The document analyzes the deposition of nitrogen compounds in the intake zone of the "Grotowice" water intake located in Poland. It uses the EMEP MSC-W air pollution model to estimate wet and dry deposition of nitrogen pollutants within the intake zone for 2003 and 2013. The analysis identified major pollution sources and risk factors for water quality within the intake zone. While nitrogen pollution levels in intake water have decreased over time, nitrogen compounds remain a problem for the intake. Further testing and establishing protective zones around each well were recommended.
Heavy Metals Assessment in Water Reservoirs Reinforced By Służewiecki Stream IJERA Editor
The study concerned copper and cadmium contamination in bottom sediments of selected surface water reservoirs at the urban area. The concentrations of the metals in sediments was up to 20-times higher compared with a geochemical background. Based on ecotoxicological evaluations, the toxic impact of cadmium in tested sediments can occur frequently, while for copper – it can sometimes be observed. The sediments can be classified as heavily polluted and dangerous to water biota, especially for sediment-dwelling organisms. The accumulation of metals migrating with the Służewiecki stream in reinforced reservoirs can result in their anthropopressure- related degradation.
The study assessed mercury pollution in soils along the banks of the Jala and Spreča Rivers in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Mercury content was measured at various sampling points. The highest level of 3,864 mg/kg was found near a former chlor-alkali electrolysis plant. Levels generally decreased with distance from the plant but remained above regulatory limits. Various factors indicated soils downstream from the plant were moderately to extremely polluted by mercury, likely due to wastewater discharge and flooding. The contaminated soils pose risks if used for agriculture.
Assessment of The Trophic Status of The Future Buk Bijela HPP Accumulationinventionjournals
Eutrophication is a natural process in which water bodies age, and transit from a low productive condition (oligotrophic) into a high productive condition (eutrophic). In such condition, a majority of organic substances that are produced in surface layers do not completely decompose, but settle on the bottom, where they decompose. An increased (artificial) input of nutrients significantly accelerates this process, disturbing the natural balance between the biomass production and mineralization, where the production considerably multiplies. This can lead to a successful decrease in oxygen concentration on the bottom of an eutrophic lake, and in more inconvenient cases even to an anaerobic condition. This can result in an increase in the concentrations of ammonium, iron, manganese, and other substances, as well as in the occurrence of hydrogen sulphide and methane, which has a negative impact on the quality, both from the aspect of biotope habitat and water usage possibilities.
This document describes a study that uses a hydropedological approach to model the impact of increasing soil sealing on runoff coefficients at a regional scale in the Emilia Romagna region of Italy. The study uses a Green-Ampt infiltration model with locally calibrated pedotransfer functions to estimate soil infiltration and runoff under different land use scenarios from 1976 to 2008. The results show that an average 8.4% increase in sealed areas due to urbanization leads to an average increase in surface runoff of 3.5% and 2.7% for 20-year and 200-year rainfall return periods respectively, with increases over 20% in some highly sealed coastal areas.
Distribution and mobility of lead and zinc atmospheric depositions in industr...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document summarizes a study on the distribution and mobility of lead and zinc in soils near an industrial foundry in Tiaret, Algeria. Samples were taken from 35 soil sites within 2 parcels near the foundry. Analysis found lead levels varied from 0-13.7 ppm and zinc from 0-21.96 ppm depending on soil properties. The study found lead and zinc mobility correlated positively with pH, limestone content, and each other, but negatively with cation exchange capacity. Higher pH, limestone, and moisture increased heavy metal solubility by forming complexes while fine particles promoted dispersion. The results indicate soil properties significantly influence heavy metal distribution from atmospheric depositions near industrial areas.
Managing of Karst Peatland use and potential rehabilitation in Dinaric RegionExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Hamid Custovic in FAO.
IRJET- Impact of Organic Matter on Volatilization of Petroleum VOCs from ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the impact of soil organic matter on the volatilization of petroleum BTX (benzene, toluene, and xylenes) compounds from soil columns. The study used columns packed with alluvial soil containing different levels of organic matter. Samples were taken from the columns over 28 days to analyze the weekly volatilization of the BTX compounds. The results showed that higher organic matter content led to lower volatilization rates, with up to 1.66 times lower for benzene in soils with 20% more organic matter. Organic matter enhances sorption of contaminants in soil, retaining more of the BTX compounds and reducing their volatility. The vapor
11.[40 51]correlates in groundwater quality parameters and textural classes o...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the physicochemical status of groundwater in Ekakpamre, Nigeria, a community located in the oil-rich Niger Delta region. 10 groundwater samples were collected from boreholes about 1 km apart and analyzed along with soil samples from around the boreholes. The study found that clay-rich soils appeared to influence certain groundwater quality parameters like dissolved oxygen, total petroleum hydrocarbons, and potassium levels. While groundwater quality was generally similar across sampling locations, levels of lead and cadmium exceeded regulatory limits for drinking water in some samples, posing a potential public health risk. Principal component analysis identified three components that accounted for 100% of the variability in the original water quality data
Heavy Metals Assessment in Water Reservoirs Reinforced By Służewiecki Stream IJERA Editor
The study concerned copper and cadmium contamination in bottom sediments of selected surface water reservoirs at the urban area. The concentrations of the metals in sediments was up to 20-times higher compared with a geochemical background. Based on ecotoxicological evaluations, the toxic impact of cadmium in tested sediments can occur frequently, while for copper – it can sometimes be observed. The sediments can be classified as heavily polluted and dangerous to water biota, especially for sediment-dwelling organisms. The accumulation of metals migrating with the Służewiecki stream in reinforced reservoirs can result in their anthropopressure- related degradation.
The study assessed mercury pollution in soils along the banks of the Jala and Spreča Rivers in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Mercury content was measured at various sampling points. The highest level of 3,864 mg/kg was found near a former chlor-alkali electrolysis plant. Levels generally decreased with distance from the plant but remained above regulatory limits. Various factors indicated soils downstream from the plant were moderately to extremely polluted by mercury, likely due to wastewater discharge and flooding. The contaminated soils pose risks if used for agriculture.
Assessment of The Trophic Status of The Future Buk Bijela HPP Accumulationinventionjournals
Eutrophication is a natural process in which water bodies age, and transit from a low productive condition (oligotrophic) into a high productive condition (eutrophic). In such condition, a majority of organic substances that are produced in surface layers do not completely decompose, but settle on the bottom, where they decompose. An increased (artificial) input of nutrients significantly accelerates this process, disturbing the natural balance between the biomass production and mineralization, where the production considerably multiplies. This can lead to a successful decrease in oxygen concentration on the bottom of an eutrophic lake, and in more inconvenient cases even to an anaerobic condition. This can result in an increase in the concentrations of ammonium, iron, manganese, and other substances, as well as in the occurrence of hydrogen sulphide and methane, which has a negative impact on the quality, both from the aspect of biotope habitat and water usage possibilities.
This document describes a study that uses a hydropedological approach to model the impact of increasing soil sealing on runoff coefficients at a regional scale in the Emilia Romagna region of Italy. The study uses a Green-Ampt infiltration model with locally calibrated pedotransfer functions to estimate soil infiltration and runoff under different land use scenarios from 1976 to 2008. The results show that an average 8.4% increase in sealed areas due to urbanization leads to an average increase in surface runoff of 3.5% and 2.7% for 20-year and 200-year rainfall return periods respectively, with increases over 20% in some highly sealed coastal areas.
Distribution and mobility of lead and zinc atmospheric depositions in industr...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document summarizes a study on the distribution and mobility of lead and zinc in soils near an industrial foundry in Tiaret, Algeria. Samples were taken from 35 soil sites within 2 parcels near the foundry. Analysis found lead levels varied from 0-13.7 ppm and zinc from 0-21.96 ppm depending on soil properties. The study found lead and zinc mobility correlated positively with pH, limestone content, and each other, but negatively with cation exchange capacity. Higher pH, limestone, and moisture increased heavy metal solubility by forming complexes while fine particles promoted dispersion. The results indicate soil properties significantly influence heavy metal distribution from atmospheric depositions near industrial areas.
Managing of Karst Peatland use and potential rehabilitation in Dinaric RegionExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Hamid Custovic in FAO.
