The document presents an adjustment of the COST 231 Hata path loss model for predicting radio signal propagation in Rivers State, Nigeria. Field measurements of received signal strength were taken in urban, suburban, and rural areas and compared to the COST 231 Hata model, Stanford University Interim model, and ECC-33 model. The COST 231 Hata model gave better predictions but with high error values outside acceptable ranges. The COST 231 Hata model was then adjusted using a linear least squares algorithm based on the field measurements. The adjusted COST 231 Hata model provided better predictions with minimum error within acceptable values and can accurately predict radio characteristics in Rivers State.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
Device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed to employ the proximity between two devices to enhance the overall spectrum utilization of a crowded cellular network. With the help of geometric probability tools, this framework considers the performance of cellular users under spatial separation with the D2D pair is investigated. The measurement results and analytical expression of outage probability show that the proposed frameworks improve the outage performance at a high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Results also interpret that the distances between nodes in the D2D-assisted network make slight impacts on the performance of the cellular user.
Validation study of path loss models onijngnjournal
The radio wave propagation in form of path loss model plays very significant role in planning of any
wireless communication network. Measurement of signal strength of OFDM driven WiMAX technology at
2.6 GHz band is taken in Suburban Town of India. The results are analyzed and compared with Empirical
path loss models such as Hata-Okumura, Modified Hata and COST-231Hata. COST-231 model shows
highest path loss for suburban environment. These analyzed results establish that COST-231 model is
suitable for suburban environment also. Threshold RSSI estimates cell coverage probability in the area.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
Device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed to employ the proximity between two devices to enhance the overall spectrum utilization of a crowded cellular network. With the help of geometric probability tools, this framework considers the performance of cellular users under spatial separation with the D2D pair is investigated. The measurement results and analytical expression of outage probability show that the proposed frameworks improve the outage performance at a high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Results also interpret that the distances between nodes in the D2D-assisted network make slight impacts on the performance of the cellular user.
Validation study of path loss models onijngnjournal
The radio wave propagation in form of path loss model plays very significant role in planning of any
wireless communication network. Measurement of signal strength of OFDM driven WiMAX technology at
2.6 GHz band is taken in Suburban Town of India. The results are analyzed and compared with Empirical
path loss models such as Hata-Okumura, Modified Hata and COST-231Hata. COST-231 model shows
highest path loss for suburban environment. These analyzed results establish that COST-231 model is
suitable for suburban environment also. Threshold RSSI estimates cell coverage probability in the area.
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...Onyebuchi nosiri
This paper describes the development of optimized model for urban outdoor coverage in Long Term Evolution (LTE) network at 2300 MHz frequency band in Port Harcourt urban region, Nigeria. Signal attenuation and fluctuation remain amongst the major channel impairments for mobile radio communication systems. This arises as a result of model incompatibility with terrain and Line of Sight (LOS) obstruction of the channel signals. Some path loss models such as OkumuraHata, COST 231, Ericsson 999, Egli and ECC-33 models were evaluated for suitability and compared with the modified model for the environments. The models were based on data collected from LTE base stations at three geographical locations in Port Harcourt namely- Rumuokoro, Eneka and Ikwerre roads respectively. The simulation was implemented using MATLAB R2014a software. The modified model was further optimized with some selected parameters such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The results obtained gave rise to 3.030dB for RMSE and 0.00162dB for MAE respectively. The results obtained from the PSO optimized model demonstrated a better performance which is suitable for cell coverage planning and smooth handoff processes.
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract: In this work, the path loss and the received signal strength of a 3G network at 2.1GHz was evaluated to determine its performance within the Owerri metropolis. Various measuring equipment such as Transmission Evaluation and Monitoring System (TEMS 11), Global positioning system (BU353 GPS) and laptop were deployed for the drive test within the selected urban and sub-urban regions. From the data collected, Owerri sub-urban region showed poor received signal power level compared to the Owerri urban region. The path loss exponents computed for the Owerri urban and sub-urban regions are 3.24 and 4.34 respectively, the mean square error was evaluated as 1.96 and 1.68. The result obtained showed deviations between the compared existing models (Hata and Cost 231) and the proposed models. However, the slope of the Hata plot was relatively close in comparison to the proposed model than that of Cost 231; hence, the proposed model was best suited for the environment followed by the Hata model.
Compared to wireless deployment in areas with different environmentseIJECEIAES
In the mobile phone system, it is highly desirable to estimate the loss of the track not only to improve performance but also to achieve an accurate estimate of financial feasibility; the inaccurate estimate of track loss either leads to performance degradation or increased cost. Various models have been introduced to accurately estimate the path loss. One of these models is the Okomura / Hata model, which is recommended for estimating path loss in cellular systems that use micro cells. This system is suitable for use in a variety of environments. This study examines the comparison of path loss models for statistical analysis derived from experimental data collected in urban and suburban areas at frequencies of 150-1500 MHz’s The results of the measurements were used to develop path loss models in urban and suburban areas. The results showed that Pathloss increases in urban areas respectively.
