL
(4.7)
Although Hata’s model does not have any of the path-specific corrections which are available in Okumura’s
model, the above expressions have significant practical value. The predictions of the Hata model compare very
closely with the original Okumura model, as long as d exceeds 1 km. This model is well suited for large cell
mobile systems, but not personal communications systems (PCS) which have cells on the order of 1km radius.
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2.5 PCS Extension to Hata Model
The European Co-operative for Scientific and Technical research (EUROCOST) formed the COST-231
working committee to develop an extended version of the Hata model. COST-231 proposed the following formula
to extend Hata’s model to 2 GHz. The proposed model for path loss is [EUR91]
Mteretec CdhhahfdBurbanL log)log55.69.44()(log82.13log9.333.46))((50
(4.8)
where
)( reha is defined in equations (4.4), (4.5 a), and (4.5 b) and
MC = 0 dB for medium sized city and suburban areas (4.9)
MC = 3 dB for metropolitan centers
The COST-231 extension of the Hata model is restricted to the following range of parameters:
f : 1500MHz to 2000 MHz
teh : 30 m to 200m
reh : 1 m to l0 m
d : 1 km to 20 km
3. Locate A Mobile Position
By using Hata Model we can locate a Mobile position in the network by getting:
The Power value of Transmitting from the tower (from network data base)
The height of the tower (from network data base).
The receiving value in the mobile from the mobile (by using logical channels).
Carrier frequency (from network data base).
Mobile elevation which around 1.5 m.
Is the area urban , suburban or open rural (from network data base).
Calculate the Path loss by subtract the receiving value in the mobile (Rx) from Transmitting value from the tower
(Tx).
RxTxL 50
(4.10)
Hata formula will be modifying for urban area to:
te
retec
h
hahfL
D log55.69.44
)(log82.13log16.2655.6950
10
(4.11)
Where
)8.0log56.1()7.0log1.1()( ccre ffha dB (for small city)
97.4)75.11(log*2.3)( 2
rere hha dB (for a large city)
And for suburban area:
te
cretec
h
fhahfL
D log55.69.44
4.5)]28[log(2)(log82.13log16.2655.69 2
50
10
(4.12)
And for open rural areas:
te
ccretec
h
ffhahfL
D log55.69.44
98.40log33.18)(log78.4)(log82.13log16.2655.69 2
50
10
(4.13)
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From the above equations we can calculate the distance from the tower to the mobile for different areas (urban,
suburban & open rural).after calculate the distance (D) we can create a circle as considering the position of the
tower is origin of the circle and the distance D is the radius of the circle as shown below:
Figure 4-3 One Direction Estimation
And after repeat these process two times more for same mobile from different towers we will have three circles as
shown below:
Figure 4-4 three directions estimation
The intersection between the three circles give us the location of the mobile .the intersection will be point or area
depends on the receiving value (Rx) and we will locate Mobile position by placed our calculation and diagrams
over good digitals Maps. These Maps programs can have them from good local vendor or use satellite Maps
programs like Google earth.
4. Error and Correction
During our process maybe we will have some errors in the calculation and this is related to wrong reading
values .this error in the reading values due to obstacles between the tower (transmitter) and mobile (receiver).
some time no clear line of sight between RBS and MS which give us error in our estimation around 10 to 14 dB.
But we can overcome on these errors by using GSM techniques:
Handover to different towers (RBS's): we can our input by select different transmitters as we know the mobile
receive from 6 different sites.
Frequency Hopping: this technique allows us to have varied frequencies to measure the mobile location because if
we have a bad estimation from one frequency we will pick another one.
Take the measurement in different times or for some period to avoid the wrong estimation and take the good ones.
By these major techniques we will get a good estimation about customer location in any network. And there are a
lot of techniques which are support our target.
As we know the GSM structure is very smart and always become smarter every day because it is a global system
and whole the world deal with it.
We are hoping to lead the world in the development in the future.
5 .Development Of Software
Different Programs Have Been Developed In Matlab For The Simulation Of “ Determining Pinpoint Of
Mobile Location In Global System For Mobile Communication network (GSM)”. In Fig.3 We Can See The
Screenshot Of The Software.