IRJET- Impact of Organic Matter on Volatilization of Petroleum VOCs from ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the impact of soil organic matter on the volatilization of petroleum BTX (benzene, toluene, and xylenes) compounds from soil columns. The study used columns packed with alluvial soil containing different levels of organic matter. Samples were taken from the columns over 28 days to analyze the weekly volatilization of the BTX compounds. The results showed that higher organic matter content led to lower volatilization rates, with up to 1.66 times lower for benzene in soils with 20% more organic matter. Organic matter enhances sorption of contaminants in soil, retaining more of the BTX compounds and reducing their volatility. The vapor
11.[40 51]correlates in groundwater quality parameters and textural classes o...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the physicochemical status of groundwater in Ekakpamre, Nigeria, a community located in the oil-rich Niger Delta region. 10 groundwater samples were collected from boreholes about 1 km apart and analyzed along with soil samples from around the boreholes. The study found that clay-rich soils appeared to influence certain groundwater quality parameters like dissolved oxygen, total petroleum hydrocarbons, and potassium levels. While groundwater quality was generally similar across sampling locations, levels of lead and cadmium exceeded regulatory limits for drinking water in some samples, posing a potential public health risk. Principal component analysis identified three components that accounted for 100% of the variability in the original water quality data
Delta del Po e cambiamento climatico, lo studio della RegioneAlessiaDeMarchi2
Nell'ambito del progetto europeo "Change we care", a cui ha partecipato la Regione Veneto sono stati raccolti documenti e mappe legate all'evoluzione, anche storica, del territorio del Delta del Po. Eccone una sintesi
The document discusses new technologies for sustainable agriculture in arid lands. It proposes using Russian organic fertilizers and soil conditioners to construct protective soil layers. These layers would increase water retention and nutrient capacity while preventing salt accumulation. Modeling shows layers containing organic matter like peat or hydrogels can significantly reduce water infiltration and retain more moisture for plants. The document advocates optimizing irrigation to supply only plant water demands, choosing salt-tolerant crops, and using crushed stones and organic-rich layers to construct soils that protect against salinization.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
About the Interaction between water and Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Fe, Mn, Ba Mineralize...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: One of the most important environmental concerns at mining sites is acid mine drainage (DAM), which is formed by the exposure sulfide minerals to air and water. The consequent production of sulfuric acid reduces the quality of water bodies and may allow the solubilization of potentially toxic metals such as Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Fe, Mn and Al. There is a range of laboratory procedures, classified as static and kinetic. Which have been used to understand the acidification and neutralization potencies of a rock through water/rock interaction process. These procedures seek to describe, quantify and predict the compositional changes of the solid and liquid phases in natural systems. The choice of techniques, methods, procedures and protocols requires the understanding of the problem to be solved or mitigated and is related to the specific geochemical and geological characteristics of the site to be analyzed. The elaboration of experimental procedures involves sampling strategies, selection of methodologies, (Accuracy, precision, sensitivity, speed, cost) and thus equipment and other necessary materials. This work presents the main static and kinetic procedures, highlighting its principles, advantages and limitations for selection and application in carbonate rocks rich in sulphide minerals. PH, Acid-Base Accounting and Net Acid Generation (NAG) are the static methods chosen. While the kinetic procedures chosen for the study of the natural enrichment of toxic metals in sulfate carbonate rocks is leaching columns, the Soxhlet system and reaction reactors. To provide more consistent drainage forecasts and hence better plans for the management of The results of different methods should be analyzed together.
This document discusses sustainable geotechnics and geoenvironmental engineering investigations. It provides an overview of the need for geoenvironmental engineering to assess pollutants in soil and protect groundwater. Special geoenvironmental tests are outlined, including measuring pH, surface charge, cation exchange capacity, and specific surface area. These tests help understand geochemical reactions and contaminant transport, which is important for sustainable remediation and reuse.
Assessment of the Water Quality of Lake Sidi Boughaba (Ramsar Site 1980) Keni...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Sidi Boughaba Lake, part of a wetland complex of Morocco (Ramsar site in 1980) is located on
the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco, oriented NNE - SSW and located in an interdunal depression. The
existence of this body of water is due to the fact that the topographic surface is at a lower cost than that of the
piezometric surface of the coastal water table, rainwater and runoff water. The objective of this study is to
determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of this lake. Thus, several water samples were
taken monthly in the period 2016-2017. Parameters such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
chloride (Cl-
), turbidity (NTU), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The results obtained show that the
distribution of the analyzed elements in Lake waters is quite variable between seasons, as well as between
stations. However, the analysis showed that the studied waters are very mineralized, with an EC between 7 g/l
and 14.8 g/l. This mineralization is essentially evaporitic and is controlled by various processes, such as
evaporation and marine influence by aerosol.
"Environmental Impact of Hydraulic Fracturing Treatment Performed on the Łebień LE-2H Well in Poland" - An indepth study performed by the Polish Geological Institute on the environmental impacts of hydraulic fracturing at a well site in Poland carried out in August 2011. The study finds that soil, air and water are not negatively impacted by fracking when it's done according to regulation.
Assessment of the Water Quality of Lake Sidi Boughaba (Ramsar Site 1980) Keni...journal ijrtem
Sidi Boughaba Lake, part of a wetland complex of Morocco (Ramsar site in 1980) is located on
the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco, oriented NNE - SSW and located in an interdunal depression. The
existence of this body of water is due to the fact that the topographic surface is at a lower cost than that of the
piezometric surface of the coastal water table, rainwater and runoff water. The objective of this study is to
determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of this lake. Thus, several water samples were
taken monthly in the period 2016-2017. Parameters such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
chloride (Cl-
), turbidity (NTU), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The results obtained show that the
distribution of the analyzed elements in Lake waters is quite variable between seasons, as well as between stations.
However, the analysis showed that the studied waters are very mineralized, with an EC between 7 g/l and 14.8
g/l. This mineralization is essentially evaporitic and is controlled by various processes, such as evaporation and
marine influence by aerosol.
CN301 Geoenvironmental Engineering. Kajian kes tentang Tragedi Chernobyl. Semoga perkongsian ini bermanfaat.
Ex-Student : Diploma in Environmental Engineering (2010-2013)
Assessment of impact of climatic change on groundwater quality around igbokod...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of coastal saltwater on groundwater quality in Igbokoda, Nigeria. Hydrochemical analysis of 39 groundwater samples found higher concentrations of sodium and chloride ions compared to other ions, indicating influence from saltwater intrusion. While most ion concentrations met drinking water standards, iron and manganese exceeded guidelines in some samples. Ratios of ions like magnesium to calcium and chloride to bicarbonate suggested transformation of fresh groundwater to brackish water in parts of the aquifer due to saltwater mixing. The dominant groundwater type was characterized as sodium-chloride, reflecting saltwater influence, along with some calcium-bicarbonate freshwater sources.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Mobility of Trace Elements in Virgin Soils from the Bobov dol Valley, BulgariaIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the mobility of trace elements like copper, zinc, lead and manganese in virgin soils located near the Bobovdol Thermoelectric Power Plant in Bulgaria. Four soil profiles were studied using classical soil sampling and analysis methods. The results show that the total content of trace elements in the soils is lower than background levels and within non-toxic ranges. Organic and mineral colloids like silt and clay fractions were found to be the main collectors of mobile metal species. The mobility of zinc and manganese seemed most associated with pedogenesis near the soil surface, while copper mobility was strongly influenced by soil organic carbon and pH levels. Lead mobility was less dependent on soil forming processes and more influenced by its total content across
Methodology of Assessment Vulnerability of Soil Cover in SlovakiaIJRES Journal
The paper is focused on the present state of soil protection from unwanted influences degradation through a process of water erosion. Agricultural land and forest land are a major component of the environment and it is therefore important to find tools for their protection. The paper presents empirical model used to determine the intensity of water erosion. We also will be presented options GIS tools in identifying areas threats with water erosion.
This document summarizes a study of the technogenic water body that has formed in closed oil shale mines in Estonia. Key findings include:
1) A large interconnected technogenic water body has formed across multiple closed and flooded underground oil shale mines in central Estonia. The water levels and quality within this body are analyzed.
2) Water quality testing of samples from four mines show average sulfate and iron levels exceeding drinking water standards, though decreasing over time. Variation is influenced by mine location and time since closure.
3) Modeling of the water table shows the mines forming a relatively stable interconnected water body. Water quality is improving over time, with sulfate and iron levels predicted to meet drinking water
This document summarizes recent advances in understanding peatland hydrology and their implications. Early research focused on water table levels and impacts of drainage ditches. Recent studies show peatlands have complex 3D hydrology with saturated areas, macropores, and multiple flow pathways producing rapid runoff. This challenges the view of peatlands as "sponges." Improved understanding is significant for predicting DOC and flood runoff, which has non-linear relationships with rainfall and varies with drainage. While drainage may increase short-term storage, it also creates fast flow paths exacerbating floods in the long-run. The spatial and temporal complexity of peatland hydrology needs to be considered at the landscape scale.
Effect of CO2 sequestration on soil liquefaction in geological pitsijiert bestjournal
This document summarizes research on the effect of CO2 sequestration on soil liquefaction. It discusses how CO2 sequestration in geological pits has the potential to cause soil liquefaction and increase earthquake risk. The document reviews various methods for evaluating soil liquefaction potential, such as measuring shear wave velocity using multichannel analysis of surface waves. It also discusses standards for correcting SPT blow counts and shear wave velocities based on factors like overburden stress. The goal is to evaluate soil liquefaction risk from injecting CO2 into pits using seismic wave methods, in order to identify safe locations for CO2 sequestration.
Mining operations produce large amounts of waste rock and tailings that must be dumped. The chemical composition and potential hazards of the waste varies based on the mined substance and geology. Dumping is necessary but can negatively impact the environment, including soil, water, and air. Proper site selection, material handling, stability monitoring, and rehabilitation are important for reducing environmental impacts from waste dumping. Recent efforts focus on more sustainable waste management, public participation, and reuse or recycling of mine wastes when possible.
This document summarizes a study investigating the effects of bog restoration through clearfelling on drainage water chemistry at Flanders Moss, a raised bog in Scotland. Preliminary results show that clearfelling led to increased levels of phosphate, dissolved organic carbon, color, and pH in drainage waters. The study is ongoing to further monitor how restoration activities may impact water quality and freshwater ecology over time. The goal is to provide guidance on best practices for peatland restoration to prevent negative effects on receiving waters and local species like freshwater pearl mussels.
The document describes a randomized complete block design (RCBD) experimental method. RCBD involves comparing treatments (e.g. fertilizers) applied to experimental units (e.g. corn crops) grouped into blocks (e.g. fields). Treatments are randomly assigned to experimental units within each block. RCBD controls for variability between blocks (e.g. differences in soil between fields) to isolate the effect of treatments. It provides more precise results than a completely randomized design when blocks are homogeneous within and heterogeneous between.