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...journalBEEI
This paper is presented a microstrip antenna with a zig-zag feeder for wireless communication, it has a wideband frequency spectrum (2-14) GHz. The proposed antenna is designed with a zig zag feed line which gave a wideband frequency and acceptable gain (7.448-5.928) dB, this antenna has zig zag slots printed in the ground plane on a lower side of the dielectric substrate, a certain form tuning stub is used to increase the matching between the feeder in the top layer of the substrate and ground plane in the bottom, this stub has an elliptical slot to performance matching input impedance with the feed line. The feeding technique used to feed this antenna is a strip feed line of 50 Ω. Different types of techniques are used to enhance the bandwidth of this antenna to get a wideband suitable for the requirements of the UWB antenna such as adjust the feed point position of the feed line with a tuning stub. All the radiation properties of the presented antenna are tested such as bandwidth, radiation pattern, and, gain.
Performance analysis of beam divergence propagation through rainwater and sno...journalBEEI
In the present work the future communication requirements need to fulfill with high data rate, FSO (free space optic) with it is tremendous potential is the solution. This research observed the effectiveness analysis of FSO systems by modifying one of the most important FSO parameters beam divergence, under the most affected weather attenuating condition Rainwater and snow pack. The simulation is obtained and analyzed under single channels CSRZ-FSO (carrier-suppressed return-to-zero/free space optical) systems having capacity of 40 Gbps between two transceivers with variable distance. The connection is presently under 5 meteorological turbulences (light rain, medium rain, wet snow, heavy rain and dry snow). The results show the heavy rain and dry snow have a very high attenuation carried out in terms of Q-factor. this result led us to conclude that small divergence offers significant performance improvement for FSO link and this performance decrease every time the beam divergence increase, Therefore, to build inexpensive and reliable transmission media, we go with new method that still in the experiment area called hybrid RF/FSO (radio frequency/free space optical) that compatible with atmospherically status.
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract - The characteristic effects of propagation environment on wireless communication signals are significant on the transmitted and received signal quality. The study focused on investigative analysis of the effects of propagation environment on the wireless communication signals within some geographical domains in Port Harcourt, River State. Field measurements were carried out in some selected areas namely GRA phase II and Aggrey Road categorized as urban and Sub urban areas respectively using Sony Ericsson (W995) Test Phone and GPS receiver (BU353). The analyses were based on linear regression (mean square error) approach. The computed path loss exponents and standard deviation based on the empirical analyses conducted for urban and suburban environments are 3.57dB, 2.98dB and 19.6, 13.2, respectively. The results obtained were used to compare the performance of the various existing path loss prediction models such as Okumura-Hata, Cost 231 and ECC-33. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban environment while Cost 231 performed better in rural environment. They study therefore recommends the deployment of Okumura-Hata model in urban, while Cost 231for suburban study areas.
Diversity combining is a technique in wireless network that uses multiple antenna system to improve the quality of radio signal. Mobile radio system suffers multipath propagation due to signal obstruction in the channel. A new hybridized diversity combining scheme consisting of Equal Gain Combining (EGC) and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) was proposed in this paper. Theperformance of the hybrid model was evaluated using Outage Probability (Pout) and Processing time (Pt) at different Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Signal Paths (L=2,3) for 4-QAM and 8-QAM Modulation Schemes. A mathematical expression for the hybrid EGC-MRC was realized using the Probability Density Function (PDF) of the Nakagami fading channel. MATLAB R2015b software was used for the model simulation. The result shows that hybrid EGC-MRC outperforms the standalone EGC and MRC schemes by having lower Pout and Pt values. Hence, hybrid EGC-MRC exhibits enhanced potentials to mitigate multipath propagation at reduced system complexity.
A NEW HYBRID DIVERSITY COMBINING SCHEME FOR MOBILE RADIO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM...ijcsit
Diversity combining is a technique in wireless network that uses multiple antenna system to improve the quality of radio signal. Mobile radio system suffers multipath propagation due to signal obstruction in the channel. A new hybridized diversity combining scheme consisting of Equal Gain Combining (EGC) and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) was proposed in this paper. Theperformance of the hybrid model was evaluated using Outage Probability (Pout) and Processing time (Pt) at different Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Signal Paths (L=2,3) for 4-QAM and 8-QAM Modulation Schemes. A mathematical expression for the hybrid EGC-MRC was realized using the Probability Density Function (PDF) of the Nakagami fading channel. MATLAB R2015b software was used for the model simulation. The result shows that hybrid EGC-MRC outperforms the standalone EGC and MRC schemes by having lower Pout and Pt values. Hence, hybrid EGC-MRC exhibits enhanced potentials to mitigate multipath propagation at reduced
system complexity.
AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...IJCI JOURNAL
The paper deals with the study based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for mobile cellular wireless communication of global system for mobile at frequencies 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz, respectively. The path loss propagation models are vital tool for planning the wireless network as well as
designed to predict path loss in a meticulous environment. Various propagation models: Free-space model, CCIR (ITU-R) model, Hata model, Ericson model, and Stanford University Interim (SUI) model have been studied and examined through analytically from the base station (BS) to mobile station (MS)
and vice versa followed by respective simulation performance evaluation by using Matlab simulator. The observed data is collected at the operating frequency of 0.9 GHz from various environments (high density region and low density region) using the spectrum analyzer and path loss comparison is shown for
different model.
