Optimization of Complete Monopole Antennato Exhibit Wideband Capabilities.IOSR Journals
This document describes the optimization of a complete monopole antenna design to exhibit wideband capabilities. It discusses designing a U-shaped and triangular shaped monopole antenna using CST simulation software. The effects of varying parameters of the ground plane, U-shaped strip width and length are analyzed. Varying the ground plane parameters P1 and P2 improves the impedance bandwidth of the upper band. Increasing the U-shaped strip width shifts the lower band to higher frequencies. Changing the U-shaped strip length shifts both the lower and upper bands to lower frequencies. The optimized antenna design covers 2.4-2.77 GHz and 3.2-6.3 GHz bands for wireless applications.
STUDY ON IMPROVED RADIATION PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF FRACTAL ANTENNA FO...vnktrjr
This document discusses a study on improving the radiation performance of fractal antennas for wireless applications. It begins with an introduction to wireless communication systems and the importance of antennas. It then discusses the basics of antenna theory, including key properties like gain, directivity, efficiency, input impedance, polarization, return loss, radiation patterns and beamwidth. Finally, it briefly describes common antenna types such as dipoles, monopoles, corner reflectors and Yagi antennas. The overall aim is to analyze how the performance of a microstrip fractal antenna can be improved by using an array configuration and electromagnetic band gap structure.
MicroStrip Antenna
Introduction .
Micro-Strip Antennas Types .
Micro-Strip Antennas Shapes .
Types of Substrates (Dielectric Media) .
Comparison of various types of flat profile printed antennas .
Advantages & DisAdvantages of MSAs .
Applications of MSAs .
Radiation patterns of MSAs .
How to Optimizing the Substrate Properties for Increased Bandwidth ?
Comparing the different feed techniques .
This document provides an overview of dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) and their design. It discusses:
1) Common DRA characteristics such as resonant frequencies defined by material properties and dimensions. Multiple modes can be excited and radiation patterns depend on the excited mode.
2) Common feeding methods for DRAs including coaxial probes, microstrip lines, coplanar waveguides, and apertures. These determine the excited mode and coupling.
3) A case study of a cylindrical DRA analyzing modes using analytical equations and simulations. For a dielectric constant of 30, the HE11δ mode resonates at 503.6 MHz and is excited using a coaxial probe.
The document discusses antennas used in mobile phones. It describes how antennas work by transforming radio frequency signals into electromagnetic waves using principles of electromagnetism. It discusses the need for antennas in transmission and reception and their uses in devices like phones, WiFi, and radar. The key parameters of antennas that are described include input impedance, return loss, bandwidth, directivity, gain, radiation pattern, beamwidth, side lobes, nulls, and polarization. The document focuses on the types of antennas used in mobile phones, including external and internal antennas, and how antenna design has evolved with phones. It discusses specific absorption rate regulations for phones and provides an example data sheet on SAR values for different phone models. Potential health effects of
This chapter provides an overview of fundamental antenna concepts and properties including polarization, radiation pattern, gain, bandwidth, and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). It then discusses microstrip patch antennas, including their structure and advantages. Finally, it introduces metamaterials and defected ground structures (DGS), which can be used to reduce antenna size by providing a negative refractive index substrate. The chapter establishes the background knowledge needed to understand the goals of developing a miniaturized antenna using metamaterial substrates with DGS.
Microstrip patch antenna for wimax applicationsAbu Raneem
Waveguide Port
CST Microwave Studio
CST Microwave Studio:
Mesh Setting: Define Mesh
Mesh is the process of dividing the structure into small elements called
cells or elements.
Mesh Setting
CST Microwave Studio
CST Microwave Studio:
Simulation Setting: Define Frequency Domain Solver
Frequency Domain Solver is used to solve electromagnetic problems in
the frequency domain.
Frequency Domain Solver
CST Microwave Studio
Optimization of Complete Monopole Antennato Exhibit Wideband Capabilities.IOSR Journals
This document describes the optimization of a complete monopole antenna design to exhibit wideband capabilities. It discusses designing a U-shaped and triangular shaped monopole antenna using CST simulation software. The effects of varying parameters of the ground plane, U-shaped strip width and length are analyzed. Varying the ground plane parameters P1 and P2 improves the impedance bandwidth of the upper band. Increasing the U-shaped strip width shifts the lower band to higher frequencies. Changing the U-shaped strip length shifts both the lower and upper bands to lower frequencies. The optimized antenna design covers 2.4-2.77 GHz and 3.2-6.3 GHz bands for wireless applications.
STUDY ON IMPROVED RADIATION PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF FRACTAL ANTENNA FO...vnktrjr
This document discusses a study on improving the radiation performance of fractal antennas for wireless applications. It begins with an introduction to wireless communication systems and the importance of antennas. It then discusses the basics of antenna theory, including key properties like gain, directivity, efficiency, input impedance, polarization, return loss, radiation patterns and beamwidth. Finally, it briefly describes common antenna types such as dipoles, monopoles, corner reflectors and Yagi antennas. The overall aim is to analyze how the performance of a microstrip fractal antenna can be improved by using an array configuration and electromagnetic band gap structure.
MicroStrip Antenna
Introduction .
Micro-Strip Antennas Types .