The document discusses Taguchi screening designs, which are a type of experimental design used in product development to identify the main factors affecting a process using a minimal number of tests. It explains key terms like experimental design, screening design, and Taguchi method. The document compares screening designs to full factorials and lists advantages and disadvantages of each. It provides details on how to set up and analyze Taguchi screening designs, including determining variables and levels, selecting a screening design, setting up the test matrix, analyzing main effects plots, and confirming results. Resources on experimental design are also listed.
Delta del Po e cambiamento climatico, lo studio della RegioneAlessiaDeMarchi2
Nell'ambito del progetto europeo "Change we care", a cui ha partecipato la Regione Veneto sono stati raccolti documenti e mappe legate all'evoluzione, anche storica, del territorio del Delta del Po. Eccone una sintesi
The document discusses new technologies for sustainable agriculture in arid lands. It proposes using Russian organic fertilizers and soil conditioners to construct protective soil layers. These layers would increase water retention and nutrient capacity while preventing salt accumulation. Modeling shows layers containing organic matter like peat or hydrogels can significantly reduce water infiltration and retain more moisture for plants. The document advocates optimizing irrigation to supply only plant water demands, choosing salt-tolerant crops, and using crushed stones and organic-rich layers to construct soils that protect against salinization.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
About the Interaction between water and Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Fe, Mn, Ba Mineralize...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: One of the most important environmental concerns at mining sites is acid mine drainage (DAM), which is formed by the exposure sulfide minerals to air and water. The consequent production of sulfuric acid reduces the quality of water bodies and may allow the solubilization of potentially toxic metals such as Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Fe, Mn and Al. There is a range of laboratory procedures, classified as static and kinetic. Which have been used to understand the acidification and neutralization potencies of a rock through water/rock interaction process. These procedures seek to describe, quantify and predict the compositional changes of the solid and liquid phases in natural systems. The choice of techniques, methods, procedures and protocols requires the understanding of the problem to be solved or mitigated and is related to the specific geochemical and geological characteristics of the site to be analyzed. The elaboration of experimental procedures involves sampling strategies, selection of methodologies, (Accuracy, precision, sensitivity, speed, cost) and thus equipment and other necessary materials. This work presents the main static and kinetic procedures, highlighting its principles, advantages and limitations for selection and application in carbonate rocks rich in sulphide minerals. PH, Acid-Base Accounting and Net Acid Generation (NAG) are the static methods chosen. While the kinetic procedures chosen for the study of the natural enrichment of toxic metals in sulfate carbonate rocks is leaching columns, the Soxhlet system and reaction reactors. To provide more consistent drainage forecasts and hence better plans for the management of The results of different methods should be analyzed together.
This document discusses sustainable geotechnics and geoenvironmental engineering investigations. It provides an overview of the need for geoenvironmental engineering to assess pollutants in soil and protect groundwater. Special geoenvironmental tests are outlined, including measuring pH, surface charge, cation exchange capacity, and specific surface area. These tests help understand geochemical reactions and contaminant transport, which is important for sustainable remediation and reuse.
Assessment of the Water Quality of Lake Sidi Boughaba (Ramsar Site 1980) Keni...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Sidi Boughaba Lake, part of a wetland complex of Morocco (Ramsar site in 1980) is located on
the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco, oriented NNE - SSW and located in an interdunal depression. The
existence of this body of water is due to the fact that the topographic surface is at a lower cost than that of the
piezometric surface of the coastal water table, rainwater and runoff water. The objective of this study is to
determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of this lake. Thus, several water samples were
taken monthly in the period 2016-2017. Parameters such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
chloride (Cl-
), turbidity (NTU), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The results obtained show that the
distribution of the analyzed elements in Lake waters is quite variable between seasons, as well as between
stations. However, the analysis showed that the studied waters are very mineralized, with an EC between 7 g/l
and 14.8 g/l. This mineralization is essentially evaporitic and is controlled by various processes, such as
evaporation and marine influence by aerosol.
"Environmental Impact of Hydraulic Fracturing Treatment Performed on the Łebień LE-2H Well in Poland" - An indepth study performed by the Polish Geological Institute on the environmental impacts of hydraulic fracturing at a well site in Poland carried out in August 2011. The study finds that soil, air and water are not negatively impacted by fracking when it's done according to regulation.
Assessment of the Water Quality of Lake Sidi Boughaba (Ramsar Site 1980) Keni...journal ijrtem
Sidi Boughaba Lake, part of a wetland complex of Morocco (Ramsar site in 1980) is located on
the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco, oriented NNE - SSW and located in an interdunal depression. The
existence of this body of water is due to the fact that the topographic surface is at a lower cost than that of the
piezometric surface of the coastal water table, rainwater and runoff water. The objective of this study is to
determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of this lake. Thus, several water samples were
taken monthly in the period 2016-2017. Parameters such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
chloride (Cl-
), turbidity (NTU), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The results obtained show that the
distribution of the analyzed elements in Lake waters is quite variable between seasons, as well as between stations.
However, the analysis showed that the studied waters are very mineralized, with an EC between 7 g/l and 14.8
g/l. This mineralization is essentially evaporitic and is controlled by various processes, such as evaporation and
marine influence by aerosol.
CN301 Geoenvironmental Engineering. Kajian kes tentang Tragedi Chernobyl. Semoga perkongsian ini bermanfaat.
Ex-Student : Diploma in Environmental Engineering (2010-2013)
Assessment of impact of climatic change on groundwater quality around igbokod...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of coastal saltwater on groundwater quality in Igbokoda, Nigeria. Hydrochemical analysis of 39 groundwater samples found higher concentrations of sodium and chloride ions compared to other ions, indicating influence from saltwater intrusion. While most ion concentrations met drinking water standards, iron and manganese exceeded guidelines in some samples. Ratios of ions like magnesium to calcium and chloride to bicarbonate suggested transformation of fresh groundwater to brackish water in parts of the aquifer due to saltwater mixing. The dominant groundwater type was characterized as sodium-chloride, reflecting saltwater influence, along with some calcium-bicarbonate freshwater sources.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Mobility of Trace Elements in Virgin Soils from the Bobov dol Valley, BulgariaIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the mobility of trace elements like copper, zinc, lead and manganese in virgin soils located near the Bobovdol Thermoelectric Power Plant in Bulgaria. Four soil profiles were studied using classical soil sampling and analysis methods. The results show that the total content of trace elements in the soils is lower than background levels and within non-toxic ranges. Organic and mineral colloids like silt and clay fractions were found to be the main collectors of mobile metal species. The mobility of zinc and manganese seemed most associated with pedogenesis near the soil surface, while copper mobility was strongly influenced by soil organic carbon and pH levels. Lead mobility was less dependent on soil forming processes and more influenced by its total content across
Methodology of Assessment Vulnerability of Soil Cover in SlovakiaIJRES Journal
The paper is focused on the present state of soil protection from unwanted influences degradation through a process of water erosion. Agricultural land and forest land are a major component of the environment and it is therefore important to find tools for their protection. The paper presents empirical model used to determine the intensity of water erosion. We also will be presented options GIS tools in identifying areas threats with water erosion.
This document summarizes a study of the technogenic water body that has formed in closed oil shale mines in Estonia. Key findings include:
1) A large interconnected technogenic water body has formed across multiple closed and flooded underground oil shale mines in central Estonia. The water levels and quality within this body are analyzed.
2) Water quality testing of samples from four mines show average sulfate and iron levels exceeding drinking water standards, though decreasing over time. Variation is influenced by mine location and time since closure.
3) Modeling of the water table shows the mines forming a relatively stable interconnected water body. Water quality is improving over time, with sulfate and iron levels predicted to meet drinking water
This document summarizes recent advances in understanding peatland hydrology and their implications. Early research focused on water table levels and impacts of drainage ditches. Recent studies show peatlands have complex 3D hydrology with saturated areas, macropores, and multiple flow pathways producing rapid runoff. This challenges the view of peatlands as "sponges." Improved understanding is significant for predicting DOC and flood runoff, which has non-linear relationships with rainfall and varies with drainage. While drainage may increase short-term storage, it also creates fast flow paths exacerbating floods in the long-run. The spatial and temporal complexity of peatland hydrology needs to be considered at the landscape scale.
Effect of CO2 sequestration on soil liquefaction in geological pitsijiert bestjournal
This document summarizes research on the effect of CO2 sequestration on soil liquefaction. It discusses how CO2 sequestration in geological pits has the potential to cause soil liquefaction and increase earthquake risk. The document reviews various methods for evaluating soil liquefaction potential, such as measuring shear wave velocity using multichannel analysis of surface waves. It also discusses standards for correcting SPT blow counts and shear wave velocities based on factors like overburden stress. The goal is to evaluate soil liquefaction risk from injecting CO2 into pits using seismic wave methods, in order to identify safe locations for CO2 sequestration.
Mining operations produce large amounts of waste rock and tailings that must be dumped. The chemical composition and potential hazards of the waste varies based on the mined substance and geology. Dumping is necessary but can negatively impact the environment, including soil, water, and air. Proper site selection, material handling, stability monitoring, and rehabilitation are important for reducing environmental impacts from waste dumping. Recent efforts focus on more sustainable waste management, public participation, and reuse or recycling of mine wastes when possible.