Enabling full-duplex in multiple access technique for 5G wireless networks ov...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Nowadays, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) relays’assisted Internet of Things (IoT) systems provide facility in order to overcome the large scale fading between source and sink. The full-duplex scheme enables wireless network to provide higher spectrum efficient technology. This paper analyses performance of two users which are served by new emerging non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique. Exact outage probability of such two users are derived and checked via Monte-Carlo simulation. These analytical results provide guideline to design UAV in real application. This paper provides a comprehensive study to examine impact of interference, fixed power allocation factors to system performance.
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...Onyebuchi nosiri
This paper describes the development of optimized model for urban outdoor coverage in Long Term Evolution (LTE) network at 2300 MHz frequency band in Port Harcourt urban region, Nigeria. Signal attenuation and fluctuation remain amongst the major channel impairments for mobile radio communication systems. This arises as a result of model incompatibility with terrain and Line of Sight (LOS) obstruction of the channel signals. Some path loss models such as OkumuraHata, COST 231, Ericsson 999, Egli and ECC-33 models were evaluated for suitability and compared with the modified model for the environments. The models were based on data collected from LTE base stations at three geographical locations in Port Harcourt namely- Rumuokoro, Eneka and Ikwerre roads respectively. The simulation was implemented using MATLAB R2014a software. The modified model was further optimized with some selected parameters such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The results obtained gave rise to 3.030dB for RMSE and 0.00162dB for MAE respectively. The results obtained from the PSO optimized model demonstrated a better performance which is suitable for cell coverage planning and smooth handoff processes.
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract: In this work, the path loss and the received signal strength of a 3G network at 2.1GHz was evaluated to determine its performance within the Owerri metropolis. Various measuring equipment such as Transmission Evaluation and Monitoring System (TEMS 11), Global positioning system (BU353 GPS) and laptop were deployed for the drive test within the selected urban and sub-urban regions. From the data collected, Owerri sub-urban region showed poor received signal power level compared to the Owerri urban region. The path loss exponents computed for the Owerri urban and sub-urban regions are 3.24 and 4.34 respectively, the mean square error was evaluated as 1.96 and 1.68. The result obtained showed deviations between the compared existing models (Hata and Cost 231) and the proposed models. However, the slope of the Hata plot was relatively close in comparison to the proposed model than that of Cost 231; hence, the proposed model was best suited for the environment followed by the Hata model.
Compared to wireless deployment in areas with different environmentseIJECEIAES
In the mobile phone system, it is highly desirable to estimate the loss of the track not only to improve performance but also to achieve an accurate estimate of financial feasibility; the inaccurate estimate of track loss either leads to performance degradation or increased cost. Various models have been introduced to accurately estimate the path loss. One of these models is the Okomura / Hata model, which is recommended for estimating path loss in cellular systems that use micro cells. This system is suitable for use in a variety of environments. This study examines the comparison of path loss models for statistical analysis derived from experimental data collected in urban and suburban areas at frequencies of 150-1500 MHz’s The results of the measurements were used to develop path loss models in urban and suburban areas. The results showed that Pathloss increases in urban areas respectively.
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...journalBEEI
This paper is presented a microstrip antenna with a zig-zag feeder for wireless communication, it has a wideband frequency spectrum (2-14) GHz. The proposed antenna is designed with a zig zag feed line which gave a wideband frequency and acceptable gain (7.448-5.928) dB, this antenna has zig zag slots printed in the ground plane on a lower side of the dielectric substrate, a certain form tuning stub is used to increase the matching between the feeder in the top layer of the substrate and ground plane in the bottom, this stub has an elliptical slot to performance matching input impedance with the feed line. The feeding technique used to feed this antenna is a strip feed line of 50 Ω. Different types of techniques are used to enhance the bandwidth of this antenna to get a wideband suitable for the requirements of the UWB antenna such as adjust the feed point position of the feed line with a tuning stub. All the radiation properties of the presented antenna are tested such as bandwidth, radiation pattern, and, gain.
Performance analysis of beam divergence propagation through rainwater and sno...journalBEEI
In the present work the future communication requirements need to fulfill with high data rate, FSO (free space optic) with it is tremendous potential is the solution. This research observed the effectiveness analysis of FSO systems by modifying one of the most important FSO parameters beam divergence, under the most affected weather attenuating condition Rainwater and snow pack. The simulation is obtained and analyzed under single channels CSRZ-FSO (carrier-suppressed return-to-zero/free space optical) systems having capacity of 40 Gbps between two transceivers with variable distance. The connection is presently under 5 meteorological turbulences (light rain, medium rain, wet snow, heavy rain and dry snow). The results show the heavy rain and dry snow have a very high attenuation carried out in terms of Q-factor. this result led us to conclude that small divergence offers significant performance improvement for FSO link and this performance decrease every time the beam divergence increase, Therefore, to build inexpensive and reliable transmission media, we go with new method that still in the experiment area called hybrid RF/FSO (radio frequency/free space optical) that compatible with atmospherically status.
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract - The characteristic effects of propagation environment on wireless communication signals are significant on the transmitted and received signal quality. The study focused on investigative analysis of the effects of propagation environment on the wireless communication signals within some geographical domains in Port Harcourt, River State. Field measurements were carried out in some selected areas namely GRA phase II and Aggrey Road categorized as urban and Sub urban areas respectively using Sony Ericsson (W995) Test Phone and GPS receiver (BU353). The analyses were based on linear regression (mean square error) approach. The computed path loss exponents and standard deviation based on the empirical analyses conducted for urban and suburban environments are 3.57dB, 2.98dB and 19.6, 13.2, respectively. The results obtained were used to compare the performance of the various existing path loss prediction models such as Okumura-Hata, Cost 231 and ECC-33. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban environment while Cost 231 performed better in rural environment. They study therefore recommends the deployment of Okumura-Hata model in urban, while Cost 231for suburban study areas.