Micro-Strip Antennas Shapes .
Types of Substrates (Dielectric Media) .
Comparison of various types of flat profile printed antennas .
Advantages & DisAdvantages of MSAs .
Applications of MSAs .
Radiation patterns of MSAs .
How to Optimizing the Substrate Properties for Increased Bandwidth ?
Comparing the different feed techniques .
This document provides an overview of dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) and their design. It discusses:
1) Common DRA characteristics such as resonant frequencies defined by material properties and dimensions. Multiple modes can be excited and radiation patterns depend on the excited mode.
2) Common feeding methods for DRAs including coaxial probes, microstrip lines, coplanar waveguides, and apertures. These determine the excited mode and coupling.
3) A case study of a cylindrical DRA analyzing modes using analytical equations and simulations. For a dielectric constant of 30, the HE11δ mode resonates at 503.6 MHz and is excited using a coaxial probe.
The document discusses antennas used in mobile phones. It describes how antennas work by transforming radio frequency signals into electromagnetic waves using principles of electromagnetism. It discusses the need for antennas in transmission and reception and their uses in devices like phones, WiFi, and radar. The key parameters of antennas that are described include input impedance, return loss, bandwidth, directivity, gain, radiation pattern, beamwidth, side lobes, nulls, and polarization. The document focuses on the types of antennas used in mobile phones, including external and internal antennas, and how antenna design has evolved with phones. It discusses specific absorption rate regulations for phones and provides an example data sheet on SAR values for different phone models. Potential health effects of
This chapter provides an overview of fundamental antenna concepts and properties including polarization, radiation pattern, gain, bandwidth, and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). It then discusses microstrip patch antennas, including their structure and advantages. Finally, it introduces metamaterials and defected ground structures (DGS), which can be used to reduce antenna size by providing a negative refractive index substrate. The chapter establishes the background knowledge needed to understand the goals of developing a miniaturized antenna using metamaterial substrates with DGS.
Microstrip patch antenna for wimax applicationsAbu Raneem
Waveguide Port
CST Microwave Studio
CST Microwave Studio:
Mesh Setting: Define Mesh
Mesh is the process of dividing the structure into small elements called
cells or elements.
Mesh Setting
CST Microwave Studio
CST Microwave Studio:
Simulation Setting: Define Frequency Domain Solver
Frequency Domain Solver is used to solve electromagnetic problems in
the frequency domain.
Frequency Domain Solver
CST Microwave Studio
An Inverted Bowtie Type Patch Antenna for Multiple Applicationsirjes
This document describes a proposed inverted bowtie type patch antenna for dual-band operation in UHF and EHF frequency bands. The antenna has a simple structure with a rectangular patch that has triangular cuts on both sides and is fed by a microstrip line. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 2.12 GHz in the UHF band with a bandwidth of 400 MHz and gain of 3.66 dB. It also resonates at 34 GHz in the EHF band with a bandwidth of 1.43 GHz and higher gain of 11.9 dB. The dual-band operation and high gain make the antenna suitable for applications involving TV, mobile phones, GPS, astronomy, and remote sensing.
MICROSTRIP ANTENNA PATTERN RECONFIGURATION USING ON-CHIP PARASITIC ELEMENTS jantjournal
This document summarizes the design and simulation of a pattern reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna. The antenna consists of a central active patch fed by a coaxial line, with two additional parasitic elements on either side. Shorting pins are used to connect the parasitic elements to the ground plane, allowing the elements to act as directors or reflectors and steer the radiation pattern. Simulation results show that changing the position of the shorting pins can steer the main beam by up to 28 degrees in the H-plane. The optimal design uses FR-4 substrates of thickness 1.6mm for both the active and parasitic elements.
Side Lobe Level (SLL) Reduction Methods in AntennaDarshan Bhatt
Side Lobe levels are the important aspects in RADAR and navigation engineering and many other real time transmission systems. It is nothing but wastage of transmitted power in undesired direction. So, for reduction of SLL different methods are used for different types of antennas. In this presentation SLL reduction is discussed for Antenna arrays and for microstrip patch antenna arrays.
CPW fed SRR loaded monopole antenna for triple band operationsIJECEIAES
A planar CPW fed SRR loaded monopole antenna based on split ring resonator with triple-band operations is reported for passive UHF RFID, Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) and World Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. Measured and simulated results show the effect of tapering of the SRR layer on bandwidth improvement and gain enhancement in comparison to monopole with SRR antenna. The CPW fed SRR loaded monopole antenna has a bidirectional pattern with high gain for wireless communication applications.
The document discusses microstrip patch antennas. It provides details on:
1) Different types of microstrip antennas including shapes, substrates, and array configurations. Rectangular, circular, and other patch shapes are described. Common substrates like honeycomb, Duroid, and quartz are listed.
2) Design considerations for microstrip antennas like calculating patch length and width based on resonant frequency and dielectric properties. Parameters that affect performance are explained.
3) Feeding techniques for exciting microstrip patches including microstrip line, coaxial probe, aperture coupled, and proximity coupling feeds. Advantages of each technique are summarized.