This document summarizes a study investigating the effects of bog restoration through clearfelling on drainage water chemistry at Flanders Moss, a raised bog in Scotland. Preliminary results show that clearfelling led to increased levels of phosphate, dissolved organic carbon, color, and pH in drainage waters. The study is ongoing to further monitor how restoration activities may impact water quality and freshwater ecology over time. The goal is to provide guidance on best practices for peatland restoration to prevent negative effects on receiving waters and local species like freshwater pearl mussels.
The document describes a randomized complete block design (RCBD) experimental method. RCBD involves comparing treatments (e.g. fertilizers) applied to experimental units (e.g. corn crops) grouped into blocks (e.g. fields). Treatments are randomly assigned to experimental units within each block. RCBD controls for variability between blocks (e.g. differences in soil between fields) to isolate the effect of treatments. It provides more precise results than a completely randomized design when blocks are homogeneous within and heterogeneous between.
The document discusses Taguchi screening designs, which are a type of experimental design used in product development to identify the main factors affecting a process using a minimal number of tests. It explains key terms like experimental design, screening design, and Taguchi method. The document compares screening designs to full factorials and lists advantages and disadvantages of each. It provides details on how to set up and analyze Taguchi screening designs, including determining variables and levels, selecting a screening design, setting up the test matrix, analyzing main effects plots, and confirming results. Resources on experimental design are also listed.
The document discusses various interpolation methods used in CNC machining, including linear, circular, and parametric interpolation. It notes that while linear interpolation is simple, it results in faceted tool paths and reduced accuracy. Circular interpolation allows curved tool paths but is limited to 2 axes. Parametric interpolation, including NURBS, generates points directly on the desired curve, avoiding segmentation issues and allowing higher speeds and accuracy. NURBS interpolation in particular allows more efficient representation of complex geometries.
Introduction to Design of Experiments by Teck Nam Ang (University of Malaya)Teck Nam Ang
This set of slides explains in a simple manner the purpose of experiment, various strategies of experiment, how to plan and design experiment, and the handling of experimental data.
The document provides an overview of design of experiments (DOE) and factorial experiments. It defines key terms like factors, levels, treatments, responses, and noise. It explains the objectives of conducting experiments and the different types of experiments. It provides examples of 2-factor and 3-factor factorial experiments and how to analyze them. It discusses the principles of replication, randomization, and blocking. Finally, it demonstrates how to set up and analyze a general full factorial design with factors having more than two levels.
This document discusses experimental design in statistics. It defines experimental design as a planned interference by the researcher to manipulate events rather than just observe them. It discusses key principles of experimental design like replication and randomization. It also describes different types of experimental designs like completely randomized design, randomized block design, and Latin square design; and notes that researchers use experimental designs to make causal inferences and rule out alternative explanations. The goal of experimental design is to gain unambiguous information about what factors cause the effects being studied.
This document summarizes key aspects of research methodology. It defines research and discusses the differences between thesis, dissertation, and different categories and types of research studies. It also outlines the procedural steps in research including problem selection, literature review, study design, data collection and analysis. Different research strategies and types of epidemiologic studies such as descriptive, analytical, case-control and cohort studies are described. Ethics in research are also briefly mentioned.
This document presents information about artificial groundwater recharge by Ankit Saini. It discusses the need for artificial recharge due to increasing water demand and declining groundwater levels. It describes various methods of artificial recharge including surface methods like flooding, basin tanks and sub-surface methods like recharge wells, shafts and dug wells. The document emphasizes that artificial recharge helps augment groundwater storage but sustained management is also needed.
Water Management in Rural Areas in a Changing ClimateCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Prof. Edward Pierzgalski from the Warsaw University of Life Sciences focuses on the main issues of water management in rural areas, climate change versus water resources, water management in agriculture versus climate change and what we should do.
Acid rain has become an important environmental problem in China since the late 1970s due to rapid industrialization and economic growth. Coal combustion for energy production, which accounts for 69% of China's energy, has led to significant emissions of sulfur and subsequent widespread acid rain deposition in southern and southwestern China. Some deposition levels in these areas are comparable to or higher than levels observed in Europe in the 1980s. Nitrogen is also deposited from sources including agriculture, vehicles, and power plants. Little is known about the effects of this acid deposition on China's ecosystems, but forest damage has been observed near heavily polluted cities. Long-term monitoring is needed to better understand deposition trends and environmental impacts.
Ecological and Agricultural monitoring of Sebou river waters at Kariat Bamoha...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Kariat Bamohamed is an agricultural region located to the west of the city of Taounate and north of the city of Fez. The surface waters in the region are mainly composed by the Sebou river and many natural springs. The study concerns the analysis of hydrochemical parameters (T°, pH, CE, MES, O 2 , BOD 5 , COD, Cl-, PO 4 3 , NH 4 + and NO 3-) along the middle Sebou river region of Kariat Bamohamed in order to establish a diagnosis of the state of pollution of the surface waters of this part of the river. Wa ter sampling was carried out at four study stations during flood period and during low water period. In the light of the results obtained on the surface waters of the Sebou river, it is concluded to a degradation of water quality in both the winter and summer periods. In particular, an increase in the values of ammonium, COD and BOD 5 in addition to an acidic pH due to margine discharges and leaching of fertilizers and other discharges of wastewaters from the cities of Fez and Kariat Bamohamed.
Geospatial and Statistical Assessment of Groundwater Contamination Due to Lan...Kavya Prabhakar
This study assessed groundwater contamination from a landfill leachate plume in Kozhikode, India. Groundwater samples were collected from wells near the landfill during wet and dry seasons and analyzed for physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters. Most samples exceeded drinking water standards. Spatial analysis using GIS showed contamination was highest within 300m of the landfill. The leachate was also analyzed and found to contain high levels of contaminants like dissolved solids, chlorides, COD and BOD. Leachate pollution indices were calculated and revealed significant pollution potential from the landfill leachate.
The Quality of Ground Water for Selected Area in South of Babylon Governorate...iosrjce
City of Hillasuffers from the high shallow groundwater levels which causes serious problems to
agricultural and civil construction activities. five different tracks perpendicular to Shatt Al-Hilla channel are
selected beside large number of hand dug wells within the area to monitor the relationships among the levels of
water between these two water resources during one year,the results of many hydrochemical parameters
confirm the similar pattern of inter-relationships between the two water bodies. According to hydrogeochemical
measurements ,we find that the proportion of sulfates rate for these wells high and it hurts in the use of water
for several purposes ,the ratio of chlorides and other high and this shows that the water wells unfit for uses of
Agriculture purposes, but there is one well we have that shows the proportion of chlorides is a few , a high
proportion of sulfates From Sholler classification of study area with high concentration of Na +k and SO4was
observed because of the Fat'ha Formation, which contains gypsum, anhydrite and dolomite , are believed to be
the major source of SO4 and Mg in the water
1) The document evaluates the wastewater treatment plant in Errachidia City, Morocco from 2006-2010. It analyzes parameters like temperature, pH, conductivity, BOD5, COD and SS to determine treatment efficiency.
2) The highest treatment efficiencies were observed in warm periods, with BOD5 and COD reductions of 60% and 51% respectively. Inflow to the plant increased exponentially from 2006-2010 due to population and sewage connection growth.
3) Analysis of parameters found that pH and conductivity varied less for treated water compared to raw water. Treated water pH was closer to neutral. Treatment efficiency was also better in summer compared to winter. Most pollutant parameters
Nitrous Oxide Emissions from aLarge, Impounded River The Oh.docxcurwenmichaela
Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a
Large, Impounded River: The Ohio
River
J . J . B E A U L I E U , * W . D . S H U S T E R , A N D
J . A . R E B H O L Z
National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of
Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45268
Received May 17, 2010. Revised manuscript received
August 9, 2010. Accepted August 10, 2010.
Models suggest that microbial activity in streams and rivers
is a globally significant source of anthropogenic nitrous oxide
(N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, and the leading cause of
stratospheric ozone destruction. However, model estimates of
N2O emissions are poorly constrained due to a lack of
direct measurements of microbial N2O production and consequent
emissions, particularly from large rivers. We report the first
N2O budget for a large, nitrogen enriched river, based on direct
measurements of N2O emissions from the water surface and
N2O production in the sediments and water column. Maximum
N2O emissions occurred downstream from Cincinnati, Ohio,
a major urban center on the river, due to direct inputs of N2O
from wastewater treatment plant effluent and higher rates
of in situ production. Microbial activity in the water column
and sediments was a source of N2O, and water column production
rates were nearly double those of the sediments. Emissions
exhibited strong seasonality with the highest rates observed
during the summer and lowest during the winter. Our results
indicate N2O dynamics in large temperate rivers may be
characterized by strong seasonal cycles and production in the
pelagic zone.
Introduction
Atmospheric concentrations of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent
greenhouse gas with a global warming potential nearly 300
times that of carbon dioxide (1) and the leading cause of
stratospheric ozone destruction (2), are rising by 0.26% per
year (1). The primary anthropogenic source of N2O is the
biological conversion of nitrogen (N) to N2O in terrestrial
and aquatic ecosystems (3). Nitrous oxide production in
agricultural soils has been well studied with over 1000
published measurements and is a relatively well constrained
component of the global N2O budget (4). Anthropogenic N2O
production in rivers which receive anthropogenic N in runoff
and sewage inputs may be as large as 1.7 Tg N y-1 or 25%
of the global N2O budget (1, 5). However, this estimate is
uncertain, partially due to a lack of N2O emission measure-
ments from large rivers made over annual temporal scales.