Diversity combining is a technique in wireless network that uses multiple antenna system to improve the quality of radio signal. Mobile radio system suffers multipath propagation due to signal obstruction in the channel. A new hybridized diversity combining scheme consisting of Equal Gain Combining (EGC) and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) was proposed in this paper. Theperformance of the hybrid model was evaluated using Outage Probability (Pout) and Processing time (Pt) at different Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Signal Paths (L=2,3) for 4-QAM and 8-QAM Modulation Schemes. A mathematical expression for the hybrid EGC-MRC was realized using the Probability Density Function (PDF) of the Nakagami fading channel. MATLAB R2015b software was used for the model simulation. The result shows that hybrid EGC-MRC outperforms the standalone EGC and MRC schemes by having lower Pout and Pt values. Hence, hybrid EGC-MRC exhibits enhanced potentials to mitigate multipath propagation at reduced system complexity.
A NEW HYBRID DIVERSITY COMBINING SCHEME FOR MOBILE RADIO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM...ijcsit
Diversity combining is a technique in wireless network that uses multiple antenna system to improve the quality of radio signal. Mobile radio system suffers multipath propagation due to signal obstruction in the channel. A new hybridized diversity combining scheme consisting of Equal Gain Combining (EGC) and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) was proposed in this paper. Theperformance of the hybrid model was evaluated using Outage Probability (Pout) and Processing time (Pt) at different Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Signal Paths (L=2,3) for 4-QAM and 8-QAM Modulation Schemes. A mathematical expression for the hybrid EGC-MRC was realized using the Probability Density Function (PDF) of the Nakagami fading channel. MATLAB R2015b software was used for the model simulation. The result shows that hybrid EGC-MRC outperforms the standalone EGC and MRC schemes by having lower Pout and Pt values. Hence, hybrid EGC-MRC exhibits enhanced potentials to mitigate multipath propagation at reduced
system complexity.
AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...IJCI JOURNAL
The paper deals with the study based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for mobile cellular wireless communication of global system for mobile at frequencies 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz, respectively. The path loss propagation models are vital tool for planning the wireless network as well as
designed to predict path loss in a meticulous environment. Various propagation models: Free-space model, CCIR (ITU-R) model, Hata model, Ericson model, and Stanford University Interim (SUI) model have been studied and examined through analytically from the base station (BS) to mobile station (MS)
and vice versa followed by respective simulation performance evaluation by using Matlab simulator. The observed data is collected at the operating frequency of 0.9 GHz from various environments (high density region and low density region) using the spectrum analyzer and path loss comparison is shown for
different model.
Enabling full-duplex in multiple access technique for 5G wireless networks ov...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Nowadays, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) relays’assisted Internet of Things (IoT) systems provide facility in order to overcome the large scale fading between source and sink. The full-duplex scheme enables wireless network to provide higher spectrum efficient technology. This paper analyses performance of two users which are served by new emerging non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique. Exact outage probability of such two users are derived and checked via Monte-Carlo simulation. These analytical results provide guideline to design UAV in real application. This paper provides a comprehensive study to examine impact of interference, fixed power allocation factors to system performance.
Comparative Study of Path Loss Models for Wireless Communication in Urban and...Onyebuchi nosiri
ABSTRACT: The study was based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for Global System for Mobile Communications at 900MHz. Drive test analyses were carried out from two selected terrains in Rivers State namely GRA Phase II and Aggrey Road classified as urban and suburban areas respectively, to evaluate the best propagation model for the study area. The data obtained were used to compare the various prediction models namely; Cost 231, Okumura-Hata and ECC-33. Mean path loss values of 115.16dB for Okumura-Hata and 117.79dB for COST 231 and 280.88dB for ECC-33 respectively were predicted in the urban environment. Mean path loss values of 115.16dB, 114.76dB and 314.84dB were predicted by Okumura-Hata, Cost 231and ECC-33 models respectively in the suburban environment. ECC-33 over estimated path loss and gave the highest prediction in both environments. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban while COST 231 performed better in the suburban environment. Okumura-hata and COST 231 models are recommended for deployment in urban and suburban environments respectively.
COMPARISON OF RADIO PROPAGATION MODELS FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE) NETWORKijngnjournal
This paper concerns about the radio propagation models used for the upcoming 4th Generation (4G) of cellular networks known as Long Term Evolution (LTE). The radio wave propagation model or path loss model plays a very significant role in planning of any wireless communication systems. In this paper, a comparison is made between different proposed radio propagation models that would be used for LTE, like Stanford University Interim (SUI) model, Okumura model, Hata COST 231 model, COST Walfisch-Ikegami & Ericsson 9999 model. The comparison is made using different terrains e.g. urban, suburban and rural area.SUI model shows the lowest path lost in all the terrains while COST 231 Hata model illustrates highest path loss in urban area and COST Walfisch-Ikegami model has highest path loss for suburban and rural environments.