This document describes a novel co-planar waveguide (CPW) ultra-wideband (UWB) aperture antenna. The antenna consists of a rectangular aperture fed by a CPW transmission line terminated by a mushroom-shaped stub. The stub has a semicircular shape and simpler geometry than previous designs. Measurements found the antenna achieved an impedance bandwidth of 8.3 GHz from 3.2-11.5 GHz, with stable omni-directional radiation patterns across the band. The compact antenna size of 22x13mm and simple single-layer design make it suitable for low-cost UWB applications.
Compact highly efficient(MPA) design using an AMC/EBG/RIS/HIS利 金
An overview on the current state of the art of an Artificial Magnetic Conductor(AMC) bandwidth reconfigurability and widening is discussed herein. Further, traditional an modern antenna efficient enhancement and reconfigurability methods are compared, while different applications of AMC in printed antennas are discussed. Perfect electric conductor ground plane (PEC) along with its effect on antenna's performance is detailed.
IRJET- Types of Microwave Antenna and its ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document discusses types of microwave antennas and their applications. It begins by defining an antenna as a device that converts electronic signals to electromagnetic waves. It then discusses key antenna concepts like radiation pattern, directivity, gain, lobes.
The document classifies antennas based on frequency and focuses on microwave antennas. It describes common microwave antenna types including horn antennas, microstrip patch antennas, parabolic antennas, plasma antennas, and MIMO antennas. It provides details on each antenna's design and applications in areas like satellite communication, cellular networks, and WiFi. In conclusion, the document discusses how microwave antennas are essential for wireless communication systems.
Rectangular ring shaped Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Dual and Wideband Fr...Pranav Chauhan
The document describes a rectangular ring shaped dielectric resonator antenna designed for dual-band and wideband frequency operation. It presents the proposed antenna design, methodology used in CST software, design procedure involving defining the substrate, ground plane, dielectric resonator, microstrip line, and short circuit strips. Results are shown for different parametric values including return loss, VSWR, directivity, gain and efficiency. A modified design is also analyzed and results are compared between the proposed and modified antenna designs.
Design of rectangular patch antenna array using advanced design methodologyRamesh Patriotic
This document describes the design of rectangular patch antenna arrays. It discusses designing a single rectangular patch element, including selecting substrate properties and calculating patch dimensions. It then covers array design, including arranging elements with proper spacing and designing feed networks. Specifically, it presents the design of 1x2, 2x2, and 1x4 rectangular patch antenna arrays. Simulation results show the return loss and Smith charts for each array, indicating good impedance matching at the target frequency of 2.4GHz. Radiation patterns are also presented, demonstrating the increase in gain and directivity provided by antenna arrays.
This document provides an overview of microstrip patch antennas, also known as patch antennas. It defines patch antennas as consisting of a metal patch on top of a grounded dielectric substrate, which are useful at microwave frequencies above 1 GHz. The document discusses the geometry, advantages, disadvantages, feeding techniques, basic properties including resonance frequency and bandwidth, radiation pattern, and applications of microstrip patch antennas. The main applications mentioned are in mobiles, satellites, GPS, WiMAX, medical devices, and radar.
This document provides a review of aperture coupled microstrip antennas. It begins with a brief history, noting the antenna was first introduced in 1985 to address issues with integrated phased arrays using a single substrate layer. The basic operating principles are then described, including how the independent selection of antenna and feed substrate materials allows shielding of the radiating aperture from the feed network. Applications include active arrays and theoretically zero cross polarization. Key development areas are also listed, such as impedance bandwidth improvements from 5-50% and many possible design variations.
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole AntennaIOSR Journals
A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna formed by replacing one half of a dipole antenna with
a ground plane at right-angles to the remaining half. Monopoles may be used from a few hundred KHz through
several GHz in frequency and are commonly one-quarter of a wave length long, but may be shorter or longer.
Monopole antennas exhibit high gain and improved efficiency in a surprisingly small package. Monopole
antenna can be designed to exhibit wideband capabilities. The different available monopole antennas are dual
band printed monopole antenna, cross-slot monopole antenna, U-shaped monopole antenna, triangular shaped
monopole antenna and a wideband monopole antenna. This paper deals with the comparison obtained from the
results such as return loss, VSWR, current distribution, and the radiation pattern of simple U-shaped and
complete monopole antenna
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Dual Mode Dual Band pass Filter Using Circular Patch Antenna.Aishwary Singh
This document summarizes a presentation on dual band circular microstrip patch antennas. It begins with an overview of antennas, microstrip patch antennas, feeding techniques, advantages and disadvantages. It then discusses the basics of how microstrip patch antennas operate as resonant cavities. Various shapes and feeding methods are described. Design parameters that affect performance are listed. Applications include wireless LANs, GPS, and satellite communications. The document concludes by discussing the design of a dual band circular microstrip patch antenna with a T-shaped slot and references.
This document describes a circularly polarized fractal antenna with an arc-slot geometry. It discusses how fractal antennas can provide multiband or wideband operation to meet modern wireless communication needs. The design procedure is outlined, beginning with a basic circular patch that is divided into quadrants and bisected at angles, with arc slots added using a generator at progressively smaller scales to create the fractal pattern over iterations. Experimental results showed the antenna achieved left-hand circular polarization with a 3dB axial ratio bandwidth of 7.9MHz and return loss bandwidth of 38MHz, matching simulated results. Potential applications include mobile communications, GPS, and military networks.