In this study we measured the production and emission
of N2O from the Markland Pool of the Ohio River, which is
ranked by annual discharge as the third largest river in North
America. Nitrous oxide emission rates were measured
biweekly for 13 months at one site and along a transect of
the pool during two successive summer surveys. We quanti-
fied several sources of N2O to the river including wastewater
treatment plant (WWTP) effluent and microbial N2O pro-
...
Identification of possible migration of contaminants in groundwater at a land...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on identifying possible groundwater contamination at a landfill site in Barka, Oman. Borehole drilling, soil sampling, and groundwater sampling and analysis were conducted. Results showed elevated levels of contaminants like TDS, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and coliform bacteria in groundwater below the landfill compared to background levels, indicating contamination from leachate and liquid waste disposal. A pump test also found decreasing contaminant concentrations with pumping time, suggesting contaminant migration from the landfill area.
Implementation of a Finite Element Model to Generate Synthetic data for Open ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the implementation of a finite element model to generate synthetic groundwater data for dewatering an open pit mine. The model considers different pumping scenarios with varying numbers of pumping wells. It includes details on the conceptual model of the pit geometry and aquifer properties. The model is discretized into finite elements and simulated using FEFLOW software. Four scenarios are modeled with 3, 6, 9, or 12 pumping wells operating over 5 months. Results show decreasing water levels in the pit lake with increasing numbers of wells, but flooding would still occur with only 6 wells after 5 months of pumping.
This document provides an outline for a course on water resources development. It covers the following topics: sources of water, surface water development including reservoir planning and dams, groundwater development including well construction, water supply planning including demand estimation, water quality management including physical and chemical properties, water law including riparian rights and prior appropriation, and integrated water resources management. The overall aim is to discuss various aspects of developing, managing, and planning water resources.
Macrophytes in the assessment of river ecological condition on the example of...EdytaSierka
Sierka E., Tomczak A. (2013). Macrophytes in the assessment of river ecological condition on the example of Pszczynka River (Silesian Upland). Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 1(3), 14-20., 2013
This document provides a report on rejuvenating the Hauz Khas Tank in Delhi, India. It discusses the impact of urbanization on lakes, including increased runoff and pollution. It describes how the Hauz Khas Tank has become eutrophic due to nutrient pollution, causing algal blooms and affecting the tank's ecology and aesthetics. The report examines the tank's history and current state, provides water quality analysis results, and proposes a design concept and investment plan to rejuvenate the tank.
The document summarizes research on the impact of oil shale mining on the groundwater regime in the Kurtna Landscape Reserve area of Estonia. Key points:
1) Oil shale mining surrounds the Kurtna Lakes area. Testing showed building an infiltration dam where the mine front meets the lakes could minimize groundwater impacts by stopping water flow instead of leaving an open trench.
2) Groundwater modeling indicated the dam's hydraulic conductivity must remain below 0.1 m/d and infiltration basins must supply 7000 m3/d of water on average to avoid lowering lake water levels.
3) A test section was mined using techniques to build a low-permeability dam, and monitoring
The document summarizes research on the impact of oil shale mining on the groundwater regime in the Kurtna Landscape Reserve area in Estonia. It finds that building an infiltration dam at the border of the mining area could minimize impacts on water levels in the lakes by stopping water flow from the open mining trench. Hydrogeological modeling shows the dam must have a hydraulic conductivity of 0.1 m/d to avoid lowering lake water levels. The dam would need to be supplied with 7000 m3/d of water on average to recharge the groundwater system. Testing of the mining technology and infiltration dam concept through a pilot project supported these findings. Monitoring of local groundwater levels and modeling would continue to evaluate impacts of
Isotope Hydrology in the Middle Mohlapitsi Catchment, South AfricaIJERD Editor
This paper presents the results of an investigation of isotope hydrology of the wetland in the Mohlapitsi and Olifants basins. One hundred and twenty eight water samples were collected during May 2007 through November 2013 for deuterium and oxygen-18 analyses. The isotopic compositions of water samples at the study site catchment did not show any significant difference, indicating they are from the same source. This isotopic similarity between the upstream and the wetland aquifers confirmed the hydraulic interconnection between them. Furthermore, river water samples cluster together except water samples at Valis Village crossing and downstream river. The auger hole samples are quite variable with those associated with upstream transects grouping with the drains, while those associated with the downstream transects more similar to the spring. The indications are that the springs have a highly variable signature which may suggest that there are different types of springs to be found in the study catchment. The isotopic composition of water samples in the study area during low-flow (June 2011 and July 2012) and high-flow (November 2011 and December 2012) periods were similar.
Rainfall and Chemical Weathering of Basalt Facade at Puebla Cathedral, Mexicodrboon
Pollutant emissions from anthropogenic activities have modified frequency, amount and chemical quality of rainfall at a specific site. Interactions of atmospheric dust with rainfall have induced weathering at Puebla Cathedral basalt facade. Chemical damage in exposed construction materials becomes evident as crusts, color bleaching, or salt deposits either into the stone or onto its surface. This work presents data on atmospheric dust (2012), rainfall (2009, 2011, 2012 years) and weathered basalt samples collected at downtown Puebla. Samples were characterized by gravimetric and spectrophotometric techniques for anions and metals. Results have provided evidence that atmospheric dust contains carbonates (>300 mg/g), sulfate and chloride (< 10 mg/g); otherwise main anions in rain samples are bicarbonate>chloride>sulfate, this order is reproduced in the results of most weathered basalt samples.
CVS 535 - Watsewater Treatment PART LESSON 1 - Sewerage.pptxMwauraMourice
This document discusses wastewater treatment and characterization of sanitary sewage. It describes the two main sanitation systems - conservancy and water carriage. It also outlines the different types of sewerage systems and sources of sanitary sewage. The key characteristics of sanitary sewage are discussed including physical, chemical and biological characteristics such as turbidity, odor, temperature, organic and inorganic matter, bacteria, viruses, algae and protozoa. Methods for estimating sewage quantity and design considerations are also summarized.
TNC REPORT - Modeling nitrogen source loads on the north shore of LI 03-01-2016Gillian Mollod
This document summarizes the results of modeling nitrogen source loads to 13 subwatersheds along the north shore of Long Island from Little Neck Bay to Northport Bay. Wastewater from on-site waste disposal systems like septic tanks and cesspools was found to be the largest source of nitrogen in most subwatersheds. Atmospheric deposition and fertilizer use also contribute nitrogen, but to a lesser degree. The total nitrogen load and appropriate reduction strategies vary between subwatersheds based on their characteristics, and tailored approaches are needed. The modeling incorporated spatial data on land use, population, sewage systems and atmospheric deposition rates to quantify nitrogen inputs from wastewater, fertilizer and air pollution.
This study analyzed the chemical characteristics of wastewater from five collectors in an urban area in Romania over a two-week period. Samples were tested for organic and inorganic compounds, heavy metals, nutrients, pH, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, phosphates, aluminum, iron, and cadmium using standard analytical methods. The results showed that wastewater quality varied between sites and depended on whether the source was domestic, industrial, or mixed. Correlation analysis identified relationships between pollutant concentrations that could help select appropriate wastewater treatment methods for each site.
Environmental and operational issues of integrated constructed wetlandsNUST (IESE)
Constructed wetlands can help reduce pollution and maintain healthy ecosystems. This document discusses the environmental and operational issues of integrated constructed wetlands. Regarding environmental issues, studies have shown that constructed wetlands have lower greenhouse gas emissions than conventional wastewater treatment systems. Operational issues include the need to properly monitor wetlands and determine optimal harvesting frequencies to maximize nutrient removal while maintaining plant health. Overall, constructed wetlands provide sustainability, pollution removal efficiency, and economic benefits compared to other wastewater treatment options.
This document proposes methods for generating electricity from speed breakers. It discusses 5 classifications of speed breaker power generators that use different mechanisms: 1) a chain drive mechanism, 2) a rack and pinion system, 3) direct use of the load through a reciprocating device, 4) a translator and stator topology, and 5) a pressure lever mechanism. The document also outlines the advantages of using speed breakers for power generation such as low cost and maintenance and being a renewable source. Some challenges are also noted such as selecting a suitable generator and dealing with rain damage.
Cassava waste water was used as an admixture to replace distilled water in ratios of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% for producing sandcrete blocks. 60 sandcrete blocks of size 450mm x 150mm x 225mm were produced with different admixture ratios and a control with 0% admixture. The blocks were cured for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days and then tested for moisture content, specific gravity, water absorption, and compressive strength. Test results showed that blocks with 20% cassava waste water admixture met the minimum compressive strength requirement of 3.30 N/mm2 set by Nigerian standards, indicating the potential of cassava waste water to improve sandcrete block quality and
The document presents a theorem on random fixed points in metric spaces. It begins with introductions to fixed point theory, random fixed point theory, and relevant definitions. The main result is Theorem 3.1, which proves that if a self-mapping E on a complete metric space X satisfies certain contraction conditions involving parameters between 0 and 1, then E has a unique fixed point. The proof constructs a Cauchy sequence that converges to the unique fixed point. The document contributes to the study of random equations and random fixed point theory, which has applications in nonlinear analysis, probability theory, and other fields.
1. The document discusses applying multi-curve reconstruction technology to seismic inversion to improve accuracy and reliability. It focuses on reconstructing SP and RMN curves from well logs that are affected by various distortions.