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract: In this work, the path loss and the received signal strength of a 3G network at 2.1GHz was evaluated to determine its performance within the Owerri metropolis. Various measuring equipment such as Transmission Evaluation and Monitoring System (TEMS 11), Global positioning system (BU353 GPS) and laptop were deployed for the drive test within the selected urban and sub-urban regions. From the data collected, Owerri sub-urban region showed poor received signal power level compared to the Owerri urban region. The path loss exponents computed for the Owerri urban and sub-urban regions are 3.24 and 4.34 respectively, the mean square error was evaluated as 1.96 and 1.68. The result obtained showed deviations between the compared existing models (Hata and Cost 231) and the proposed models. However, the slope of the Hata plot was relatively close in comparison to the proposed model than that of Cost 231; hence, the proposed model was best suited for the environment followed by the Hata model.
An Analytical Analysis of Path Loss Models for Mobile Cellular Wireless Commu...IJCI JOURNAL
The paper deals with the study based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for mobile cellular wireless communication of global system for mobile at frequencies 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz,respectively. The path loss propagation models are vital tool for planning the wireless network as well as
designed to predict path loss in a meticulous environment. Various propagation models: Free-space model, CCIR (ITU-R) model, Hata model, Ericson model, and Stanford University Interim (SUI) model have been studied and examined through analytically from the base station (BS) to mobile station (MS)
and vice versa followed by respective simulation performance evaluation by using Matlab simulator. The observed data is collected at the operating frequency of 0.9 GHz from various environments (high density region and low density region) using the spectrum analyzer and path loss comparison is shown for
different model.
AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...IJCI JOURNAL
The paper deals with the study based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for mobile
cellular wireless communication of global system for mobile at frequencies 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz,
respectively. The path loss propagation models are vital tool for planning the wireless network as well as
designed to predict path loss in a meticulous environment. Various propagation models: Free-space
model, CCIR (ITU-R) model, Hata model, Ericson model, and Stanford University Interim (SUI) model
have been studied and examined through analytically from the base station (BS) to mobile station (MS)
and vice versa followed by respective simulation performance evaluation by using Matlab simulator. The
observed data is collected at the operating frequency of 0.9 GHz from various environments (high density
region and low density region) using the spectrum analyzer and path loss comparison is shown for
different model.
Validation Study of Path Loss Models on Wimax At 2.6 Ghz Frequency Band in Su...josephjonse
The radio wave propagation in form of path loss model plays very significant role in planning of any wireless communication network. Measurement of signal strength of OFDM driven WiMAX technology at 2.6 GHz band is taken in Suburban Town of India. The results are analyzed and compared with Empirical path loss models such as Hata-Okumura, Modified Hata and COST-231Hata. COST-231 model shows highest path loss for suburban environment. These analyzed results establish that COST-231 model is suitable for suburban environment also. Threshold RSSI estimates cell coverage probability in the area
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Performance Analysis of CIR and Path Loss Propagation Models in the Downlink ...ijtsrd
This paper analyses the Carrier to Interference Ratio CIR and path Loss PL variation in downlink 3G FDD-UMTS mobile system. The evaluation was taken in urban, suburban and rural environments. Also, frequency band of 2110 Hz is used in this work. The received CIR analysis is based on comparative study of seven Path Loss propagation models COST- 231 Hata, COST-231 WIM Walfisch-Ikegami Model , SUI Stanford University Interim , FSM Free Space Model , PSM Standard propagation model , Ecricsson and ECC33 Electronic Communication Committee . Simulation results show that SUI and SPM models showed the lowest Path Loss for all environments. Also, we can show that received CIR is affected not only by the geometry of the UMTS base station location but also by the number of users presented in each cell. Mohamed Bechir DADI "Performance Analysis of CIR and Path Loss Propagation Models in the Downlink of 3G Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21497.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/21497/performance-analysis-of-cir-and-path-loss-propagation-models-in-the-downlink-of-3g-systems/mohamed-bechir-dadi
Third Generation Wireless Modeling in Urban EnvironmentEECJOURNAL
The global mobile communication is fast growing in industry. This paper recommends appropriate settings to evaluate the performance of wireless mobile system deploying third generation networks in an urban environment. To meet this aim, a case Study of Sulaimanyia city is considered for this study by establishing suitable radio channel models. The work presents a statistical channel model, where fixed and nomadic analysis services are considered in the simulated radio coverage scenario. The cartographic dataset had been collected, and Matlab Software was used for showing the analysis and simulation results. Statistical channel models are derived that combine standard parameters such as separation distance, operating frequency and terminal height with more advanced and innovative parameters such as distance dependent shadowing and LOS probability.
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...Onyebuchi nosiri
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Adjustment of Cost 231 Hata Path Model For Cellular Transmission in Rivers State
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 6, Issue 5 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 16-23
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page
Adjustment of Cost 231 Hata Path Model For Cellular
Transmission in Rivers State
B.O.H Akinwole1
, Esobinenwu C.S2
1 (
Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, University of Port Harcourt Port Harcourt, Nigeria)
Abstract: Path loss prediction models are essential tools in radio network planning for cellular transmission as
they are used for received signal strength estimation, link budget design and analysis, cell size estimation, and
interference optimization. This paper presents empirical path loss models developed for WCDMA microcells
operating at 2100MHz on live radio Globacom Node Bs in the urban, suburban, and rural areas in Rivers state.