Fig 4.5
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By using this simulator we can locate exact mobile location in Urban Area which is further divided into small and
large city , in Sub urban area which is again divided into small and large city and finally in open area which is
further divided into small and large city.
Determining pinpoint mobile location by using simulation software in Urban Area(Large City)
By using this software we demonstrated that how we can determine exact mobile location in Urban areas.
Screenshot is shown in fig.4.6
Fig 4.6
In this demonstration we have used the following values:
Where Tx=Transmitter
Rx=Receiver
Frq=Frequency
Hte = Height of Transmitter
Hre= Height of Receiver
Towerl
Tower Longitude Latitude
Tower-A 39.13702 21.58326
Tower-B 39.14961 21.66908
Tower-C 39.18081 21.48364
Determining pinpoint mobile location by using simulation software in Sub-Urban Area (small city)
By using this software we demonstrated that how we can determine exact mobile location in Sub-Urban areas.
Screenshot is shown in fig.4.7
TValues
Tower Tx Rx Frq Hte Hre
Tower-A 44 -94 900 1.5 30
Tower-B 44 -95 890 1.5 30
Tower-C 44 -96 900 1.5 30
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Fig 4.7
In this demonstration we have used the following values:
TValues
Tower Tx Rx Frq Hte Hre
Tower-A 44 -93 900 1.5 30
Tower-B 44 -95 890 1.5 30
Tower-C 44 -97 900 1.5 30
Where Tx=Transmitter
Rx=Receiver
Frq=Frequency
Hte = Height of Transmitter
Hre= Height of Receiver
Determining pinpoint location by using simulation software in Open Area (Large city)
By using this software we demonstrated that how we can determine exact mobile location in Open areas.
Screenshot is shown in fig.
Fig 4.8
In this demonstration we have used the following values:
Towerl
Tower Longitude Latitude
Tower-A 39.10002 21.30003
Tower-B 39.14961 21.66908
Tower-C 39.18081 21.48364
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Towerl
Tower Longitude Latitude
Tower-A 39.10002 21.30003
Tower-B 39.14961 21.66908
Tower-C 39.18081 21.48364
Where Tx=Transmitter
Rx=Receiver
Frq=Frequency
Hte = Height of Transmitter
Hre= Height of Receiver
Towerl
Tower Longitude Latitude
Tower-A 39.20002 21.50234
Tower-B 39.14961 21.66908
Tower-C 39.18081 21.48364
4. Conclusion
This research paper aims to present an extensive study about the mobile Location and the technologies that
can enable them in conventional GSM networks.
A set of cell-based positioning techniques are proposed based on information available from the network and on
accurate path loss models.
This paper creates a software methods program for GSM vendors to use this feature without physical
change in the network hardware.
References
[1] Theodore S. Rappaport, Wireless Communication – Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall, 1996.
[2] Henry L. Bertoni , Radio Propagation for Modern Wireless System , Prentice Hall, 2000
[3] Lucent Technologies course , GSM 99/DCS 1800 System Introdution , Lucent Company, 1996
[4] Saudi Telecom Company course , GSM RF Cellular Engineering, Saudi Telecom Company ,2004.
[5] Saudi Telecom Company course, GSM Cell Planning Principles II, Saudi Telecom Company ,2004.
[6] Josef bajada. Mobile Positioning for Location Dependent Services in GSM Networks , 2000.M. Hellebrandt, R. Mathar,
“Location tracking of mobiles in cellular radio networks”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Sep.
1999,Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 1558-1562.
[7] Some training courses were giving to me by leadership companies like Saudi telecom company STC and Ericsson Company
related to GSM and 3G.
[8] Mouly & Pautet, GSM system for mobile communication , Jone Wily & Sons, 1989.
[9] Rappaport , wireless communication principles & practice ,Marcel Dekker, 1994
[10] http://www.mobilecomms-technology.com/contractors/gisservices/andrew_old/
[11] http://www.andrew.com/
[12] John Scurias, A Brief Overview of GSM ,
[13] http:// www. Barrow.uwaterloo.ca , 1994
[14] Apostolis K. Salkintzis,'' A survey of Mobile Data Network '',
[15] http:// www. columbia.uwaterloo.ca , 1994