2. The process of reconstructing the curves involves removing baseline drift, standardizing values, applying linear filtering, and fitting the curves. This removes interference and retains valid lithological information.
3. Reconstructing high quality curves improves the resolution and credibility of seismic inversion results. The method is shown to effectively predict sand distribution with little error.
This document compares the performance of a Minimum-Mean-Square-Error (MMSE) adaptive receiver and a conventional Rake receiver for receiving Ultra-Wideband (UWB) signals over a multipath fading channel. It first describes the UWB pulse shapes and channel model used, including the 6th derivative of the Gaussian pulse and the IEEE 802.15.3a modified Saleh-Valenzuela channel model. It then discusses the Direct-Sequence and Time-Hopping transmission and multiple access schemes for UWB. The document presents the receiver structures for the MMSE adaptive receiver and Rake receiver and compares their performance using MATLAB simulations.
This document summarizes a study on establishing logging interpretation models for reservoir parameters like porosity, permeability, oil saturation, and gas saturation in the Gaotaizi Reservoir of the L Oilfield. Models were developed using core data from 4 wells and include:
1) A porosity model relating acoustic travel time to porosity with an error of 0.92%
2) A permeability model relating permeability to porosity with an error of 0.31%
3) An oil saturation model using resistivity data with empirically determined parameters
4) A method to determine original gas saturation from mercury injection data.
Application of the models improved interpretation precision and allowed recalculation of oil and gas reserves for the
This document discusses predicting spam videos on social media platforms using machine learning. It proposes using attributes like number of likes, comments, and view count to classify videos as spam or not spam. A predictive algorithm is developed that uses threshold values for attributes and natural language processing of comments to classify videos. Testing of the algorithm on a dataset achieved a spam prediction precision of 93.6%. Issues with small datasets decreasing accuracy are also discussed, along with continuing work to address this issue.
1) The study experimentally evaluated the compatibility relationship between polymer solutions and oil layers through core flooding tests with different permeability cores.
2) The results showed that injection rate decreased with increasing polymer concentration and molecular weight, and increased with permeability.
3) Based on the results, boundaries for injection capability were established and a compatibility chart was proposed to guide polymer solution selection for different sedimentary microfacies in the field based on permeability and pore size.
1. The document discusses the identification of lithologic traps in the D3 Member of the Gaonan Region using seismic attribute analysis, acoustic impedance inversion, and sedimentary microfacies analysis.
2. Several lithologic traps were identified in the I and II oil groups of the D3 Member, with the largest trap located between wells G46 and G146X1 covering an area of about 2.35 km2.
3. Impedance inversion, seismic attribute analysis, and sedimentary microfacies characterization using 3D seismic data helped determine the location and development of effective lithologic traps in the thin sandstone-shale interbeds of the target stratum.
This document examines using coal ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Coal ash was substituted for cement at rates of 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight. Testing found that concrete with a 5% substitution of coal ash exhibited only a slight decrease in compressive strength of 2% at 28 days while gaining improved workability. Higher substitution rates of 10% and 15% coal ash led to greater decreases in compressive and tensile strength. The study concludes that a 5% substitution of coal ash for cement provides benefits of reduced cost and improved workability with minimal strength impacts, representing an effective use of a waste material that addresses sustainability.
Accounting professional judgment involves handling accounting events and compiling financial reports according to regulations and standards. However, professional judgment is sometimes manipulated to distort accounting information. The document discusses three ways manipulation occurs: 1) abandoning accounting principles, 2) optional changes to accounting policies, and 3) abuse of accounting estimates. The causes of manipulation include distorted motivations from corporate governance issues and catering to various stakeholder interests. Strengthening supervision and improving the accounting system are proposed to manage manipulation of professional judgment.
The document discusses research on the distribution of oil and water in the eastern block of the Chao202-2 area in China. It establishes standards for identifying oil, poor oil, dry, and water layers using well logging data. Analysis shows structural reservoirs are dominant and fault and sand body configuration control oil-water distribution. Oil-water distribution varies between fault blocks from "up oil, bottom water" to "up water, bottom oil" depending on structure and sand body development.
The document describes an intelligent fault diagnosis system for reciprocating pumps that uses pressure and flow signals as inputs. It consists of hardware for data acquisition and a software system for signal processing, feature extraction, and fault diagnosis using wavelet neural networks. The system was able to accurately diagnose three main fault types - seal ring faults, valve damage, and spring faults - based on differences observed in the pressure curves. Testing on over 12 samples of each fault type achieved a correct diagnosis rate of over 94%. The system provides a fast and effective means of remotely monitoring reciprocating pumps and identifying faults.
This document discusses the application of meta-learning algorithms in banking sector data mining for fraud detection. It proposes using Classification and Regression Tree (CART), AdaBoost, LogitBoost, Bagging and Dagging algorithms for classification of banking transaction data. The experimental results show that Bagging algorithm has the best performance with the lowest misclassification rate, making it effective for banking fraud detection through data mining. Data mining can help banks detect patterns for applications like credit scoring, payment default prediction, fraud detection and risk management by analyzing customer transaction history and loan details.
This document presents a numerical solution for unsteady heat and mass transfer flow past an infinite vertical plate with variable thermal conductivity, taking into account Dufour number and heat source effects. The governing equations are non-linear and coupled, and were solved numerically using an implicit finite difference scheme. Various parameters, including Dufour number and heat source, were found to influence the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles. Skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number were also calculated.
The document discusses methods for obtaining a background image using depth information from a depth camera to more accurately extract foreground objects. It finds that accumulating depth images and taking the median value at each pixel provides the most accurate background image. The accuracy of three methods - average, median, and mode - are evaluated using simulated depth data of a captured plane. The median method provides the best results, followed by average, while mode performs worst. More accumulated images provide a more accurate background image across all methods.
This document presents a mathematical model for determining the minimum overtaking sight distance (OSDm) required for an ascending vehicle to safely pass another slower vehicle on a single lane highway with an incline. It defines sight distance, stopping sight distance, perception-reaction time and derives equations to calculate the reaction distance (d1), overtaking distance (d2), vehicle travel distance during overtaking (d3), and total minimum OSDm based on vehicle characteristics, road geometry, and coefficients of friction. The safe overtaking zone is defined as 3 times the minimum OSDm. The model accounts for effects of slope angle and aims to satisfy laws of mechanics for overtaking maneuvers on inclined two-way single lane highways.
This document discusses a novel technique for better analysis of ice properties using Kalman filtering. It summarizes previous research on sea ice segmentation using SAR imagery and dual polarization techniques. It proposes using an automated SAR algorithm along with Kalman filtering to more accurately detect sea ice properties from RADARSAT1 and RADARSAT2 imagery data. The document reviews techniques for image segmentation, dual polarization, PMA detection, and related work on sea ice classification using statistical ice properties, edge preserving region models, and object extraction methods.
This document summarizes a study on the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in bass fish (Morone Saxatilis) caught at Rodoni Cape in the Adriatic Sea in Albania. Samples of bass fish were collected from five sites and analyzed for mercury, lead, and cadmium levels in their muscles. The concentrations of heavy metals varied between fish and sites but were below international limits for human consumption. While the fish were found to be safe for eating, the study recommends continuous monitoring of metal levels in fish from the area due to various factors that can influence metal uptake over time.
This document discusses optimal maintenance policies for repairable systems with linearly increasing hazard rates. It considers a system with a constant repair rate and predetermined availability requirement. There are two maintenance policies: corrective maintenance only, and preventive maintenance at set time intervals. The goal is to determine the preventive maintenance interval that guarantees the availability requirement at minimum cost. Equations are developed to calculate the availability under each policy and the optimal preventive maintenance interval based on both availability and cost. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the decision process in determining the optimal policy.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process MiningLucaBarbaro3
Presentation of the paper "Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process Mining" given during the CAiSE 2024 Conference in Cyprus on June 7, 2024.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
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Presentation of the OECD Artificial Intelligence Review of Germany
B05831118
1. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) www.iosrjen.org
ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719
Vol. 05, Issue 08 (August. 2015), ||V3|| PP 11-18
International organization of Scientific Research 11 | P a g e
Modeling of Deposition of Nitrogen Compounds In
"Grotowice" Intake Zone
Adam Rak1
, Agata Landwójtowicz2
1
(Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering; a.rak@po.opole.pl)
2
(Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; agatalandwojtowicz@o2.pl)
Abstract: This article attempts to determine the size of the deposition of nitrogen compounds (NOx) per the area
of the Main Groundwater Reservoir GZWP 333, in particular area of water intake "Grotowice" was analyzed.
The analysis was conducted for two selected years: 2003 and 2013. To estimate the size of wet and dry
deposition, EMEP MSC-W model version rv4.5 had been used analyses of the 12 designated points allowed to
determine the distribution of wet and dry deposition within the intake zone. It was agreed that on the basis of
interpolation of deposition of nitrogen pollutants from the air into the intake zone "Grotowice", surface loads of
nitrogen pollution can be pre-defined. Whereas, the analysis of land development has allowed for the
identification of the major risk factors for water quality. Despite the fact that the analysis of intake water quality
shows a positive and lasting trend of reducing the contents of nitrogen pollution, problem with pollution with
nitrogen compounds for the analyzed intake is still valid. On the basis of the analyses, proposals for further
testing have been formulated. One of the most important is the need to establish a protective zone for each sump
of the intake.