The performance of COST 231 Hata model, Stanford University Interim, and Electronic Communication
committee 33 were compared with measured field data. COST 231 Hata model gave a better prediction but with
high RMSE and SD which are outside the acceptable value for a good radio signal propagation. COST 231
Hata model was for adjustment based on Linear Least Square Algorithm (LLSA). After adjustment and
simulations, the adjusted COST 231 Hata model gave better predictions with minimum MSE and SD that are
within the acceptable values. The adjusted COST 231 Hata can accurately be used for predicting the radio
characteristic of Rivers State.
Keywords: Path loss prediction, cellular transmission, COST -231 Hata model, Mean Square Error, Standard
Deviation, Linear Least Square Algorithm.
I. Introduction
As the demand to meet the heterogeneous service requirements of different applications for cellular
wireless services increases, the needs for high quality and high capacity network become extremely important.
For more coverage design of modern cellular networks the signal strength measurements must be taken
into consideration. Path loss models are mathematical tools used daily by the Engineers and Network planners
for proper determination of the received signal strength at certain location from the Node B. Path loss is defined
as the difference in dB between effective transmitted power and the received power [1]. There are lots of
different path loss models described by various research experiments. It is important to know that the result of
each experiment depends on the environmental conditions under which an experiment was carried out. Each
model can be useful for some specific environments, terrain and climate. Therefore, there is no general
algorithm that is globally accepted as the best propagation model. Choosing an accurate and realistic path loss
model for signal predictions, depends on the fit between the parameters available for the area concerned and
parameters required by the model. Therefore, Predictions must be verified by measurements taken from the field
survey and the model adjusted accordingly. In this paper, a classical propagation model is adjusted in agreement
with field measured data in order to generate predictions with minimal error. The paper is organized as
follows. Section 2, presents an overview of the four common existing path loss model considered. The
procedure and tools used for obtaining the measured data are described in section 3. Section 4 presents the data
obtained from field measurements. The measured results are compared with the results from the three existing
models considered in section 5. Model adjustments are presented in section 6.
II. Existing Path loss models
2.1 Log-normal Shadowing Path loss model
This model describes the random shadowing effects that occur over a large number of measurement
locations with the equal separation distance between the transmitter and the receiver. The path loss model is
given as [3]:
L (dB) =L(d)+
L(dB) is random and log-normally distributed about the distance Where, is a zero mean Gaussian
distributed random variable (in dB).
2.2 COST 231 Hata model
COST 231 Hata model is an empirical model used for calculating path loss in cellular mobile system.
This model is an extension of the Okumura-Hata model designed to cover frequency ranges from 1700Mz to
2300MHz with receiving antenna heights up to 10m and transmitting antenna heights of 30m-200m. COST 231
2. Adjustment Of Cost 231 Hata Path Model For Cellular Transmission In Rivers State
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Hata model contains correction factors for urban, suburban, and rural areas. The equation for COST
231 Hata path loss model is expressed as [3]:
LCOST231Hata=46.3+33.9 -13.82 -a +[44.9- 6.55 +
(2)
Where, d is the link distance in Kilometres, fc is the frequency in MHz, ht is the effective height of the
transmitting antenna in meters, hr is the effective height of the receiving antenna in meters, Cm is the correction
factor and is defined 0dB for rural or suburban and 3dB for urban area.
For rural or suburban area,
Correction factor for receiver antenna height:
a(hm) = (1.11*log10 fc-0.7) –(1.5*log10 fc - 0.8)
For Urban:
a(hm) = 3.2 (log 10(11.75hm))2
-4.79
2.3 Stanford University Interim (Sui) Model
The Stanford University Interim was developed by the working group of Institute of Electrical
Electronic Engineers (IEEE 802.16) for path loss prediction in all three macro-cellular environments. The model
is formulated to operate based on an operating frequency above 1900MHz and a cell radius of 0.1km to 8km,
base station antenna height 10m to 80m, and receiver antenna height of 1m to 10m. This model is divided into
three categories of terrains namely A, B, C. The terrain category A is associated with maximum path loss, and
densely populated region. Moderate path loss is captured in terrain category B. The terrain category C is
associated with minimum path loss and flat terrain with light tree densities.
The basic path loss formula for SUI model is expressed as [3]:
LSUI = A+10 log 10 (d/do) +Xf + X h+ S (3)
For d do, and do=0.1Km
The parameter for Free space attenuation, A is expressed as:
A=20
r is the path loss exponent, ht is the effective base station height, the constants used for a, b, and c are given in
Table 1.
Table1: Numerical values for the SUI Model Parameters
Model parameter Terrain A Terrain B Terrain C
A 4.6 4.0 3.6
b (m-1
) 0.0075 0.0065 0.005
c (m) 12.6 17.1 20
Xf is the frequency correction factor: =6.0
Xh is the correction factor for receiving antenna height is defined as:
Xh=
s is the correction for shadow fading factor, and is defined between 8.2dB and10.6dB.
where fc is the operating frequency in MHz, and hr is the receiver antenna height in meters.