The document summarizes the design and analysis of microstrip patch antennas. It describes the basic structure of a microstrip patch antenna consisting of a radiating patch on top of a dielectric substrate with a ground plane on the bottom. It discusses various parameters that affect the antenna performance such as the length and width of the patch, substrate thickness and dielectric constant. The document also covers different analysis techniques, feeding methods, use of Smith chart for impedance matching, and parametric analysis to study the effect of variables on input impedance and bandwidth.
A Review of Various Shapes Microstrip Patch Antenna for High Frequency Applic...Deep Gokani
The document discusses various shaped microstrip patch antennas for high frequency applications. It describes the geometry and simulation results of 7 different antenna shapes: C-shaped, U-shaped, E-shaped, L-shaped, H-shaped, P-shaped, and W-shaped. Each antenna shape is designed on an FR4 substrate using electromagnetic simulation software. The results show that U-shaped and E-shaped antennas provide the highest bandwidth of 5-30%, making them suitable for single band applications, while L-shaped antennas can operate over multiple bands.
This document summarizes a project on designing a dual band microstrip antenna. It provides an overview of microstrip antennas, including their basic principles and operation, common shapes and feeding techniques. It then describes the design of a circular dual band microstrip antenna with a T-shaped slot to achieve resonance at 2.3 GHz and 5.8 GHz. Simulation results showing return loss, VSWR, and radiation patterns are presented. Potential applications of dual band microstrip antennas in mobile satellite communication systems, wireless LANs, and GPS are also discussed.
1) Microwave antennas operate at frequencies above 30 MHz and use planar waveforms to increase directivity and receive more power with less distortion for straight line communication.
2) Common microwave antennas include microstrip antennas, horn antennas, parabolic reflectors, lens antennas, and slot antennas.
3) Horn antennas provide good gain over a broad frequency range but have only moderate power gain, while parabolic reflectors and lens antennas can provide the highest gains and narrowest beam widths of any antenna type.
An Inverted Bowtie Type Patch Antenna for Multiple Applicationsirjes
This document describes a proposed inverted bowtie type patch antenna for dual-band operation in UHF and EHF frequency bands. The antenna has a simple structure with a rectangular patch that has triangular cuts on both sides and is fed by a microstrip line. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 2.12 GHz in the UHF band with a bandwidth of 400 MHz and gain of 3.66 dB. It also resonates at 34 GHz in the EHF band with a bandwidth of 1.43 GHz and higher gain of 11.9 dB. The dual-band operation and high gain make the antenna suitable for applications involving TV, mobile phones, GPS, astronomy, and remote sensing.
MICROSTRIP ANTENNA PATTERN RECONFIGURATION USING ON-CHIP PARASITIC ELEMENTS jantjournal
This document summarizes the design and simulation of a pattern reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna. The antenna consists of a central active patch fed by a coaxial line, with two additional parasitic elements on either side. Shorting pins are used to connect the parasitic elements to the ground plane, allowing the elements to act as directors or reflectors and steer the radiation pattern. Simulation results show that changing the position of the shorting pins can steer the main beam by up to 28 degrees in the H-plane. The optimal design uses FR-4 substrates of thickness 1.6mm for both the active and parasitic elements.
Side Lobe Level (SLL) Reduction Methods in AntennaDarshan Bhatt
Side Lobe levels are the important aspects in RADAR and navigation engineering and many other real time transmission systems. It is nothing but wastage of transmitted power in undesired direction. So, for reduction of SLL different methods are used for different types of antennas. In this presentation SLL reduction is discussed for Antenna arrays and for microstrip patch antenna arrays.
CPW fed SRR loaded monopole antenna for triple band operationsIJECEIAES
A planar CPW fed SRR loaded monopole antenna based on split ring resonator with triple-band operations is reported for passive UHF RFID, Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) and World Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. Measured and simulated results show the effect of tapering of the SRR layer on bandwidth improvement and gain enhancement in comparison to monopole with SRR antenna. The CPW fed SRR loaded monopole antenna has a bidirectional pattern with high gain for wireless communication applications.
The document discusses microstrip patch antennas. It provides details on:
1) Different types of microstrip antennas including shapes, substrates, and array configurations. Rectangular, circular, and other patch shapes are described. Common substrates like honeycomb, Duroid, and quartz are listed.
2) Design considerations for microstrip antennas like calculating patch length and width based on resonant frequency and dielectric properties. Parameters that affect performance are explained.
3) Feeding techniques for exciting microstrip patches including microstrip line, coaxial probe, aperture coupled, and proximity coupling feeds. Advantages of each technique are summarized.
This document describes a novel co-planar waveguide (CPW) ultra-wideband (UWB) aperture antenna. The antenna consists of a rectangular aperture fed by a CPW transmission line terminated by a mushroom-shaped stub. The stub has a semicircular shape and simpler geometry than previous designs. Measurements found the antenna achieved an impedance bandwidth of 8.3 GHz from 3.2-11.5 GHz, with stable omni-directional radiation patterns across the band. The compact antenna size of 22x13mm and simple single-layer design make it suitable for low-cost UWB applications.