Keywords: groundwater, water intake, nitrogen compounds, modeling
I. INTRODUCTION
Water is one of the key factors that directly affects the strong socio-economic growth of regions, countries and
continents. Thanks to the natural circulation of water in nature and the natural resources of the globe in the
water, there is a direct possibility to use this natural raw material for the needs of the population and economy.
The following affects the size of water resources, among others [1, 2]:
hydro-meteorological and geological factors: amount of rainfall, catchment retention capacities, infiltration
conditions, sedimentation environment that has conditioned creation of groundwater aquifers horizons,
anthropogenic factors: areas drainage, regulation of watercourses, land use structure changes, mainly
deforestation and afforestation, urbanization and associated with it increase of surfaces with low
permeability, volume of water intake, quantity of pollution released into water and soil, water transfers.
The dynamics of changes both in terms of quantity and quality of water depends on a number of
factors, i.e.: geological structure, hydrogeological and hydrological conditions, agricultural economy within the
areas of feed zone, climatic conditions and a number of other equally important factors. The groundwater has
many elements of natural origin. Naturally, trace elements of impurities leak into the groundwater directly from
the earth's crust, penetrating into the waters, as free ions. However, they do not constitute any danger and in
most cases the amount of pollution of this type is slight. When there is pollution of anthropogenic origin in
groundwater, in many cases, groundwater is strongly polluted or contaminated [3].
For a detailed description of the changes in groundwater quality, a number of factors affecting their
quality must be considered. However, the susceptibility of groundwater to contamination is also very important
apart from the factors themselves. Susceptibility is a natural feature of the aquifer system indicating the risk of
migration of harmful substances from the surface to the aquifer [4]. To accurately assess the susceptibility of
groundwater to pollution, a number of external factors affecting the sensitivity of the waters should be
considered. These factors include: surface runoff from roads, land development (arable land, plants burdensome
to the environment, landfills, septic tanks, manure depots and others) and air pollution (i.e. wet and dry
deposition) [5].
Air pollution, especially dust and gas pollution from combustion of solid fuels, waste in domestic
boilers (low emission) as well as from transport and industrial plants are now a very big problem. They have a
direct impact on both the soil and in consequence on the condition of groundwater. This effect is associated with
the so-called wet and dry deposition. Gaseous, dust and aerosols pollutants emitted to the atmosphere from a
variety of sources, both of natural and anthropogenic origin, undergo there a variety of physical and chemical
processes, e.g.: convection, diffusion, chemical and photochemical reactions. These pollutants come back to the
earth surface as a result of [6]:
2. Modeling Of Deposition Of Nitrogen Compounds In "Grotowice" Intake Zone
International organization of Scientific Research 12 | P a g e
removal of substances from the atmosphere with precipitation (rain, snow, dew, fog) - wet deposition,
gravitational sedimentation of large particles on the substrate – dry deposition,
absorption of gaseous pollutants and aerosols through the substrate.
Taking into account the above factors determining the state of air pollution in the area of the tested facility,
using the EMEP MSC-W model, size of wet and dry deposition on the area of the Main Groundwater Reservoir
No. 333 as well as on an area covering intake zone Grotowice was calculated.
II. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TESTED FACILITY
„Grotowice” intake is one of the biggest intakes of Main Groundwater Reservoir No. 333 (GZWP).
The area of the reservoir is covered with Groundwater Body (JCWPd) No. 116. Presence of Triassic on the area
of whole body is a special feature of JCWPd [22]. „Grotowice” intake is one of the biggest intakes of Main
Groundwater Reservoir No. 333 (GZWP). GZWP 333 is a reservoir in the forms of The Muschelkalk, gathering
water in karstic limestones acquifier. The Muschelkalk aquifer is treated together with the Röt-Formation, due to
local contacts resulting from tectonic and lack of insulating layers. GZWP-333 stretches from Opole on the
West to Kielcza on the East and from Gogolin, Strzelce Opolskie on the South to Kolonowskie, Ozimek and
Opole on the North. The area of the reservoir is 1835 km2
and disposable resources are estimated at 200 000 –
225 000 m3
/d [2]. The reservoir has a low natural resistance to contamination due to lack of cover deposits
especially in the southern part. The reservoir is of fundamental importance in the supply of water to population
living in the area between the Odra River and Mała Panew River, in the following communities: Opole,
Prószków, Tarnów Opolski, Izbicko, Chrząstowice, Strzelce Opolskie, Jemielnica, Zawadzkie, Ozimek, Gogoli,
Krapkowice and Strzelecki [5,7]. The reservoir consists of 4 wells 1A, 1B, 3B and 6B with technical parameters
as given in Tab. 1 below. Well 1A is an emergency well. Wells 1B and 6B have been used from 1995, whereas
well 3B from 2008. „Grotowice” intake, next to „Zawada” intake, is the basic source of water supply to the
residents of Opole. Operational capacity of intake is 16934 m3
/d [8].
Tab. 1. Technical characteristics of the wells of „Grotowice" intake.
Parameters of well 1B 6B 1A 3B
Area level [m amsl] 162,20 160,89 161,50 165,80
Depth [m] 182,00 160,00 170,00 200,40
Operational capacity Qe [m3
/d] 5448,00 4536,00 2880,00 4070,40
Depression se [m] 13,00 1,42 51,05 35,20
Location forest farmland forest forest
The intake is located east from the Grotowice housing estate in Opole (Fig.1). This area is part of the
Opole Plains located on this area on the height of 155 -170 m AMSL and located directly within the catchment
area of the Odra River. There are no surface water reservoirs in the vicinity of the intake [9]. The geological
structure of the area consists of rocks of the Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary and
Quaternary. Groundwater reservoirs form forms of Upper Buntsandstein, Röt-Formation and The Muschelkalk.
Water is supplied on the outcrops of forms from which they are built. Drainage of these reservoirs takes place
through watercourses. These reservoirs are separated with a poorly permeable shales, clay marl and marly
limestone. However, the essential role in insulation of reservoirs is played by the Keuper loams. In the region of
Opole under the Keuper cover, their permeability is less than 400 m2
/d [10]. The analyzed intake area is
characterized by a wide range of drainage ditches network, oxbows and meanders, as well as field depressions.
Temporary and little accumulation of surface water in natural depressions can be seen in this area. These factors
affect area humidity conditions, and the development of specific biotypes in this region. Biocenosis growing in
the valleys and oxbows is a specific flora and fauna of areas within the intake. The climate in this part of the
south-western part of Poland is characteristic for the temperate zone. This zone is distinguished by a small
variety of temperatures, short and rather mild winters, with an average annual air temperature of 8,2°C and
normal precipitation 650 mm [9,10]. Distribution of precipitation in each month of the studied period is shown
on fig. 2.
3. Modeling Of Deposition Of Nitrogen Compounds In "Grotowice" Intake Zone
International organization of Scientific Research 13 | P a g e
Fig. 1. Wells location 1A, 1B, 3B, 6B "Grotowice" water intake.
Fig. 2. Average monthly volume of precipitation in the studied years.
Due to the geological structure, both climatic conditions and other environmental values have
a significant impact on the penetration of nitrogen compounds pollutants to Grotowice reservoir.
In Grotowice water intake, besides exceeding content of nitrogen compounds, rarely there are slight
transgression of individual elements. Therefore, the most current issue of the analyzed intake is the content of
nitrogen compounds caused by location of each well. Three of the analyzed wells (1B, 1A and 3B) are located in
forest. In contrast, well 6B is located on agricultural land (Fig. 1) [5]. Test results [5] of nitrate content in the
study period indicate that the highest values are recorded in water from well 6B as illustrated in fig. 3.
4. Modeling Of Deposition Of Nitrogen Compounds In "Grotowice" Intake Zone
International organization of Scientific Research 14 | P a g e
Fig. 3. The maximum nitrate content of the studied period [5]
The content of nitrogen compounds to year 2000 was subject to fluctuations reaching in February of
this year value of 66,5 mgNO3/dm3
. It should also be pointed out that until year 2000 the nitrate content
increased. This could be due to the effects of flooding the area of intake supply with flood water of the Odra
River in 1997 [5,11,12]. Significantly lower nitrate content was observed in the well 1B. Throughout the study
period, the nitrate content is less than 27,5 mgNO3/dm3
. However, it should be noted that until 2003 there was a
rise in the levels of nitrates, and stabilization followed since 2006. In the years 2006-2011, the maximum
content of nitrates in the wells was at the level of mgNO3/dm3
. The standard deviation of the results for this
period ranges from 0,613 to 1,144 [5].
On the basis of analysis [5], it can be stated that since year 2005, there have been positive changes in
the content of nitrates both in the well 6B and 1B. Particularly significant changes were recorded in improving
the quality of water in the well 6B. It should be noted that the supply zone of this well is located on the farmland
and near developed areas. Visible improvement of water quality is associated with the activities of local
governments in this area after year 1997.
It should be noted that, due to the geological structure of the reservoir, different kinds of water
exchange take place. The reservoir contains young water, which infiltrated the rock massif several years ago.
Precisely, these zones are the most exposed to nitrogen pollution created several years ago, when fertilizing
economy and municipal management services were not yet regulated. There are zones where water infiltrated
from a few hundred to several hundred thousand years. These zones are completely safe for maintaining clean
groundwater [10, 13, 14].
Due to the characteristic feature of the reservoir connected with low resistance to penetration of surface
contamination to waters, it can be concluded that the weather conditions especially precipitation have an
important role in the migration of nitrogen compounds. An important reason for still persistently high level of
contaminants in the well 6B, however, is the infiltration of water of the Lutnia brook, flowing relatively close to
the well, formed mainly by the discharge of water from " Tarnów Opolski" mine. Infiltration occurs within the
cone of depression of well No. 6B of "Grotowice" intake. The result of this infiltration is a constant increase in
the concentration of nitrogen compounds in intake water [13,14].