2.4 ECC-33 model
The Electronic Communication Committee 33 model was developed by Electronic Communication
Committee. This model is designed to predict path loss at higher frequency greater than 3GHz. In this model,
path loss is given by [4]:
LECC-33= Afs + Abm -Gt -Gr (4)
where,
Afs is the free space attenuation (dB), Abm is the basic median path loss (dB), Gt is the transmitter
antenna height gain factor, Gr is the receiver antenna height gain factor.
where, the free space attenuation:
Afs = 92.4 + 20log10 (d)+ 20log10(fc),
Basic median path loss:
3. Adjustment Of Cost 231 Hata Path Model For Cellular Transmission In Rivers State
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Abm=20.41+9.83log10(d)+7.894 log10(fc)+9.56[log10(fc)]2
,
Transmitter antenna height gain factor:
Gt=log10(ht/200){13.958+5.8[log10(hr)]}2
The receiver antenna height gain factor, Gr for
medium cities is expressed as:
Gr= [42.57+13.7log10 (fc)][log10(hr)-0.585]
III. Data collection method and procedure
To predict path loss model for cellular transmission, practical data from the field measurement are
required. Downlink data were collected at various distances on live radio Globacomm WCDMA Node Bs at
transmits frequency of 2100MHz. A drive test tools used for collecting data include a laptop equipped with drive
test Ericsson software, Map info software (professional version 8.0), a communication Network Analyser
software (ACTIX analyser 4.05), Garmin GPS 12XL receiver, Two C702 Sony Ericsson TEMS phone for idle
and dedicated mode, an inverter and extension board. The test was carried out on three different locations in
Rivers State:
Rumukoro, with co-ordinate (4o
48 ˝N 7o
12'6E˝) is selected as urban area, Finima, Bonny Island
with co-ordinate (4o
26'12.8˝N 7o
10'25.5˝E) selected as sub-urban area, and Borokiri (Creek road) coordinates
(40
45'50.5˝N 7o
1 '26.4˝E) selected as rural area.
The two Sony Ericsson UEs, GPS receiver and the Dongle probe were coupled to a laptop placed in a
car. The laptop was powered on in order to launch TEMS investigation software. All the equipment were
connected and detected on TEMS interface. The routes and the Node Bs were identified before setting out for
the drive test. The car was driven around through a predefined route in the direction of the Active Sector (AS) of
the directional antenna away from the site until it got to the coverage border. The car was driven at an average
speed of 30Km/h. Two modes of configurations for the handsets were used for the monitored software during
this drive–test. These were the idle and dedicated modes. M1 was set at idle mode and M2 was set at dedicated
mode. M2 was preset automatically to make a continuous call to a fixed destination number. The received signal
power is measured using Ericsson handset and transferred to the TEMS log file in the laptop. The GPS receiver
gave the location and distance from the Node B synchronously with the received power level reading and was
recorded on the laptop. The experimental data were taken at distances ranging from 100meters to 1kilometer.
Measurements were carried out between and October and November, 2012.
Table 2: Simulation Parameters.
Parameters Values
Antenna type S-wave 0809-65-15DV14
Operating frequency 2100MHz
Node B transmitter 43dBm in urban,
46dBm in sub-urban, 48dBm in rural.
Node B antenna height 30m in urban, 34m in suburban,
38m in rural
UE antenna height 1.5m
Node B antenna gain 18dB
UE antenna gain 0dB
Connector loss 2dB
Cable loss 1.5dB
Duplexer loss 1.5dB
Body loss 3dB
IV. Data analysis
The field measurement and the corresponding path loss values are given in Tables (3)-(5).
L(dB) =10 (6)
Table 3: Measured path loss for urban area
Distance between the Node B and the UE, d (Km) Mean received level (dBm) Measured Pat Loss, (dB)
0.10 -69 115
0.20 -74 120
0.30 -79 125
0.40 -80 126
0.50 -82 128
0.60 -85 131
70 -89 135
0.80 -93 139
0.90 -97 143
1.00 -99 145
4. Adjustment Of Cost 231 Hata Path Model For Cellular Transmission In Rivers State
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Table 4: Measured Path Loss for Suburban area.
Distance between the
Node B and the UE, d
(Km)
Mean
Received
Level
(dBm)
Measured Path Loss,
(dB)
0.10 -62 110
0.20 -68 116
0.30 -71 119
0.40 -75 123
0.50 -77 125
0.60 -81 129
0.70 -83 131
0.80 -85 133
0.90 -87 135
1.00 -89 137
Table 5: Measured Path Loss for Rural area
Distance between
the Node B and the
UE, d (Km)
Mean Received
Level (dBm)
Measured Path
Loss, ( dB)
0.10 -60 110
0.20 -62 112
0.30 -67 117
0.40 -71 121
0.50 -74 124
0.60 -77 127
0.70 -79 129
0.80 -81 131
0.90 -83 133
1.00 -85 135
The values of the reference path loss and the path loss exponent for urban, suburban and rural areas are
obtained from the measured values given in Tables (3) - (5) using linear regression [5]; Excel program.
Considering other losses, the resultant Path Loss model for field measurement estimated for the three locations
(urban, suburban, and rural areas) is expressed as:
Lestimated(dB)= L(d) + 10* r *log10( ) + ( + ) - + ) (7)
V. Comparison of measured path loss with existing path loss model
The path loss values for the three existing models investigated are estimated using equations (2)-
(5).The results were compare with the path loss from the field measurements for the three locations and the
results given by Figs (1)-(3) .It is necessary to know that ECC-33 model is not applicable to rural environment.