Compact highly efficient(MPA) design using an AMC/EBG/RIS/HIS利 金
An overview on the current state of the art of an Artificial Magnetic Conductor(AMC) bandwidth reconfigurability and widening is discussed herein. Further, traditional an modern antenna efficient enhancement and reconfigurability methods are compared, while different applications of AMC in printed antennas are discussed. Perfect electric conductor ground plane (PEC) along with its effect on antenna's performance is detailed.
IRJET- Types of Microwave Antenna and its ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document discusses types of microwave antennas and their applications. It begins by defining an antenna as a device that converts electronic signals to electromagnetic waves. It then discusses key antenna concepts like radiation pattern, directivity, gain, lobes.
The document classifies antennas based on frequency and focuses on microwave antennas. It describes common microwave antenna types including horn antennas, microstrip patch antennas, parabolic antennas, plasma antennas, and MIMO antennas. It provides details on each antenna's design and applications in areas like satellite communication, cellular networks, and WiFi. In conclusion, the document discusses how microwave antennas are essential for wireless communication systems.
Rectangular ring shaped Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Dual and Wideband Fr...Pranav Chauhan
The document describes a rectangular ring shaped dielectric resonator antenna designed for dual-band and wideband frequency operation. It presents the proposed antenna design, methodology used in CST software, design procedure involving defining the substrate, ground plane, dielectric resonator, microstrip line, and short circuit strips. Results are shown for different parametric values including return loss, VSWR, directivity, gain and efficiency. A modified design is also analyzed and results are compared between the proposed and modified antenna designs.
Design of rectangular patch antenna array using advanced design methodologyRamesh Patriotic
This document describes the design of rectangular patch antenna arrays. It discusses designing a single rectangular patch element, including selecting substrate properties and calculating patch dimensions. It then covers array design, including arranging elements with proper spacing and designing feed networks. Specifically, it presents the design of 1x2, 2x2, and 1x4 rectangular patch antenna arrays. Simulation results show the return loss and Smith charts for each array, indicating good impedance matching at the target frequency of 2.4GHz. Radiation patterns are also presented, demonstrating the increase in gain and directivity provided by antenna arrays.
This document provides an overview of microstrip patch antennas, also known as patch antennas. It defines patch antennas as consisting of a metal patch on top of a grounded dielectric substrate, which are useful at microwave frequencies above 1 GHz. The document discusses the geometry, advantages, disadvantages, feeding techniques, basic properties including resonance frequency and bandwidth, radiation pattern, and applications of microstrip patch antennas. The main applications mentioned are in mobiles, satellites, GPS, WiMAX, medical devices, and radar.
This document provides a review of aperture coupled microstrip antennas. It begins with a brief history, noting the antenna was first introduced in 1985 to address issues with integrated phased arrays using a single substrate layer. The basic operating principles are then described, including how the independent selection of antenna and feed substrate materials allows shielding of the radiating aperture from the feed network. Applications include active arrays and theoretically zero cross polarization. Key development areas are also listed, such as impedance bandwidth improvements from 5-50% and many possible design variations.
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole AntennaIOSR Journals
A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna formed by replacing one half of a dipole antenna with
a ground plane at right-angles to the remaining half. Monopoles may be used from a few hundred KHz through
several GHz in frequency and are commonly one-quarter of a wave length long, but may be shorter or longer.
Monopole antennas exhibit high gain and improved efficiency in a surprisingly small package. Monopole
antenna can be designed to exhibit wideband capabilities. The different available monopole antennas are dual
band printed monopole antenna, cross-slot monopole antenna, U-shaped monopole antenna, triangular shaped
monopole antenna and a wideband monopole antenna. This paper deals with the comparison obtained from the
results such as return loss, VSWR, current distribution, and the radiation pattern of simple U-shaped and
complete monopole antenna
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Dual Mode Dual Band pass Filter Using Circular Patch Antenna.Aishwary Singh
This document summarizes a presentation on dual band circular microstrip patch antennas. It begins with an overview of antennas, microstrip patch antennas, feeding techniques, advantages and disadvantages. It then discusses the basics of how microstrip patch antennas operate as resonant cavities. Various shapes and feeding methods are described. Design parameters that affect performance are listed. Applications include wireless LANs, GPS, and satellite communications. The document concludes by discussing the design of a dual band circular microstrip patch antenna with a T-shaped slot and references.
This document describes a circularly polarized fractal antenna with an arc-slot geometry. It discusses how fractal antennas can provide multiband or wideband operation to meet modern wireless communication needs. The design procedure is outlined, beginning with a basic circular patch that is divided into quadrants and bisected at angles, with arc slots added using a generator at progressively smaller scales to create the fractal pattern over iterations. Experimental results showed the antenna achieved left-hand circular polarization with a 3dB axial ratio bandwidth of 7.9MHz and return loss bandwidth of 38MHz, matching simulated results. Potential applications include mobile communications, GPS, and military networks.
The document summarizes the design and analysis of microstrip patch antennas. It describes the basic structure of a microstrip patch antenna consisting of a radiating patch on top of a dielectric substrate with a ground plane on the bottom. It discusses various parameters that affect the antenna performance such as the length and width of the patch, substrate thickness and dielectric constant. The document also covers different analysis techniques, feeding methods, use of Smith chart for impedance matching, and parametric analysis to study the effect of variables on input impedance and bandwidth.