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In order to estimate the size of wet and dry deposition, data from the database emissions EMEP
(European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) MSC-W model version rv4.5 were used, broken down into
SNAP (Selected Nomenclature for sources of Air Pollution) categories. SNAP categories is a system covering
11 main categories of emission sources, divided into more than 400 subcategories. SNAP classification is used
when reporting emissions from individual countries to the needs of the Secretariat of the United Nations
Economic Commission for Europe (UN-ECE) and the EMEP [18]. The program measuring background
monitoring of air pollution in Poland is the fulfillment of the obligations imposed on Poland with Convention on
transboundary air pollution over long distances and the Protocol to the Convention on the financing of EMEP
(Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in
Europe, working name - European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme), the aim of which is to provide
information on concentrations and streams of selected pollutants reaching the ground. Research results of air
pollution collected under this program are communicated and supply the data of programs GAW/WMO (Global
Atmosphere Watch / World Meteorological Organization) and HELCOM of the Helsinki Commission and are
used by the Regional Inspectorates of Environment to support assessment of air quality [9]. EMEP is based on
three main elements:
5. Modeling Of Deposition Of Nitrogen Compounds In "Grotowice" Intake Zone
International organization of Scientific Research 15 | P a g e
collecting emissions data,
measurements of air and precipitation quality,
modeling of atmospheric transport and deposition of air pollutants.
By combining these three elements, EMEP allows for regular monitoring related to the size of emissions,
concentrations and deposition of air pollutants, the amount and significance of transboundary flows and air
pollution exceedances to critical loads and threshold levels. The combination of these elements also provides
a good basis for the evaluation and qualification of the EMEP estimates. EMEP model is an extremely valuable
tool for illustrating size of the pollutants emissions on a European scale, used simultaneously for monitoring
changes in emissions and estimating the concentration and deposition of atmospheric pollutants. The spatial
resolution which is characteristics of the EMEP model is a mesh of 50x50 km. Based on the data converted from
the EMEP model, interpolation was made in tools designed for ArcGIS spatial data analysis. Interpolation was
made using the Kriging method. [15, 16, 17]. Interpolation methods use a number of different algorithms to
determine the size of interpolated parameters in the nodes. Usually, measurement data lying closest to the node
have the greatest impact on this node. The magnitude of this impact can be changed using so called weight
parameter. Each method uses a different algorithm to calculate the value of nodes, and what goes with it, it
creates a different picture of plotted surface [19]. The Kriging method consists of two stages. First stage is to
determine the spatial correlation of the described phenomenon. Variogram and the covariance are usually used
to describe the correlation. In the second stage, based on measurement data and the variogram, interpolation is
performed. The accuracy of the variogram strongly determines the accuracy of interpolation. Determination of
the variogram value for certain distances (1 km, 2 km etc.) is not possible because of the irregular distribution of
measurement points. For this purpose, distance tolerance is defined, which is usually taken as half step between
successive distances. The course of experimental variogram is determined by the points calculated for different
distances. Due to the heterogeneity of the variation of environmental processes in respect of the cardinal
directions, the empirical variogram, in addition to the distance, is also a function of direction. Designation of
points of the experimental variogram allows to find a mathematical equation describing its course. A theoretical
variogram is created to the description of which the following parameters are used [20, 21]:
catchment area - the distance over which the value of variogram is a quasi-constant,
threshold value (threshold) - variogram value corresponding to the scope of influence,
base - variogram value for the distance approaching zero, also called „nuggets effect‟.
IV. RESULTS OF MODELING DEPOSITION OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
On the “Grotowice" intake zone occupying approx. 22,26 km2
, 12 measurement points were
designated, located on the outskirts of the supply zone. For each of the measuring points, balance deposition
NHx of pollutants divided into wet and dry deposition was defined. The location of the measurement points is
illustrated in fig. 3.
Fig 3. Map location of measurement points.
6. Modeling Of Deposition Of Nitrogen Compounds In "Grotowice" Intake Zone
International organization of Scientific Research 16 | P a g e
Two selected annual periods were analyzed. Year 2003, as a year with relatively high NOx pollution in the
water and year 2013 as the year of comparison. The chart below presents the maximum results for NO3 in two
years of research.
Fig 4. Maximum concentrations of NO3 in waters intake of two model years.
Using the Kriging method, interpolation of results with EMEP to the individual points in intake zone was
performed. Modeling results of wet are dry deposition are presented on the below figures.
Fig 5. Wet deposition in 2003 and 2013.
Fig 6. Dry deposition in 2003 and 2013.
7. Modeling Of Deposition Of Nitrogen Compounds In "Grotowice" Intake Zone
International organization of Scientific Research 17 | P a g e
Analyzing the results shown in fig. 5 and 6, it can be indicated that, contaminants from the dry and wet
deposition of nitrogen compounds occurring in the intake zone "Grotowice" and within GZWP 333 reservoir
Opole Zawadzkie are characterized by a relatively high concentration in both examined years. The average
results of analysis of the deposition of nitrogen compounds on the surface of "Grotowice" intake are presented
in the Tab. 2.
The calculation results summarized in Tab. 2 indicate that the amount of nitrogen contamination from
wet deposition in both model years is greater than the nitrogen pollution from the dry deposition. The biggest
wet deposition in both years was recorded in points P4KS and P8N. However, in the case of dry deposition also
two points had the highest load of NOx – there were points P7W and P8N. All of these points are located in the
nearby distance from the two main mining areas belonging to the mines: Tarnów Opolski and Górażdże. P4KS
point is near Górażdże mine, while P7W and P8N points are located near Tarnów Opolski mine. This may
indicate a strong impact of mining areas on air quality, and thus the deposition of NOx.
Due to the geological conditions and deteriorating air quality conditions, as illustrated by increasing nitrogen
loads coming especially from wet deposition, there is a serious risk of deterioration of water quality in intake.
Tab. 2. The size of wet and dry deposition for the model years.
Mark Wet deposition [kgNOx/ha] Dry deposition [kgNOx/ha]
2003 2013 2003 2013
1A 422,51 449,87 244,81 196,48
1B 421,43 449,24 243,45 195,28
3B 423,78 450,57 246,16 197,63
6B 421,58 450,65 243,12 195,06
P1ZW 420,55 451,25 241,55 193,70
P2M 422,97 452,80 243,69 195,66
P3TO 426,93 455,10 247,92 199,44
P4KS 427,43 458,26 246,13 198,15
P5G 420,42 448,61 242,15 194,13
P5F 423,48 448,98 246,52 197,85
P7W 426,28 451,81 249,20 200,34
P8N 428,02 454,12 250,15 201,33
Average value 190,38 202,95 110,24 88,54
V. CONCLUSION
Despite emerging the downward trend of nitrogen compounds over the years, the problem of pollution
with nitrogen compounds for the analyzed intake is still current. This is due to its location and hydro-geological
structure. The intake is located in the western part of 333 reservoir (GZWP). The reservoir has a low natural
resistance to contamination due to lack of cover deposits especially in the southern part. This points to the need
to protect groundwater resources, not only in the proposed intake protection zone "Grotowice", but also on the
entire uninsulated surface of the reservoir (approx. 750 km2
), planned as an area of best protection (ONO).
Taking into account the above conditions of the researched area and the results of the deposition
modeling of nitrogen compounds on intake zone, the following conclusions can be formulated:
1. Any point, linear and surface contamination can affect occurrence of the nitrogen pollution in the waters of
"Grotowice" intake. In order to conduct a thorough analysis of their impact, nitrate concentrations from
individual pollution centers should be monitored.
2. On the basis of interpolation with Kriging method of nitrogen pollutants deposition supplied from the air into
the intake zone "Grotowice", the size of the load of nitrogen pollutants can be specified. Data obtained from
EMEP model can be used to generate maps presenting spatial distribution of the concentration of dry and
wet deposition of NOx compounds. EMEP model allows for the study of spatial changes in the concentration
and deposition of pollutants over time, taking also into account the variability of climatic conditions.
3. To maintain good water quality of the intake, it is necessary to create a protection zone. To establish such a
zone, a numerical model should be drawn up taking into account the geological structure, hydrogeological
conditions, the planned volume of water consumption and existing land use. Due to the geological conditions
and deteriorating air quality conditions as illustrated by increasing nitrogen loads coming especially from
wet deposition, the model should also take into account the size of these pollutants.
8. Modeling Of Deposition Of Nitrogen Compounds In "Grotowice" Intake Zone
International organization of Scientific Research 18 | P a g e
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[1] http://www.krakow.pios.gov.pl/raport01/czesc 2_2_5.pdf .
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[5] Landwójtowicz A., Rak A., Status and forecast of pollution of underground water with nitrogen
compounds of "Grotowice" intake. Materials from 7th
National Scientific and Technical Conference
„Current Issues in the treatment and distribution of water‟, Gliwice, Silesian University of Technology,
Vol. 3 pp. 103-115, 2013.
[6] http://www.krakow.pios.gov.pl/raport01/czesc2_1_3.pdf.
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environmental protection in the province of Opole, Poland, supported with the European Union means.
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[8] Appendix to the Resolution No. XXXIV/528/12 of Opole City Council of 29 November 2012. Update of
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