VI. Result and analysis
From the above plots, Figs (1)- (3) showed that ECC-33 model overestimated the measured path loss and have
the highest predictions for the three environments, followed by SUI model. COST 231 Hata model under
estimated measured path loss with high prediction values (Table 6). The comparisons were based on MSE and
SD between the measured path loss and predictions by ECC-33, SUI, COST 231 Hata, models, and they are
expressed as [6]:
(8)
(9)
Where, Pm Where, Pm = the measured path loss (dB), Pr is the predicted path loss (dB), and n is the
number of measured data points. The results are tabulated in Table (6).
5. Adjustment Of Cost 231 Hata Path Model For Cellular Transmission In Rivers State
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Table (6): Statistical evaluation of MSE and SD for COST 231 Hata, SUI and ECC-33 models before
model adjustment
Verificati
on items
COST 231 Hata
model
SUI model ECC-33
model
MSE SD MSE SD MSE
Urban 20.440 19.391 37.185 35.277 162.646
Suburban 17.156 16.276 36.284 38.247 169.379
Rural 14.759 14.002 36.786 38.776 118.751
The acceptable limit for good signal propagation is 6dB [6]. COST 231 Hata model has the least MSE
and SD for the three environments and was selected for adjustment using linear iterative method based on Least
Square Algorithm.
VII. Model adjustments
According to [7], a general radio path loss model based on COST 231 Hata model is defined as:
L(cos)=K1+K2log10d+K3log10ht+K4log10ht*log10d-K5log10f –a(hm), (10)
where K1-K5 are model adjustable parameters for the model, d is the link distance, fc is the frequency in
MHz, ht is the effective height of the transmitting antenna in meters, hr is the effective height of the receiving
antenna in meters.
The parameters (K1 and K2) of the model are adjusted using Linear Least Square Algorithm .The
accuracy of the proposed COST 231 Hata models in different environments depend on the proper adjustment of
these parameters and the results are presented in Table (7).
The path loss formula for proposed adjusted COST 231 Hata model is given as:
L(adj)
=K1+K2log10d+K3log10ht+K4log10ht*log1 0d-K5log10f –a(hm)+C1 + C2 log10d
=(K1+C1)+(K2+C2)log10d+K3log10ht+
K4log10ht*log1 0d-K5log10f –a(hm) (11)
where K1+C1 is the K1 after model adjustment ,
K2+C2 is the K2 after model adjustment, while other parameters remain constant.
Table (7): Parameters of COST 231 Hata model after adjustment
Parameter Urban Sub urban Rural
Before
adjustment
After
adjustme
nt
Before
adjust
ment
After
adjust
ment
Before
adjust
ment
After
adjustme
nt
C1 17.269 13.51 11.098
C2 -5.923 -7.57 -7.853
K1 46.
3
63.57 46.3 59.81 46.3 57.40
K2 44.
9
3897 44.9 37.33 44.9 37.05
K3 -13.82
K4 -6.55
K5 33.9
The adjusted COST 231 Hata model is validated by applying it to the experiment areas in order to
obtain accurate predictions closer to the field measurements for these areas. The performance of the adjusted
COST 231 Hata model is compared with the classical COST 231 Hata model and the measured path loss by
comparing the predicted path loss values with the measured values using MSE and SD. The result is shown in
Table (8).
Table (8): Statistical verification of adjusted model
Verification
items
Urban Suburban Rural
MSE 3.1601 0.124 0.123
SD 2.9979 O.118 0.116
The results in Table (8), show the MSE and SD for the proposed model. The proposed adjusted COST
231 Hata models showed better agreement with the measured values, since its MSE and SD are within the
acceptable value. Figs (4)-(6) shows the comparison between the proposed adjusted COST 231 Hata model and
classical COST 231 Hata model.
6. Adjustment Of Cost 231 Hata Path Model For Cellular Transmission In Rivers State
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.
Figure 1: Comparison of path loss models with the measurement from urban area
Figure 2: Comparison of path loss models with measurement from suburban area
Figure 3: Comparison of path loss models with measurement from rural area
7. Adjustment Of Cost 231 Hata Path Model For Cellular Transmission In Rivers State
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Figure 4: Path loss comparison of Cost 231 model before and after model adjustment for urban area.
Figure 5: Path loss comparison of Cost 231 model before and after model adjustment for suburban area
Figure 6: Path loss comparison of Cost 231 model before and after model adjustment for rural area
VIII. Conclusions
This paper presents a statistically adjusted COST 231 Hata model for link budget design and analysis
using a simple Linear –iterative Least Square algorithm based on existing path loss model. The outdoor
measurements of the received signal power have been collected through drive tests in urban, suburban, and rural
areas in Rivers state for comparison with the existing path loss models. The Results of the plots between the
proposed adjusted COST 231 Hata model and the measured path loss showed better performance of the adjusted
model in these environments. The adjusted model was found suited in these environments, and can be used to
predict the signal strength of mobile phone. COST 231 Hata model appears to strike the balance between
simplicity and accuracy. But with the adjusted proposed model, Network provider can improve their service for
better capacity and better user satisfactions.
8. Adjustment Of Cost 231 Hata Path Model For Cellular Transmission In Rivers State
www.iosrjournals.org 23 | Page
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