A Review of Various Shapes Microstrip Patch Antenna for High Frequency Applic...Deep Gokani
The document discusses various shaped microstrip patch antennas for high frequency applications. It describes the geometry and simulation results of 7 different antenna shapes: C-shaped, U-shaped, E-shaped, L-shaped, H-shaped, P-shaped, and W-shaped. Each antenna shape is designed on an FR4 substrate using electromagnetic simulation software. The results show that U-shaped and E-shaped antennas provide the highest bandwidth of 5-30%, making them suitable for single band applications, while L-shaped antennas can operate over multiple bands.
This document summarizes a project on designing a dual band microstrip antenna. It provides an overview of microstrip antennas, including their basic principles and operation, common shapes and feeding techniques. It then describes the design of a circular dual band microstrip antenna with a T-shaped slot to achieve resonance at 2.3 GHz and 5.8 GHz. Simulation results showing return loss, VSWR, and radiation patterns are presented. Potential applications of dual band microstrip antennas in mobile satellite communication systems, wireless LANs, and GPS are also discussed.
1) Microwave antennas operate at frequencies above 30 MHz and use planar waveforms to increase directivity and receive more power with less distortion for straight line communication.
2) Common microwave antennas include microstrip antennas, horn antennas, parabolic reflectors, lens antennas, and slot antennas.
3) Horn antennas provide good gain over a broad frequency range but have only moderate power gain, while parabolic reflectors and lens antennas can provide the highest gains and narrowest beam widths of any antenna type.
The document discusses the design, simulation, and analysis of a slot antenna utilizing the Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technique to operate in the ISM band frequency. It aims to achieve high performance metrics for applications in modern communication and radar systems. The design process involves using HFSS software to model and optimize the SIW antenna parameters. Simulation results show the antenna achieves a return loss of -29.4 dB at an operating frequency of 24.2 GHz, with omni-directional radiation patterns and high radiation efficiency of 98.76%. The concluded SIW slot antenna demonstrates suitability for high-frequency applications due to its notable directivity, gain, and front-to-back ratio.
This document summarizes research on conformal antennas. Conformal antennas are designed to conform to non-planar surfaces for aerodynamic or stealth purposes. Examples of conformal antenna designs discussed include microstrip arrays on cylinders and spheres. Parameters like gain are calculated based on satellite communication system requirements. Various conformal antenna designs are presented, including phased arrays on aircraft and ships to provide electronic beam steering. References discuss additional conformal antenna research.
This document describes the design and simulation of a square microstrip patch antenna for S-band applications at 2.6 GHz. The antenna was designed using Ansoft HFSS simulation software. Key parameters of the antenna include a patch size of 41.2mm x 41.2mm, substrate size of 100mm x 90mm made from Rogers RT duroid 5880 dielectric material. An inset feed technique was used with a feed width of 1.8mm and length of 20mm. Simulation results showed a gain of 11.5dB and return loss of -32.11dB at the resonant frequency. Radiation patterns exhibited maximum gain in the broadside direction of 1.87dBi. The proposed antenna design achieved good
The document describes the design and simulation of an inverted π-shaped coplanar waveguide (CPW) antenna for wireless sensor network applications operating at 2.4 GHz. The antenna is compact in size at 32 x 26 x 1.6 mm and uses an FR4 substrate. Simulation results show the antenna has good return loss of -22.5 dB and VSWR of 1.34 dB at the operating frequency. It also provides an omni-directional radiation pattern with a gain of 3.22 dBi. The antenna design meets requirements for wireless sensor networks and was fabricated with results matching simulations.
Design and Analysis of Cylindrical Arc Array AntennaIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a cylindrical arc array antenna. It begins by discussing microstrip patch antennas and their limitations. Conformal antennas are introduced as a type of antenna that can overcome some of the limitations of planar and circular antennas. The design of a single patch antenna is described using equations to calculate the length and width. Then, an array of 8 single patch antennas conformed into a cylindrical arc shape is proposed. Simulation results using CST software show that the cylindrical arc array antenna achieves improved parameters like return loss, voltage standing wave ratio, gain, and directivity compared to a single patch antenna, making it useful for applications in the S-band frequency range.
This document describes the design of a multi-purpose planar antenna that can operate in multiple frequency bands including DCS, WiBro, Bluetooth, wireless LAN, and ISM. The antenna was designed with an open-loop structure transformed from a monopole antenna. It has advantages like smaller size, lower cost, lighter weight, and higher gain than existing antennas. The antenna's resonance frequency and bandwidth can be adjusted by changing the gap and height of the open loop. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved bandwidths of 1.745-1.891GHz and 2.469-2.750GHz, making it suitable for the specified frequency bands. Radiation patterns and current distributions were also simulated.
Iisrt 7-design of multi purpose planar antennaIISRTJournals
This document describes the design of a multi-purpose planar antenna that can operate in multiple frequency bands including DCS, WiBro, Bluetooth, wireless LAN, and ISM. The antenna was designed with an open-loop structure transformed from a monopole antenna. It has advantages like smaller size, lower cost, lighter weight, and higher gain than existing antennas. The antenna's resonance frequency and bandwidth can be adjusted by changing the gap and height of the open loop. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved bandwidths of 1.745-1.891GHz and 2.469-2.750GHz, making it suitable for the specified frequency bands. Radiation patterns and current distributions were also simulated.
This document describes the design of a multi-purpose planar antenna that can operate in multiple frequency bands including DCS, WiBro, Bluetooth, wireless LAN, and ISM. The antenna was designed with an open-loop structure transformed from a monopole antenna. It has advantages such as small size, low cost, light weight, and higher gain than existing antennas. The antenna's resonance frequency and bandwidth can be adjusted by changing the gap and height of the open loop. Measurement results showed the antenna achieved bandwidths of 1.745-1.891GHz and 2.469-2.750GHz, satisfying the needs of the target frequency bands. Radiation patterns and current distributions were also simulated.
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1. Design, Development and testing of Conical Horn Antenna at 6.93GHz for Ground based
Microwave Radiometer
OPN Calla’, Amit Kumar’, Shruti Singhal’, Nikhil Parihar#, Reshma Meena*, Ritu Nagar*
opnc06@gmail.com, amit.icrs@gmail.com, shrutisinghal21@gmail.com nikhilparihar1994@gmail.com,
reshmabyadwal94@gmail.com, ritunagar157@gmail.com,
‘International centre for Radio Science, Jodhpur
# Vyas Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jodhpur
* Government Women Engineering College, Ajmer
Abstract— Microwave Radiometer measures the
electromagnetic radiations emitted from the targets. The
principle of radiometer is that it selects a certain portion of the
available output power from the antenna. It is widely used for
sensing the properties of the earth and it measurements were
analysed to study the large area soil moisture variation of land
surfaces. For microwave radiometer a high gain with low side
lobes antenna is needed to detect weak radiation.
The main objective of this paper is to design a horn antenna
at 6.93GHz frequency for ground based Microwave Remote
Sensing applications using microwave radiometer. Two
different antennas, pyramidal and conical horn antennas were
designed. But conical horn antenna was chosen to get equal
and narrow beam-width in both E and H-plane and to obtain
an acceptable size for antenna fabrication. Conical horn
antenna designed could be fabricated at very low cost has light
weight and acceptable size. The antenna designed is fed using
a circular waveguide. Our goal was to design an antenna that
has narrow beam width and low side lobes to maximize the
power transfer from the source to the radiating system. In this
the length, flare angle, diameter of conical horn antenna is
varied to get a desired result
After fabrication, testing of this antenna is done and following
parameters like gain, beam-width, side lobes were measured
which indeed met the designed specifications required. It can
be used with ground based measurement using microwave
radiometer for Microwave Remote Sensing.
Keywords— microwave radiometer, horn antenna, conical
horn, microwave remote sensing
I. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this paper is to provide researchers a
systematic survey of low cost conical horn antenna for
microwave radiometer. Radiometer is a passive sensor that
detects radiation emitted or reflected by an object in the
microwave range.
The microwave radiometer antenna receives the
electromagnetic energy radiated by the target. It is widely
used in sensing the properties of the earth and other
microwave remote sensing applications. The antennas are
constructed in wide variety of geometrical, theoretical and
practical configuration. The properties for which specific
antenna type is chosen are: antenna radiation pattern, beam-
width, suppressed side lobes, high gain and directivity.
Horn antennas have been widely used for microwave remote
sensing and space applications due to their capability of being
best operation from megahertz to gigahertz to terra hertz
range.
Advantages of horn antenna over other types of antennas are:
(a) high data rate systems needs to be operated at a
higher frequency range in order to achieve higher
bandwidth. this can be easily achieved using a horn
antenna.
(b) complexity involve in the design of horn antenna is
less as compared to phased array antennas.
(c) feeding a horn antenna is less complex as compared
to other antennas which require complex feeding
techniques.
(d) if horn antenna is properly designed & optimized
than side lobes can be suppressed to very low levels.
(e) power handling capability of horn antenna is superior
to other antennas as it is waveguide fed antenna.
Other application of Horn Antennas includes satellite
communication, geographic information & weather satellite,
and terrestrial microwave communications.
II. DESCRIPTION OF CONICAL HORN
ANTENNA
In the literature, various pyramidal and conical horn antennas
have been designed and demonstrated using different
techniques which have different applications. But Conical
Horn is one of the best horn antennas for sensing the
properties of the earth and Microwave Remote Sensing
applications. It has equal and narrow radiation patterns in both
E-plane and H-plane along with its high gain and directivity.
This designed antenna is very light in weight (made up of
aluminum). Conical horn antenna is being developed that
radiates high power microwaves at 6.93GHz frequency range
which provide high gain and highly directive radiation
2. patterns in the feeding circular waveguide. The behavior of
these high power electromagnetic waves can be accurately
measures inside the waveguide as well as in the near and far
field regions. The goal of conical horn antenna design is to
maximize the power transfer from the source to the radiating
system while keeping the antenna at acceptable size. For this
the length, flare angle, diameter of conical horn antenna is
varied to get a desired result.
III. EXPERIMENTAL: DESIGN, FABRICATION AND TESTING
Formula used for design:
This antenna is designed at 6.93 GHz frequency using
formula,
D= 58λ/θ
l= D²/3λ
L= √l²+ (D/2)²
Where, D is diameter of an antenna, L is axial length of cone,
l is slant height.
Values of designed antenna are:
Wavelength: 43.29mm
Beam-width: 100
Diameter, D: 250mm
Axial length, L: 300mm
Fig.1: Geometry of conical horn antenna Fabrication:
For fabrication antenna material should be of good corrosion
resistance and light weight. Lightweight construction is
needed to ease operation and to decrease robustness
requirements of the antenna. This antenna body is made of
aluminium and it could be re-used. The antenna is fabricated
using sheet metal process which contains three main stages:
cutting, bending and joining. Sheet metal parts are bent to
their geometry according to required angles and bending
radius bent sheet are joined together by gas welding. Because
of aluminium’s high reflectivity and high purity requirements,
extra attention has to be paid on acceptable welding process
arrangements.
Antenna after fabrication is shown in fig.2.
Fig.2.Conical horn antenna
Testing of this antenna is done by rotating receiving antenna
about the centre of its aperture, at different angles. The
received power readings in both directions that are clockwise
and anti-clockwise recorded in each case by using power
meter and they are plotted on a graph sheet. The measured
parameters like gain, beam-width, and side lobes met the
designed specifications. Our goal was to design an antenna
that has narrow beam width and low side lobes to maximize
the power transfer from the source to the radiating system. In
this the length, flare angle, diameter of conical horn antenna is
varied to get a desired result.
The testing of VSWR or Return Loss is done to determine the
matching properties of an antenna. It indicates that how much
efficiently antenna is transmitting/receiving electromagnetic
wave over particular band of frequency. Gain is also measured
which defined the increase in signal strength as the signal is
processed by the antenna for a given incident angle.
Measurement of the beam width of the antenna is used to
describe the resolution capabilities of the antenna to
distinguish between two adjacent radiating sources or radar
targets. Directivity of an antenna is determines the ratio of
maximum radiation intensity to its average radiation intensity.
To judge the quality of transmitting and receiving antennas
beam efficiency is measured.
Setup for measurement of VSWR and testing of conical horn
antenna is shown in fig.3 and fig.4.
Fig.3.Setup for measurement of VSWR of conical horn
antenna
3. Fig.4.Setup for testing of conical horn antenna
Radiation patterns: An antenna radiation pattern or antenna
pattern is defined as “a mathematical function or a graphical
representation of the radiation properties of the antenna as a
function of space coordinates. The radiation pattern is
determined in the far field region and is represented as a
function of the directional coordinates. Radiation properties
include power flux density, radiation intensity, field strength,
directivity, phase or polarization.” For a linearly polarized
antenna, performance is described in terms of its principal E-
and H-plane patterns. The E-plane is defined as “the plane
containing the electric field vector and the direction of
maximum radiation,” and the H-plane as “the plane containing
the magnetic-field vector and the direction of maximum
radiation.” Radiation plots are most often shown in either the
plane of the axis of the antenna “E-plane” or the plane
perpendicular to the axis “H-plane”.
The principal objective is to show a radiation plot that is
representative of a complete 360 degrees
in either the “E-plane” or “H-plane”. In the case of highly
directional antennas, the radiation pattern is similar to a
flashlight beam. Patterns are usually referenced to the outer
edge of the plot which is the maximum gain of the antenna.
Radiation pattern determine important antenna characteristics
directly from the plot.
IV. RESULTS:
Design antenna has diameter of 250mm and axial length
300mm at 6.93GHz frequency which met all the
specifications. After the fabrication and testing of this conical
horn antenna obtained results are:
Gain: 20db gain
VSWR: 1.2
Beam-width: 100
at both planar
Radiation patterns: Antenna radiation patterns or plots show
a quick picture of the overall antenna response.
(a) The co-planar radiation pattern for the conical horn
antenna receiving vertical polarization.
(a)
(b)
Fig.5.co-.polar and rectangular radiation patternplot for
vertical polarization at 6.93GHz
(b) The co-polarization radiation pattern of conical horn
antenna receiving horizontal polarization.
(a)
4. (b)
Fig.6.co-polar and rectangular radiation pattern plot for
horizontal polarisation at 6.93GHz
V. Conclusions:
From above testing and measurements it is concluded that the
designed low cost conical horn antenna is having all desired
specification which are high gain and directivity, suppressed
side lobes, VSWR less than 2 over the full band. It can be
used for ground based applications in microwave radiometer.
The narrow beam-width and low side lobes of radiation
pattern show the successful designing of conical horn antenna.
Due to its equal and narrow radiation patterns in both E-plane
and H-plane, high gain and directivity is obtained at high
frequency.
REFERENCES:
[1] Calla, O.P.N.Application of microwave Remote Sensing
[2] Constantine. A. Balanis, "Antenna Theory Analysis &
Design", John Wiley, & Sons INC, Third Edition
[4]Brian Kidney,”Horn antennas” Engineering,98 16 –
Antennas 2001.
[3] Kirpal Singh, Ajay Siwach, Loveline Kaur “Advancement
in designing wide band Horn Antenna”,IJETT,2013.
[5] Thomas A Milligan, "Modem Antenna Design", John
Wiley & Sons INC, Second Edition.